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US and Russian Human Space Flights

US and Russian Human Space Flights

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Aeronautics and Space Report of the President plo9Mr ,16 ae .MDvt 011Successfullysimulatedin Earth orbitoperation cosmonautsfromSoyuz5to Soyuz4. 10:1:1 3:0:56 Soyuz4and5dockedtransferredtwo Firsthumanorbit(s)ofMoon; firsthuman JamesA.McDivitt 2:23:23 6:3:1 Mar. 3,1969 ManeuverednearuncrewedSoyuz2. BorisV. Volynov VladimirA.Shatalov 3:22:51 Jan.15,1969 Jan.14,1969 FirstU.S.three-personmission. Cosmonautkilledinreentryaccident. FrankBorman GeorgiyT. 10:20:9 Beregovoy Apollo 9 1:2:37 LongestEVA todate(Aldrin,5hrs.). Dec.21,1968 Oct.26,1968 Firstinitial-orbitdocking;firsttetheredflight; 3:22:35 Firstdualrendezvous(Gemini 10with 5 Walter M.Schirra,Jr. VladimirM.Komarov Soyuz 4 2:23:17 2:22:47 Oct.11,1968 Apr. 23,1967 EVA; rendezvous. Apollo 8 JamesA.Lovell,Jr. Soyuz 3 Firstdockingoftwoorbitingspacecraft 3:0:21 CharlesConrad,Jr. Nov. 11,1966 0:10:41 Longesthumanflighttodate. JohnW. Young Sep.12, 1966 Apollo 7 Rendezvouswithin30cmofGemini7. Soyuz 1 13:18:35 July18, 1966 ThomasP. Stafford 1:1:51 Gemini 12 NeilA.Armstrong 21-min.EVA (White). Longestdurationhumanflighttodate. June3,1966 Gemini 11 Mar. 16,1966 FirstU.S.two-personflight;firstmanual 4:1:56 7:22:55 Walter M.Schirra,Jr. Gemini 10 FrankBorman 0:4:53 Dec.15,1965 Firstextravehicularactivity(EVA),Gemini 9-A byLeonov, Dec.4,1965 L.GordonCooper, Jr. 1:2:2 Gemini 8 JamesA.McDivitt Aug.21,1965 Gemini 6-A June3,1965 Virgil I.Grissom Firstthree-personcrew. Seconddualmission(withVostok 6). Gemini 7 Mar. 23,1965 Firstwomaninspace;within5kmofVostok 1:0:17 5. 4:23:6 PavelI.Belyayev Gemini 5 Camewithin6kmofVostok 3. 2:22:50 Mar. 18,1965 Gemini 4 FirstU.S.flightexceeding24hrs. Landed8kmfromtarget. 2:22:59 VladimirM.Komarov Valentina V. Firstflightexceeding24hrs. Tereshkova Firstdualmission(withVostok 4). Gemini 3 Valery F. Bykovskiy 1:10:20 0:9:13 Oct.12,1964 Landed400kmbeyondtarget. June16,1963 1:1:18 3:22:25 FirstAmericantoorbit. June14,1963 Voskhod 2 0:4:56 PavelR.Popovich Firsthumanflight. 0:4:55 L.GordonCooper, Jr. AndriyanG.Nikolayev Walter M.Schirra,Jr. Aug.12,1962 Suborbital;capsulesankafterlanding; 0:1:48 May15,1963 Voskhod 1 Aug.11,1962 Oct.3,1962 GermanS.Titov Vostok 6 Highlights 0:0:16 FirstU.S.flight;suborbital. M.ScottCarpenter Vostok 5 JohnH.Glenn,Jr. Mercury-Atlas 9 FlightTime Aug.6,1961 0:0:15 May24,1962 Mercury-Atlas 8 Feb.20,1962 Vostok 4 Yury A.Gagarin Vostok 3 Mercury-Atlas 7 Virgil I.Grissom Apr. 12,1961 AlanB.Shepard,Jr. Mercury-Atlas 6 Vostok 2 July21,1961 May5,1961 Crew Mercury-Redstone 4 Mercury-Redstone 3 LaunchDate Vostok 1 Spacecraft U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 David R. Scott of lunar module tolanding andtakeofffrom oflunarmodule lunarsurface and rejoiningwithcommand highestspeedattained inhumanflighttodate. departurefromEarth’s sphereofinfluence; Russell L.Schweickart David R.Scott Yevgeniy V. Khrunov Aleksey A.Yeliseyev William A.Anders Agena10,then8). James A.Lovell,Jr. highestEarth-orbitaltitude(1,372km.). R. (Gemini8withAgenatargetrocket). Donn F. Eisele Edwin E.Aldrin,Jr. Richard F. Gordon,Jr. Michael Collins Eugene A.Cernan maneuversinorbit. David R.Scott Thomas P. Stafford James A.Lovell,Jr. Charles Conrad,Jr. Edward H.White,II John W. Young Aleksey A.Leonov Boris G.Yegorov Konstantin P. Feoktistov A PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C 10 min. safe. 71 Fiscal Year 1998 Activities experiments on lunar surface. certain experiments, 19, 1967. on Apr. recovery on June 30, 1971. 12 sec. was performed during return trip. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A John W. YoungJohn W. Eugene A. CernanMichael CollinsEdwin E. Aldrin, Jr. N. KubasovfValery N. GorbatkoViktor Vladislav N. Volkov lunar surface. including lunar module to 14,300 m from the Aleksey S. Yeliseyev samples to Earth and human deployment of return to Earth. First return of rock and soil Jr. Gordon, Richard F. Alan L. Bean without actually docking. Each conducted Haise, Jr.Fred W. observation. John L. Swigert, Jr. I. Sevastyanov Vitaliy parts of Surveyor 3 Moon and retrieved Stuart A. RoosaEdgar D. MitchellAleksey S. YeliseyevNikolay N. Rukavishnikov spacecraft, which landed in Ocean of Storms Ship circled Moon, with crew using Lunar Vladislav N. Volkov Module as “lifeboat” until just before reentry. I. PatsayevViktor Alfred M. WordenJames B. Irwin strated pinpoint landing capability and 24, 1971. recovered Apr. continued human exploration. 