“This Is America” 2005: the Political Economy of Education Reform Against the Public Interest 98
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION SERIES James A. Banks, Series Editor Education Research in the Public Interest: Educating Teachers for Diversity: Seeing Social Justice, Action, and Policy with a Cultural Eye GLORIA LADSON-BILLINGS AND JACQUELINE JORDAN IRVINE WILLIAM F. TATE, EDS. Teaching Democracy: Unity and Diversity Multicultural Strategies for Education and in Public Life Social Change: Carriers of the Torch in WALTER C. PARKER the United States and South Africa The Making—and Remaking—of a ARNETHA F. BALL Multiculturalist We Can’t Teach What We Don’t Know: CARLOS E. CORTÉS White Teachers, Multiracial Schools, Transforming the Multicultural Education SECOND EDITION of Teachers: Theory, Research, and Practice GARY R. HOWARD MICHAEL VAVRUS Un-Standardizing Curriculum: Learning to Teach for Social Justice Multicultural Teaching in the Standards- LINDA DARLING-HAMMOND, JENNIFER FRENCH, AND Based Classroom SILVIA PALOMA GARCIA-LOPEZ, EDS. CHRISTINE E. SLEETER Culture, Difference, and Power Beyond the Big House: African American CHRISTINE E. SLEETER Educators on Teacher Education Learning and Not Learning English: GLORIA LADSON-BILLINGS Latino Students in American Schools Teaching and Learning in Two Languages: GUADALUPE VALDÉS Bilingualism and Schooling in the United Culturally Responsive Teaching: States Theory, Research, and Practice EUGENE E. GARCÍA GENEVA GAY Improving Multicultural Education: The Children Are Watching: How the Lessons from the Intergroup Media Teach About Diversity Education Movement CARLOS E. CORTÉS CHERRY A. MCGEE BANKS Race and Culture in the Classroom: Education Programs for Improving Teaching and Learning Through Intergroup Relations: Theory, Research, Multicultural Education and Practice MARY DILG WALTER G. STEPHAN AND The Light in Their Eyes: Creating W. P AUL VOGT, EDS. Multicultural Learning Communities Walking the Road: Race, Diversity, and SONIA NIETO Social Justice in Teacher Education Reducing Prejudice and Stereotyping MARILYN COCHRAN-SMITH in Schools City Schools and the American Dream: WALTER STEPHAN Reclaiming the Promise of Public Educating Citizens in a Multicultural Education Society PEDRO A. NOGUERA JAMES A. BANKS Thriving in the Multicultural Classroom: Multicultural Education, Transformative Principles and Practices for Effective Knowledge, and Action: Historical and Teaching Contemporary Perspectives MARY DILG JAMES A. BANKS, ED. Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMi 2/10/2006 11:54:20 AM Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMii 2/10/2006 11:54:52 AM Education Research in the Public Interest Social Justice, Action, and Policy EDITED BY GLORIA LADSON-BILLINGS AND WILLIAM F. T ATE Teachers College,Columbia University New York and London Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMiii 2/10/2006 11:54:52 AM Published by Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 Copyright © 2006 by Teachers College, Columbia University Chapter 8 Copyright © 2006 by James A. Banks The poem “Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000)” that appears at the beginning of Chapter 5 is reprinted by the permission of its author, Anthony Walton. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Education research in the public interest : social justice, action, and policy / edited by Gloria Ladson-Billings and William F. Tate. p. cm. — (Multicultural education series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8077-4705-6 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8077-4705-X (alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8077-4704-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8077-4704-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Multicultural education—United States. 2. Education—Research— United States. 3. Education—Political aspects—United States. I. Ladson-Billings, Gloria. II. Tate, William F. III. Series. LC1099.3+ 2006 2006040434 ISBN-13: ISBN-10: 978-0-8077-4704-9 (paper) 0-8077-4704-1 (paper) 978-0-8077-4705-6 (cloth) 0-8077-4705-X (cloth) Printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMiv 2/10/2006 11:54:52 AM For Marlena, Markela, & Martin, Our Next Generation of Public Trustees —G. L-B. For Kim, Quentin, and Cameron Who Support and Inspire Me Daily —W. F. T. Proceeds from this volume will be donated to the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMv 2/10/2006 11:54:52 AM Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMvi 2/10/2006 11:54:52 AM Contents Series Foreword ix JAMES A. BANKS, University of Washington, Seattle Introduction 1 GLORIA LADSON-BILLINGS, University of Wisconsin–Madison PART I: POLICY AND POLITICS 1. What Should Count as Educational Research: Notes Toward a New