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CHAPTER 2 ANTECEDENTS 2.1 the Importance of Innovation in Today's

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CHAPTER 2 ANTECEDENTS 2.1 the Importance of Innovation in Today's CHAPTER 2 ANTECEDENTS 2.1 The importance of innovation in today’s world. Innovation as the word itself is generally understood and put into a global concept by using the dictionary definition the introduction of something new (The American Heritage Dictionary, 1994). This definition is correct but not complete at all because it does not include the final aims of innovating, therefore an enhanced version of the concept will help to understand twenty first century’s business environment better. The next definition comes from a CBI innovation and trends survey: “Innovation occurs when a new or changed product is introduced to the market, or when a new or changed process is used in commercial production. The innovation process is the combination of activities - such as design, research, market investigation, process development, organizational restructuring, employee development and so on - which are necessary to develop and support an innovative product or production process” [1]. The last innovation definition emerges from the actual context in industry and global economy and its correct understanding is crucial for the future of products, goods and technology development. 2.1.1 Innovation versus invention. In a way these two concepts are related, however differences among them are present. To invent means to conceive or produce first, to originate. It can be seen as to - 13 - make up something out of nothing, in other words, to create something completely new (that never existed before) which might be a device, a method, a process or a theory developed from study and experimentation that finally became practical. “Innovation is a revolution”. To innovate goes more for a renewal of already existing devices or goods through the generation of new concepts that improve the core functions realized by the original ones and for giving users a better accomplishment of the performance objectives. Words like adaptation, modification, minimization, magnification, differentiation, implementation, improvement, rearrangement, interchange, substitute, reverse, change and so on apply for this innovation concept. Another feature of innovation that distinguishes from invention is that the innovation process itself is conformed by the marketing-of-the-innovated-good step which is not necessary an end in the invention task. That is why innovation becomes an essential part on the growing of industry. In the end, inventions and innovations are related tightly. First because both have creativity as a fundamental source for action. Second because most of inventions are being innovated day a day and innovation will continue being the conductive way for invents to exist, to renew theirselves and to persevere in the world. 2.1.2 Innovation timeline. Inventions and innovations are countless, from the starting point of life up to now. Many inventors who were innovators theirselves have left to us a legacy of scientific knowledge and technology. Table 2.1 shows some examples of the inventions/innovations in the 20th century. - 14 - Table 2.1: Inventions and Innovations in the 20th century [2]. Year Invention/Innovation Inventor/Innovator 1900 Dirigible Ferdinand Zeppelin Dixie Cups Hugh Moore 1901 Vacuum Cleaner Hubert Booth Assembly Line Ransom Olds 1902 Teddy Bear Morris Michtom 1903 Coat Hanger Albert J. Parkhouse Crayons Binney & Smith Radioactivity, study of Marie Curie Safety Glass Edouard Benedictus 1904 Ice Cream Cone Charles Menches 1905 Popsicle Frank Epperson Theory of Relativity Albert Einstein 1906 Planters Peanuts Amedeo Obici 1907 Paper Towels Arthur Scott 1908 Cellophane Jacques Brandenberger 1910 Lionel Trains Joshua Lionel Cowen 1912 Life Savers Candy Clarence Crane Shopping Bag Walter H. Deubner 1913 Auto Mass Production Henry Ford Erector Set A.C. Gilbert 1914 Tinkertoy Charles Pajeau 1916 Lincoln Logs John Lloyd Wright 1917 Christmas Lights Albert Sadacca 1920 Band-Aid Earle Dickson Hair Dryer Inventor Unknown Traffic Light Garrett Morgan 1921 Wheaties George Cormack 1925 Masking Tape Dick Drew 1927 PEZ Candy Eduard Haas III Television Philo T. Farnsworth 1928 Bubble Gum Walter E. Diemer Yo-Yo Donald Duncan 1930 Toll House Cookies Ruth Wakefield Cellophane Tape Dick Drew 1933 Monopoly Charles B. Darrow 1935 Ballpoint Pen Ladislas & Georg Biro 1938 Nylon Stockings Dr. Wallace H. Carothers 1940 Turing Machine Alan Mathison Turing 1942 Duct Tape Johnson & Johnson Company Nuclear Reaction Enrico Fermi 1943 Bouncing Putty James Wright 1944 Blood Bank Charles Drew - 15 - 1945 Computer ENIAC John Mauchley and J. P. Eckert Microwave Oven Percy LeBaron Spencer Slinky Richard James Tupperware Earl Tupper 1946 Disposable Diapers Marion Donovan 1947 Kitty Litter Ed Lowe Instant