19. Crew space station launched Apr. Charles M. Duke, Jr. Thomas K. Mattingly II occupied space station for 22 days. Crew Harrison H. Schmitt perished in final phase of Soyuz 11 capsule Ronald E. Evans KerwinJoseph P. series mission, which carried Lunar Roving Paul J. Weitz of 38 min., inflight EVA Worden’s Vehicle. Jack R. Lousma Owen K. Garriott Oleg G. Makarov again with roving vehicle. damaged station. 14) for 28 days. Repaired 1961–September 30, 1998 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights Human Space U.S. and Russian Apollo 10 May 18, 1969 Stafford Thomas P. 8:0:3 Successfully demonstrated complete system, Spacecraft Date Launch CrewApollo 11Soyuz 6 July 16, 1969 Flight TimeSoyuz 7 Neil A. Armstrong Highlights Soyuz 8 Oct. 11, 1969Apollo 12 Georgiy Shonin 8:3:9 Oct. 12, 1969 surface and safe First human landing on lunar Filipchenko A. V. Apollo 13 Oct. 13, 1969 14, 1969 Nov. 4:22:42 Vladimir A. ShatalovSoyuz 9 Charles Conrad, Jr. Soyuz 6, 7, and 8 operated as a group flight 4:22:41Apollo 14 11, 1970 Apr. 4:22:50 including welding and Earth and celestial James A. Lovell, Jr. 10:4:36Soyuz 10 June 1, 1970 surface of Second human lunar landing explored Jan. 31, 1971Soyuz 11 5:22:55 Andriyan G. Nikolayev Alan B. Shepard, Jr. Mission aborted; explosion in service module. 22, 1971 Apr. 17:16:59Apollo 15 Vladimir A. Shatalov Longest human to date. June 6, 1971 9:0:2Apollo 16 Dobrovolskiy Georgiy T. 1:23:46 Mission demon Third human lunar landing. July 26, 1971 23:18:22 Docked with Salyut 1, but crew did not board Apollo 17 David R. Scott Docked with Salyut 1, and Soyuz 11 crew 16, 1972 Apr. Skylab 2 Young John W. Dec. 7, 1972Skylab 3 12:7:12 Eugene A. Cernan Fourth human lunar landing and first Apollo “J” May 25, 1973Soyuz 12 11:1:51 Charles Conrad, Jr. July 28, 1973 12:13:52 with roving vehicle. Fifth human lunar landing, Sixth and final Apollo human lunar landing, Alan L. Bean Sep. 27, 1973 28:0:50 G. Lazarev Vasiliy uncrewed May Docked with Skylab 1 (launched 59:11:9 1:23:16 than 59 days. Docked with Skylab 1 for more Checkout of improved Soyuz. 72

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President ou 3Ar 0 99Gog .Iao :31Failedtoachievedockingwith Salyut6station. DockedwithSalyut6,laterservedasferryfor 1:23:1 7:18:17 (unmannedat launch) 108:4:24 June6,1979 GeorgiI.Ivanov DockedwithSalyut6.Hermaszewski wasfirst Apr. 10,1979 7:22:4 VladimirA.Lyakhov 67:20:14 Feb.25,1979 Soyuz 34 DockedwithSalyut6.RemekwasfirstCzech Valery F. Bykovskiy Soyuz 33 9:15:23 7:22:17 Aug.26,1978 PetrI.Klimuk Soyuz 32 June27,1978 VladimirV. Kovalenok DockedwithSalyut6.Crewreturnedin DockedwithSalyut6.Crewreturnedin AlekseyA.Gubarev June15,1978 37:10:6 FailedtoachieveharddockwithSalyut6 64:22:53 DockedwithSalyut5andoccupiedstation. VladimirA.Dzhanibekov Soyuz 31 Mar. 2,1978 2:0:46 FailedtodockwithSalyut 5. 17:17:23 Soyuz 30 Jan.10,1978 Yury V. Romanenko 2:0:6 VladimirV. Kovalenok Earthresourcesstudywithmultispectralcamera Soyuz 29 Dec.10,1977 DockedwithSalyut5and occupied station. Viktor V. Gorbatko 7:21:54 Soyuz 28 Oct.9,1977 48:1:32 DockedwithSoyuz19injoint(ASTP) Soyuz 27 Vyacheslav Feb.7,1977 D. Zudov 9:1:28 Soyuz 26 Valery F. Oct.14,1976 Bykovskiy Target forApolloindockingandjoint DockedwithSalyut4and occupied station. BorisV. Volynov Soyuz 25 Sep.15,1976 5:22:31 62:23:20 Soyuz 24 July6,1976 ThomasP. Stafford Soyuz 23 July15,1975 AlekseyA.Leonov DockedwithSalyut4andoccupiedstation. Soyuz 22 Soyuzstagesfailedtoseparate;crewrecovered PetrI.Klimuk July15,1975 29:13:20 Soyuz 21 Test ofApollo-SoyuzTest Project(ASTP) 0:0:20 May24,1975 RendezvousedbutdidnotdockwithSalyut3. 