Paradigm 17 JEAN ANYON, City University of New York 2. Interrupting the Right: On Doing Critical Educational Work in Conservative Times 27 MICHAEL W. APPLE, University of Wisconsin–Madison 3. Carry It On: Fighting for Progressive Education in Neoliberal Times 46 DAVID HURSH, University of Rochester 4 Public Intellectuals and the University 64 ALEX MOLNAR, Arizona State University 5. Trudge Toward Freedom: Educational Research in the Public Interest 81 WILLIAM AYERS, University of Illinois, Chicago 6: “This Is America” 2005: The Political Economy of Education Reform Against the Public Interest 98 PAULINE LIPMAN, DePaul University vii Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMvii 2/10/2006 11:54:52 AM viii Contents PART II: THE MAKING OF THE PUBLIC SUBJECT 7. Hopes of Progress and Fears of the Dangerous: Research, Cultural Theses, and Planning Different Human Kinds 119 THOMAS S. POPKEWITZ, University of Wisconsin–Madison 8. Democracy, Diversity, and Social Justice: Educating Citizens for the Public Interest in a Global Age 141 JAMES A. BANKS, University of Washington, Seattle 9. Multiculturalism, Race, and the Public Interest: Hanging on to Great-Great-Granddaddy’s Legacy 158 CARL A. GRANT, University of Wisconsin–Madison 10. Public Interest and the Interests of White People Are Not the Same: Assessment, Education Policy, and Racism 173 DAVID GILLBORN, Institute of Education, University of London PART III: THE SCHOOL AND CURRICULUM AS SITES OF EDUCATION RESEARCH IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 11. Curriculum and Students: Diverting the Public Interest 199 CATHERINE CORNBLETH, University of Buffalo 12. Making Educational History: Qualitative Inquiry, Artistry, and the Public Interest 213 TOM BARONE, Arizona State University 13. The Art of Renewing Curriculum Research 231 DONALD BLUMENFELD-JONES, Arizona State University Afterword: In the Public Interest 247 WILLIAM F. T ATE, Washington University About the Editors and the Contributors 261 Name Index 264 Subject Index 268 Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMviii 2/10/2006 11:54:52 AM Series Foreword HE NATION’S DEEPENING ETHNIC TEXTURE, interracial tension and confl ict, and the increasing percentage of students who speak a fi rst Tlanguage other than English make multicultural education imperative in the 21st century. The U.S. Census Bureau (2000) estimates that people of color made up 28% of the nation’s population in 2000, and predicts that they will make up 38% in 2025 and 50% in 2050 (El Nasser, 2004). American classrooms are experiencing the largest infl ux of immigrant stu- dents since the beginning of the 20th century. About a million immigrants are making the United States their home each year (Martin & Midgley, 1999). More than seven and one-half million legal immigrants settled in the United States be- tween 1991 and 1998, most of whom came from nations in Latin America and Asia (Riche, 2000). A signifi cant number also come from the West Indies and Africa. A large but undetermined number of undocumented immigrants also enter the United States each year. The infl uence of an increasingly ethnically diverse population on the nation’s schools, colleges, and universities is, and will continue to be, enormous. Forty percent of the students enrolled in the nation’s schools in 2001 were students of color. This percentage is increasing each year, primarily because of the growth in the percentage of Latino students (Martinez & Curry, 1999). In some of the nation’s largest cities and metropolitan areas, such as Chicago, Los Ange- les, Washington, DC, New York, Seattle, and San Francisco, half or more of the public school students are students of color. During the 1998–1999 school year, students of color made up 63.1% of the student population in the public schools of California, the nation’s most-populous state (California State Department of Education, 2000). Language and religious diversity is also increasing among the nation’s student population. In 2000, about 20% of the school-age population spoke a language at home other than English (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Harvard professor Di- ana L. Eck (2001) calls the United States the “most religiously diverse nation on earth” (p. 4). Islam is now the fastest-growing religion in the United States. Most teachers now in the classroom and in teacher education programs are likely to have students from diverse ethnic, racial, language, and religious groups in their classrooms during their careers. This is true for both inner-city and suburban teachers. ix Ladson-Billings proofs.indd FMix 2/10/2006 11:54:52 AM x Series Foreword An important goal of multicultural education is to improve race relations and to help all students acquire the knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to