Photography Edwin Land Transistor J. Bardeen, W. Brattain and W. Shockley 1948 SCRABBLE Alfred Butts Velcro George de Mestral 1949 LEGO Ole Kirk Christiansen 1950 Frisbee Walter Frederick Morrison "PEANUTS" Charles Schulz Silly Putty Peter Hodgson 1951 Liquid Paper Bette Nesmith Graham 1952 Computer Compiler Grace Hopper Mr. Potato Head George Lerner 1954 Milk Carton John Van Wormer 1955 TV Remote Control Eugene Polley 1956 Scotchgard Patsy Sherman and Sam Smith 1958 Integrated Circuit Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce Hula Hoop Richard P. Knerr United States Flag Bob Heft 1959 Barbie Doll Ruth Handler 1960 Etch A Sketch Arthur Granjean 1965 SuperBall Norman Stringley Veg-O-Matic Ron Popeil 1966 Hand-held Calculator Jack Kilby, J. VanTassel and J. Merryman 1968 Computer Mouse Douglas Engelbart Microprocessor Ted Hoff 1971 Kevlar Stephanie Kwolek 1972 Pong Video Game Nolan Bushnell 1973 Internet Vinton Cerf 1974 Post-it Notes Art Fry and Spencer Silver Rubik's Cube Erno Rubik 1976 Personal Computer Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 1977 PC Modem Dennis C. Hayes 1981 Veggie Patty Paul Wenner 1991 World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee 1997 Teletubbies Anne Wood and Andrew Davenport 2000 JD Batball Jacob Dunnack 2001 SegwayHT Dean Kamen - 16 - 2.1.3 Innovation today: new trends. Before presenting a specific modern innovation process and going into deep analysis of it (which will be made in chapter three), it is convenient to introduce a new term which itself calls for a renewal of the traditional innovation concepts and conditions: innovation of innovation. First, talking in a social-oriented context, an analogy can be made between the change from modernity to reflexive modernity and the change from innovation to reflexive (innovated) innovation. Modernity is facing actual challenges like ecological crisis and social conflicts and there are two tendencies trying to overcome those challenges: post-modernity and reflexive modernity. Post-modernity proposes to forget completely the roots of modernity while reflexive modernity intends to reflect and reapply the goals of modernity questioning its political, social and cultural dimensions. On the other hand, today’s innovation processes suffer four types of uncertainties (Ito, Moritz, Ruth; 2003): A contradiction between increased planning and the danger that the intended goals cannot be attained because deterministic planning causes rigidity and reduces flexibility. The lack of complete information for assessing the appropriateness of the products and its effects. The question whether or not the product innovation will lead to socially, economically, and ecologically desirable products. The globalization tendency; on one side the existence of one product for the world, on the other, a regionally adjusted customer oriented product. - 17 - That is why innovation of innovation is looking to redefine the general understanding of innovation and the innovation process. It wants traditional innovation to be more reflexive on its goals and assumptions and to redefine them. There are some assumptions about present innovation processes that have been reconsidered: Innovation is a process that cannot be planned at all because of the new complexities of products and tighter core requirements. Innovation needs the joint work of different disciplines, knowledge, experience and cultural backgrounds. Innovation needs to be adaptive to the type and quality of products. Innovation looks to overcome the need for regionally adjusted products. So the performance level of technical systems depends now on the contexts in which they will be employed. Table 2.2 (Ito, Moritz, Ruth; 2003) summarizes the characteristics of the two types of innovation just mentioned (reflexive and traditional). Analyzing the case of mechanical engineering industries and their innovation processes it is found that changes are occurring too. For instance innovation is no more sequential but rather it is becoming an integrated networking process on which different competent actors work to fulfill requirements simultaneously taking into account ecological, social, economical, technological and cultural goals. These actors will be experts with different social, ethnic and cultural backgrounds and will be part of an “innovation community” which in other words is “the functionally integrated and interdependent set of organizations (universities, institutes, professional associations, - 18 - government bodies, etc) involved in commercializing a new technology” (Ito, Moritz, Ruth; 2003). To facilitate that innovation communities have a good performance; aspects like communication, cooperation, knowledge, skill and experience should be reinforced. Table 2.2: Main features of reflexive and traditional innovation Finally, there are two relevant concepts that should be reviewed since they will
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