5:22:24 DockedwithSalyut3and Soyuz14crew AleksayA.Gubarev Apollo Astrophysical,biological,and Earthresources 2:0:12 15:17:30 AnatolyV. Filipchenko Soyuz 19 7:20:55 Jan.10,1975 Vasiliy G.Lazarev DockedwithSkylab1inlong-duration mission; Soyuz 18 Dec.2,1974 GennadyV. Sarafanov Apr. 5,1975 84:1:16 PavelR.Popovich Anomaly (Soyuz18A) Aug.26, 1974 Highlights Soyuz 17 July3,1974 PetrI.Klimuk FlightTime Soyuz 16 Dec.18,1973 GeraldP. Carr Soyuz 15 Nov. 16,1973 Soyuz 14 Soyuz 13 Crew LaunchDate Skylab 4 Spacecraft U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 aeyV ymncrewduration175 days,36min. crewduration7days, 20hrs.,49min. Polishcosmonaut toorbit. cosmonauttoorbit. Nikolay N.Rukavishnikov Valery V. Ryumin crewduration139days,14hrs.,48min. Sigmund Jaehn Soyuz27;crewduration96days,10hrs. station. Miroslaw Hermaszewski Aleksandr S.Ivanchenkov Vladimir Remek Oleg G.Makarov system. Georgiy M.Grechko Valery V. Ryumin experimentsofASTPmission. Yury N.Glazkov experimentsofASTPmission. Valery I.Rozhdestvenskiy Vladimir V. Aksenov afterabort. Vitaliy M.Zholobov Vance D.Brand Donald K.Slayton Valery N.Kubasov configuration. occupiedspacestation. Vitaliy I.Sevastyanov Oleg G.Makarov experiments. Georgiy M.Grechko lastofSkylabprogram. Nikolay N.Rukavishnikov Lev S.Demin Yury P. Artyukhin Valentin V. Lebedev William R.Pogue Edward G.Gibson A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Docked withSalyut6.CrewreturnedinSoyuz34; Docked withSalyut6.CrewreturnedinSoyuz29; Docked withSalyut6.CrewreturnedinSoyuz31; without acrew. Soyuz 32crewwhilereturned Ivanov wasfirstBulgariancosmonaut toorbit. cosmonaut toorbit. Jaehn wasfirstGermanDemocraticRepublic Soyuz 26;crewduration5days,22hrs.,59min. 73 Fiscal Year 1998 Activities ested remote manipulator Farkas was first Hungarian to orbit. to orbit. Pham was first Vietnamese 1). T payload (OSTA arm. Returned for reuse. manipulator arm. Flight extended 1 day because of flooding at primary landing site; alternate landing site used. Returned for reuse. Completed testing program. Returned for reuse. spacesuits malfunctioned. Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 37. Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 35. Docked with Salyut 6. Crew Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 36. Second flight of ; first scientific C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Valery V. Ryumin V. Valery Bertalan Farkas AksenovVladimir V. Pham Tuan MendezArnaldo Tamayo Crew duration 184 days, 20 hrs., 12 min. Oleg G. MakarovGennady M. Strekalov 20 hrs., 46 min. Crew duration 7 days, generation ferry. Savinykh P. Viktor Jugderdemidiyn Gurragcha to orbit. hrs., 42 min. Crew duration 7 days, 20 Robert L. Crippensince 1971. in Soviet program Dumitru Prunariu cosmonaut to orbit. orbit for reuse. LebedevValentin to orbit. Aleksandr IvanchenkovJean-Loup Chrétien Aleksandr SerebrovSvetlana Savitskaya cosmonaut to orbit. Crew returned in Soyuz T-7. AllenJoseph P. B. LenoirWilliam Donald H. Peterson to orbit. Crew returned in Soyuz T-5. test canceled when (SBS 3 and Anik C-3); first flight with four crew members. EVA 1961–September 30, 1998 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights Human Space U.S. and Russian (STS-6) Karol J. Bobko (STS-1)(STS-3) C. Gordon Fullerton(STS-4)(STS-5) orbit. First landing of airplane-like craft from payload (OSS 1). Second test of remote Hartsfield, Jr. Henry W. Overmyer Robert F. July 4. additional scientific payloads. Returned flight; launched two commercial satellites (STS-2) Richard H. Truly Columbia Columbia Columbia Columbia Challenger Columbia Soyuz 35 9, 1980 Apr. Leonid I. Popov 55:1:29 Spacecraft Date Launch Soyuz 36 CrewSoyuz T-2Soyuz 37 May 26, 1980 N. Kubasov Valery Flight TimeSoyuz 38 June 5, 1980 Highlights Soyuz T-3 Malyshev V. Yury July 23, 1980 65:20:54 Gorbatko V. Soyuz T-4 Viktor Sep. 18, 1980Soyuz 39 27, 1980 Nov. 3:22:21 Romanenko V. Yury 79:15:17 Space Shuttle Leonid D. Kizim Docked with Salyut 6. First crewed flight of new- 12, 1981 Mar. 7:20:43Soyuz 40 Kovalenok Vladimir V. Apr .12, 1981 22, 1981 Mar. cosmonaut was first Cuban Salyut 6. Tamayo Docked with 12:19:8 Young John W. 74:18:38 Vladimir A. DzhanibekovSpace Shuttle three-person flight Docked with Salyut 6. First Docked with Salyut 6. 7:20:43 May 14, 1981Space Shuttle 12, 1981 first Mongolian Docked with Salyut 6. Gurragcha Nov. Leonid I. Popov Joe H. Engle 2:6:21 22, 1982 Mar. First flight of Space Shuttle; tested spacecraft in Soyuz T-5 R. Lousma Jack Soyuz T-6 7:20:41 Docked with Salyut 6. Prunariu first Romanian 2:6:13 Space Shuttle May 13, 1982 8:4:49 June 24, 1982 Anatoly BerezovoySoyuz T-7 June 27, 1982 of Space Shuttle; second scientific Third flight Vladimir Dzhanibekov Thomas K. Mattingly IISpace Shuttle 211:9:5 7:21:51 Aug. 19, 1982 Docked with Salyut 7. Crew duration of 211 days. 7:1:9 Docked with Salyut 7. Chrétien first French 11, 1982 Nov. Leonid PopovSpace Shuttle Fourth flight of Space Shuttle; first DoD payload; D. Brand Vance 4, 1983 Apr. 7:21:52 Paul J. Weitz 5:2:14 Docked with Salyut 7. Savitskaya second woman Fifth flight of Space Shuttle; first operational 5:0:24 Sixth flight of Space Shuttle; launched TDRS-1. 74

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pc htl c.5 94Rbr .Cipn852 ThirteenthflightofSpaceShuttle;firstwith 8:5:24 RobertL.Crippen Twelfth flightofSpaceShuttle.First 6:0:56 Oct. 5,1984 DockedwithSalyut7station.FirstfemaleEVA. 11:19:14 Space Shuttle HenryW. Hartsfield EleventhflightofSpaceShuttle;deployment VladimirDzhanibekov Aug.30,1984 DockedwithSalyut7station. Sharmafirst 6:23:41 July17,1984 DockedwithSalyut7station. Crewsetspace 181:21:48 Space Shuttle 62:22:43 RobertL.Crippen Soyuz T-12 Yury Malyshev Apr. 6,1984 Tenth flightofSpaceShuttle;twocommunica- Apr. 3,1984 LeonidKizim 7:23:16 Space Shuttle Feb.8,1984 Soyuz T-11 NinthflightofSpaceShuttle;first Vance D.Brand 10:7:47 Soyuz T-10 Feb.3,1984 EighthflightofSpaceShuttle;launchedone DockedwithSalyut7station. 6:1:9 Space Shuttle JohnW. Young 149:9:46 Nov. 28,1983 SeventhflightofSpaceShuttle;launchedtwo RichardH.Truly Failedtoachievedockingwith Salyut7station. ladimirLyakhov Space Shuttle 6:2:24 Aug.30,1983 2:0:18 June28,1983 Highlights Space Shuttle FlightTime RobertL.Crippen Soyuz T-9 VladimirTitov June18,1983 Apr. 20,1983 Space Shuttle Crew LaunchDate Soyuz T-8 Spacecraft SS4-)KtrnD ulvnoftwoU.S.womenandoneCanadian KathrynD.Sullivan forlaterretrieval;SolarMaximumSatellite RichardM.Mullane (STS 41-G) Challenger Terry J.Hart useofMannedManeuveringUnitinspace. (STS 41-D) Discovery BruceMcCandless (STS 41-C) Challenger (STS 41-B) Challenger Columbia Challenger Challenger SS9 rwtrW hwSpacelab1;firstflightofsixcrewmembers, BrewsterW. Shaw (STS-9) SS8 ailC rnesencommercialsatellite(Insat1-B);firstflightof commercialsatellites(AnikC-2andPalapa DanielC.Brandenstein FrederickH.Hauck (STS-8) (STS-7) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 al .Rd (Garneau). sevencrewmembers, includingfirstflight Marc Garneau U.S.nonastronaut. Paul D.Scully-Power Sally K.Ride Jon A.McBride retrieved,repaired, andredeployed. Charles D.Walker Judith A.Resnick Long-DurationExposure Facility(LDEF-1) Steven A.Hawley SoyuzT-10. Michael L.Coats inSoyuzT-11. Indianinspace. Crew returnedin Igor Volk Svetlana Savistskaya durationrecordof 237 days.Crewreturned James D.vanHoften George D.Nelson Frances R.Scobee tionsatellitesfailedtoachieveorbit;first Rakesh Sharma Gennady Strekalov (Merbold). Oleg Atkov astronauttoflyinU.S.spaceprogram oneofwhomwasWest German;firstnon-U.S. Vladimir Solovev Roben L.Stewart Ronald E.McNair U.S.blackastronaut. Robert L.Gibson Byron K.Lichtenberg firstflightwithfivecrewmembers,including Robert A.R.Parker Garriott K. Owen firstwomanU.S.astronaut. B-1);alsolaunchedandretrievedSPAS 01; William E.Thornton Guion S.Bluford,Jr. Dale A.Gardner Aleksandr Aleksandrov Norman T. Thagard Sally K.Ride John M.Fabian Aleksandr Serebrov Gennady Strekalov A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C 75 Fiscal Year 1998 Activities Sept. 26, 1985. became ill. Vasyutin C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A David M. WalkerAnna L. Fisher Dale A. Gardner Loren J. Shriver Buchli James F. Gary E. Payton Donald E. Williams and return of two disabled communications S. David Griggs Jeffrey A. Hoffman Charles D. Walker E. J. Garn Frederick D. GregoryNorman E. Thagard satellites. First U.S. Senator in space (Garn). E. Thornton William Lodewijk van den Berg Wang Taylor SavinykhViktor of Shuttle. John O. CreightonJohn M. FabianSteven R. Nagel Patrick Baudry Prince Sultan Salman Al-Saud Roy D. Bridges spacecraft, Earth with Grechko on Soyuz T-13 England Anthony W. Story Musgrave F. satellites. One reusable payload, Spartan-1. Acton Loren W. Bartoe John-David F. Arabian crew members. Richard O. Covey Fisher F. William John M. Lounge Georgiy GrechkoAleksandr VolkovRonald J. Grabe cations satellites. Repaired Syncom IV-3. David C. Hilmers A. Pailes William and Vladimir Vasyutin Aleksandr Volkov, 21, 1985, when returned to Earth Nov. 1961–September 30, 1998 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights Human Space U.S. and Russian Discovery (STS 51-A)Discovery (STS 51-C)Discovery (STS 51-D) Allen Joseph P. Challenger Ellison S. Onizuka (STS 51-B) M. 6, Palapa B2) to Earth. satellites (Westar Discovery (STS 51-G) Don L. Lind Challenger (STS 51-F) Lucid Shannon W. Discovery (STS 51-I) Karl C. Henize First U.S. flight with French and Saudi Atlantis (STS 51-J) James D. van Hoften Robert A. Stewart Space Shuttle 8, 1984 Nov. Frederick H. Hauck 7:23:45 Fourteenth flight of Space Shuttle; first retrieval Spacecraft Date Launch CrewSpace Shuttle Jan. 24, 1985 Flight TimeSpace Shuttle Thomas K. Mattingly Highlights 12, 1985 Apr. 3:1:33 Karol J. BobkoSpace Shuttle DoD mission. Fifteenth STS flight. Dedicated 29, 1985 Apr. 6:23:55 Overmyer Robert F. communications Sixteenth STS flight. Two Soyuz T-13Space Shuttle 7:0:9 June 5, 1985 STS flight. -3 in cargo bay Seventeenth June 17, 1985 Vladimir Dzhanibekov Daniel C. BrandensteinSpace Shuttle 112:3:12 Repair of Salyut-7. Dzhanibekov returned to 7:1:39 July 29, 1985 Eighteenth STS flight. Three communications Charles G. FullertonSpace Shuttle 7:22:45 Aug. 27, 1985Soyuz T-14 Nineteenth STS flight. Spacelab-2 in cargo bay. Joe H. EngleSpace Shuttle Sep. 17, 1985 Vladimir Vasyutin Oct. 3, 1985 7:2:18 STS flight. Launched three communi Twentieth Karol J. Bobko 64:21:52 Savinykh, Docked with Salyut 7 station. Viktor 4:1:45 STS flight. Dedicated DoD mission. Twenty-first 76

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pc htl e.2,18 rdrc .Huk41Twenty-sixth STSflight.LaunchedTDRS-3. 4:1 Dockedwith Dockedwith 8:19:27 9:20:13 FrederickH.Hauck Dockedwith Sep. 29,1988 VladimirLyakhov 180:5 Aug.29,1988 Viktor Savinykh Space Shuttle June7, 1988 Soyuz TM-6 VladimirTitov Dockedwith Dockedwith Dec.21,1987 Soyuz TM-5 160:7:16 Dockedwith 174:3:26 125:1:1 AleksandrViktorenko Soyuz TM-4 July22,1987 Yury Romanenko Feb.5,1987 Twenty-fourth STSflight.Launchedonecom LeonidKizim Soyuz TM-3 6:2:4 Mar. 13,1986 Soyuz TM-2 Soyuz T-15 RobertL.Gibson Twenty-third STSflight.Launchedthreecom Jan.12,1986 6:22:54 Space Shuttle BrewsterH.Shaw Twenty-second STSflight.DedicatedGerman Nov. 27,1985 Highlights 7:0:45 FlightTime Space Shuttle HenryW. Hartsfield Oct.30,1985 Crew LaunchDate Space Shuttle Spacecraft ou M7Nv 6 98AesnrVlo 5:1Dockedwith 151:11 AleksandrVolkov Nov. 26, 1988 Soyuz TM-7 Discovery HouseofRepresentativesinspace(Bill astronaut(NeriVela). FranklinChang-Diaz MaryL.Cleve (STS 61-C) Columbia BonnieJ.Dunbar (STS 61-B) Atlantis (STS 61-A) Challenger SS2)RichardO.Covey (STS-26) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 bu omn inSoyuzTM-5. Afghanistaniinspace. CrewreturnedSept.7, Bulgarianinspace. CrewreturnedJun.17in SoyuzTM-4. Romanenko,AleksandrAleksandrov, and AnatolyLevchenkoreturnedDec.29in Abdul Mohmand Valery Polyakov returnedwithYury Romanenko.Viktorenko Aleksandur Aleksandrov Aleksandrov remainedin Anatoly Levchenko establishedlong-distancestayinspacerecord Musa Manarov transferredtoSalyut 7complex.OnJune25/26 Mohammed Faris Aleksandr Aleksandrov Nelson). Aleksandr Laveykin municationssatellite.FirstmemberofU.S. Solovyov Vladimir Bill Nelson Roger Cenker George D.Nelson municationssatellites.FirstflightofMexican Steve A.Hawley Charles F. BoldenJr. Charles D.Walker Rudolfo NeriVela SpacelabD-1inshuttlecargobay.Jerry L.Ross C.Spring Sherwood Bryan D.O’Connor Wubbo J.Ockels(ESA) Reinhard Furrer(FRG) Ernst Messerschmid Guion S.Bluford,Jr. James F. Buchli Steven R.Nagel George D.Nelson David C.Hilmers John M.Lounge egyKiae returnedwithChrétien, VladimirTitov, andMusaManarov. Titov andManarov Jean-Loup Chrétien Sergey Krikalev A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Soyuz TM-3. medical problems.FarisfirstSyrianinspace. with AleksandrLaveykinwhoexperienced and FarisreturnedinSoyuzTM-2,July30, of 326days. transferred fromSalyut7backto returned Apr. 27,1989,in SoyuzTM-7. Krikalev, Volkov, andValery Polyakov completed 366-daymissionDec.21. Crewof Mir Mir Mir Mir Mir Mir space station;Mohmandfirst space station;Aleksandrovfirst space station.CrewofYury space station.Aleksandr space station.Romanenko space stationonMay5/6 space station.SoyuzTM-6 Mir 160 days, Mir . 77 Fiscal Year 1998 Activities space station. Crew returned space station. Crew returned space station. Crew of Mir Mir Mir Japanese cosmonaut and journalist in space. Soyuz TM-8, Feb. 9, 1990. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Steven A. Hawley Bruce McCandless II Kathryn D. Sullivan Gennady Strekalov Akiyama, Toyohiro Dec. 10, 1990, with David C. Hilmers Richard H. Mullane Pierre J. Thuot Kathryn C. Thornton Story Musgrave F. Manley L. “Sonny” Carter Bonnie J. Dunbar Marsha S. Ivins G. David Low Aleksandr Balandin Aug. 9, 1990, in Soyuz TM-9. Shannon W. Lucid Shannon W. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz Ellen S. Baker Aleksandr Serebrov and Serebrov returned in Viktorenko Nomman E. Thagard Mary L. Cleave Mark C. Lee James C. Adamson David C. Leestma Mark N. Brown Richard M. Mullane Jerry L. Ross M. Shepherd William Bagian James P. Buchli James F. Robert C. Springer 1961–September 30, 1998 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights Human Space U.S. and Russian (STS-32) James D. Wetherbee and retrieved LDEF. (STS-28) Richard N. Richards (STS-31) Bolden, Jr. Charles F. (HST). Telescope (STS-33) John E. Blaha mission. (STS-29) John E. Blaha (STS-36) John H. Casper mission. (STS-34) Michael J. McCulley and orbiter Galileo. (STS-30) Ronald J. Grabe Magellan launched. (STS-27) Guy S. Gardner mission. Discovery Columbia Atlantis Discovery Atlantis Columbia Discovery Atlantis Atlantis Soyuz TM-10 Aug. 1, 1990 Gennady Manakov 130:20:36 Docked with Space Shuttle 24, 1990 Apr. Loren J. Shriver 5:1:16 Thirty-fifth STS flight. Launched Hubble Space Space Shuttle Jan. 9, 1990Soyuz TM-9 Daniel C. BrandensteinSpace Shuttle 1990 Feb. 11, 10:21 Feb. 28, 1990 Anatoly Solovyov Thirty-third STS flight. Launched Syncom IV-5 John O. Creighton 178:22:19 Docked with 4:10:19 Thirty-fourth STS flight. Dedicated DoD Space Shuttle 23, 1989 Nov. Frederick D. Gregory 5:0:7 Thirty-second STS flight. Dedicated DoD Space Shuttle Oct. 18, 1989 Donald E. Williams 4:23:39 Thirty-first STS flight. Launched Jupiter probe Space Shuttle Aug. 8, 1989Soyuz TM-8 Brewster H. Shaw Sep. 5, 1989 Viktorenko Aleksandr 5:1 Thirtieth STS flight. Dedicated DoD mission. 166:6 with Docked Space Shuttle 13, 1989 Mar. Space Shuttle Michael L. Coats May 4, 1989 4:23:39 David M. Walker STS flight. Launched TDRS-4. Twenty-eighth 4:0:57 orbiter STS flight. Venus Twenty-ninth Space Shuttle Dec. 2, 1988 “Hoot” Gibson Robert 4:9:6 STS flight. Dedicated DoD Twenty-seventh Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights 78

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pc htl c.6 90RcadN ihrs421 Thirty-sixthSTSflight.Ulyssesspacecraftto Highlights 4:2:10 FlightTime RichardN.Richards Oct.6,1990 Crew LaunchDate Space Shuttle Spacecraft pc htl o.1,19 ihr .Cvy42:5Thirty-seventhSTSflight.DedicatedDoD 4:21:55 RichardO.Covey Nov. 15,1990 Space Shuttle pc htl p.5 91See .Ngl603 Thirty-ninthSTSflight.LaunchedGammaRay 6:0:32 Dockedwith 175:01:52 StevenR.Nagel Thirty-eighthSTSflight.Astro-1incargobay. Apr. 5,1991 8:23:5 Viktor Afanasyev Dec.2,1990 Space Shuttle Vance D.Brand Soyuz TM-11 Dec.2,1990 Space Shuttle pc htl p.2,19 ihe .Cas872 FortiethSTSflight.DedicatedDoDmission. 8:7:22 MichaelL.Coats Apr. 28,1991 Space Shuttle pc htl u.2 91Jh .Baa82:1Forty-secondSTSflight. Launchedfourth 8:21:21 JohnE.Blaha Forty-firstSTSflight.CarriedSpacelabLife 9:2:15 Aug. 2,1991 Space Shuttle BryanD.O’Conner June 5,1991 Dockedwith 144:15:22 Space Shuttle AnatolyArtsebarskiy May18,1991 Soyuz TM-12 pc htl e.1,19 onCegtn582 Forty-thirdSTSflight.LaunchedUpper 5:8:28 JohnCreighton Sep.12,1991 Space Shuttle Discovery Atlantis Atlantis Columbia Discovery Atlantis Columbia Discovery SS3)FakL ubrsn r mission. FrankL.Culbertson,Jr. (STS-38) SS3)KnehD aeo Observatorytomeasurecelestialgamma-rays. KennethD.Cameron (STS-37) SS4)McalA ae Tracking andDataRelaySatellite MichaelA.Baker (STS-43) SS4)Rbr .Cbn investigateinterstellarspaceandtheSun. RobertD.Cabana (STS-41) SS3)BlaineHammond,Jr. (STS-39) SS4)KnehRihlr r AtmosphereResearchSatellite(UARS). KennethReightler, Jr. (STS-48) SS3)GuyS.Gardner (STS-35) SS4)Sde .GterzSciences(SLS-1)incargobay. SidneyM.Gutierrez (STS-40) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 Thomas D.Akers William M.Shepherd Bruce E.Melnick Carl J.Meade Robert C.Springer Charles “Sam”Gemar uaMnrvAkiyamareturnedDec.10,1990,with previous Toyohiro Akiyama Musa Manarov Robert A.R.Parker John M.“Mike”Lounge Jeffrey A.Hoffman Jay Apt Jerry L.Ross Linda Godwin Richard J.Hieb Lacy Veach Guion S.Bluford,Jr. Donald R.McMonagle Gregory L.Harbaugh ee hra CrewofViktorMillie Hughes-Fulford Afanasyev, MusaManarov, firstfromUnitedKingdomtoflyinspace. Francis A.“Drew”Gaffney M. RheaSeddon Tamara E.Jernigan James P. Bagian Helen Sharman Sergei Krikalev hno .Lcd(TDRS-5). James C.Adamson G. DavidLow Shannon W. Lucid Mark N.Brown James F. Buchli Charles D.Gemar A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C and GennadyStrekalov. and KrikalevdoingsoMar. 25,1992. Mir Artsebarskiy andKrikalevremainedonboard and HelenSharmanreturnedMay20,1991. , withArtsebarskiyreturningOct.10,1991, Mir Mir Mir crew ofGennadyManakov space station.Toyohiro space station.HelenSharman 79 Fiscal Year 1998 Activities space station Jul. 29. Tognini space station Jul. 29. Tognini space station. Crew returned space station. Crew returned orbital complex and returned to Mir Mir Mir space station Mar. 19. The TM-13 space station Mar. space station. Solovyov and Avdeyev spent over six months Solovyov and Avdeyev in the Earth in the descent vehicle of the TM-15 spacecraft on Feb. 1, 1993. Mir Krikalev had been in space 313 days. and Kaleri remained on the Viktorenko Mir C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Sergei Avdeyev (France) and Alexandr Kaleri. Alexandr Viktorenko returned to Earth in TM-14 capsule with Kathryn D. SullivanDavid C. Leestma Michael Foale Dirk D. Frimout Byron K. Lichtenberg Richard J. Hieb Bruce E. Melnick Pierre J. Thuot (ATLAS-1). Kathryn C. Thornton Thomas D. Akers Bonnie Dunbar Ellen Baker Carl Meade Klaus-Dietrich Flade (Germany) and Aleksandr Volkov, capsule with Flade, 25. to Earth Mar. Sergei Krikalev returned Norman E. Thagard David C. Hilmers Readdy F. William Roberta L. Bondar Ulf Merbold (ESA) Alexandr Kaleri Jim Voss Story Musgrave Mario Runco, Jr. Hennen Tom Toktar AubakirovToktar (Kazakh Republic) (Austria) Franz Viehboeck Oct. 10, 1991, with Anatoly Artsebarsky in the TM-12 spacecraft. 1961–September 30, 1998 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights Human Space U.S. and Russian (STS-49) Chilton Kevin P. VI communications satellite. INTELSAT (STS-50) Kenneth D. Bowersox Microgravity Laboratory-1. (STS-42) Stephen S. Oswald Microgravity Laboratory-1 in cargo bay. (STS-45) Laboratory for Applications and Science (STS-44) Henricks Tom Support Program (DSP) satellite. Endeavour Columbia Atlantis Discovery Atlantis Space Shuttle May 7, 1992 Daniel C. BrandensteinSpace Shuttle 8:16:17 June 25, 1992 STS flight. Reboosted a crippled Forty-seventh Soyuz TM-15 Richard N. Richards July 27, 1992 13:19:30 Anatoly Solovyov Forty-eighth STS flight. Carried U.S. 189:17:43 Docked with Soyuz TM-14 17, 1992 Mar. Alexandr ViktorenkoSpace Shuttle 145:15:11 manned CIS space mission. Docked with First Mar . 24, 1992 Bolden Charles F. 9:0:10 Forty-sixth STS flight. Carried Atmospheric Space Shuttle Jan. 22, 1992 Ronald J. Grabe 8:1:12 Forty-fifth STS flight. Carried International Soyuz TM-13 Oct. 2, 1991 Aleksandr Volkov 90:16:00 Docked with Spacecraft Date Launch CrewSpace Shuttle 24, 1991 Nov. Frederick D. Gregory Flight Time Highlights 6:22:51 Forty-fourth STS flight. Launched Defense 80

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pc htl u.3,19 oe .Srvr72:6Forty-ninthSTSflight.DeployedTethered 7:23:16 Highlights FlightTime LorenJ.Shriver Jul.31,1992 Crew LaunchDate Space Shuttle Spacecraft pc htl e.2 92DvdM akr771 Fifty-secondSTSflight.Deployedthelastmajor 7:7:19 DavidM.Walker Fifty-firstSTSflight.Studiedinfluenceof Dec.2,1992 9:20:57 FiftiethSTSflight.CarriedSpacelabJ.Jemison Space Shuttle JamesD.Wetherbee 7:22:30 Oct.22,1992 Space Shuttle RobertL.Gibson Sep.12,1992 Space Shuttle pc htl p.8 93KnehD aeo :: Fifty-fourthSTSflight.Completedsecondflight 9:6:9 Dockedwith KennethD.Cameron 179:0:44 Apr. 8,1993 Fifty-thirdSTSflight.DeployedTracking and 6:23:39 GennadyManakov Space Shuttle Jan.24,1993 JohnH.Casper Soyuz TM-16 Jan.13,1993 Space Shuttle pc htl ue2,19 oadJ rb :34 Fifty-sixthSTSflight.CarriedSpacelabcom 9:23:46 Fifty-fifthSTSflight.Completedsecond RonaldJ.Grabe 9:23:39 June 21,1993 Space Shuttle StevenR.Nagel Apr. 26,1993 Discovery Columbia Endeavour Discovery Endeavour Endeavour Columbia SS4)Ade .AlnSatelliteSystem-1andEureka-1. AndrewM.Allen (STS-46) SS5)Rbr .Cbn DoDclassifiedpayloadplannedforShuttle RobertD.Cabana (STS-53) SS5)SehnS sadofAtmosphericLaboratoryforApplications StephenS.Oswald (STS-56) SS5)McalA ae gravityonbasicfluidandsolidification MichaelA.Baker (STS-52) SS5)TrneT ercsGermanmicrogravityresearchprogramin Terence T. Henricks (STS-55) SS4)Cri .Bon r firstAfricanAmericanwomantoflyin CurtisL.Brown,Jr. (STS-47) SS5)Dnl .MMngeDataRelaySatellite-6.OperatedDiffused DonaldR.McMonagle (STS-54) (STS-57) Brian J. Duffy mercial payload module andretrieved mercialpayloadmodule BrianJ.Duffy (STS-57) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 Franco Malerba(Italy) Franklin R.Chang-Diaz Jeffrey A.Hoffman Marsha S.Ivins Claude Nicollier(ESA) tvnG aLa andCanadianTarget Satellite DeployedsecondLaserGeodynamics Assembly. Payload-1inaninternationalmission. processesusing U.S.Microgravity inspacetogether. spacecraft.LeeandDavisfirstmarriedcouple space.MohrifirstJapanesetoflyonNASA Steven G.MacLean Charles L.Veach Tamara E.Jernigan William M.Shepherd Mamoru Mohri Mae C.Jemison N. JanDavis Jerome Apt Mark C.Lee uo .Buod r (DoD1)withtendifferentsecondarypayloads. Michael RichardClifford James S.Voss Jr. Bluford, S. Guion lkad oehhkJuly22,1993,theTM-16descentcabin collectdataonstarsandgalacticgases. X-raySpectrometer Hitchhikerexperimentto Aleksandr Poleshchuk Susan J.Helms Mario Runco,Jr. Gregory J.Harbaugh .McalFaeandSciencedeployedSPARTAN-201. Kenneth D.Cockerell C. MichaelFoale .DvdLwEuropeanRetrievable Carrier inorbitsince August1992. SpacelabD-2. Janice E.Voss Peter J.K.Wisoff Nancy J.Sherlock G. DavidLow Hans W. Schlegel(Germany) Ulrich Walter (Germany) Bernard A.Harris,Jr. Charles J.Precourt Jerry L.Ross A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Haignere fromSoyuzTM-17onboard. Poleschuk, andFrenchcosmonautJean-Pierre landed backonEarthwithManakov, Mir space stationJan.26.On 81 Fiscal Year 1998 Activities Mir space station July 3. Haignere space station July 3. Haignere space station Jan. 10. space station July 3. Both in the attempt to establish a new Mir Mir Mir Mir Jan. 14, 1994. aboard record for endurance in space. Earth with the Soyuz TM-19 spacecraft, 4 together landing in Kazakhstan on Nov. who went up with Ulf Merbold of Germany, aboard Soyuz TM-20 on Oct 3, 1994. Merbold gathered biological samples on the effects of on the human body body in the first of two ESA missions to to prepare for the International Space Station. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Aleksandr SerebrovJean-Pierre HaignereJames H. Newman BurschDaniel W. Carl E. Walz with Soyuz TM-16. Serebrov returned to Earth LucidShannon W. landed in TM-17 spacecraft on and Tsibliyev David A. Wolf S. McArthur William Martin J. Fettman communications satellite technology and AkersTom U.S./German ORFEUS-SPAS. Jeffrey A. Hoffman Kathryn C. Thornton Claude Nicollier Story Musgrave F. of microgravity on M. Rhea Seddon UsachevYuri human and animal subjects. PolyakovValery N. . Ronald M. SegaFranklin R. Chang-DiazSergei K. Krikalev ()Pierre J. Thuot spacecraft on July 9, 1994. Polyakov remained Afanasyev and Usachev landed in the TM-18 Charles D. Gemar Marsha S. Ivins Russia and the United States. new era in cooperation in space between Jerome AptMichael R. Clifford presence signified a Krikalev’s SPACEHAB. films for advanced electronics. Also carried Linda M. Godwin Thomas D. Jones A. MusabayevTalgat and other areas. processing, biotechnology, and carbon, water, energy cycles. Earth and the effects humans have on its to Malenchenko and Musabayev returned 1961–September 30, 1998 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights Human Space U.S. and Russian (STS-61) Kenneth D. Bowersox scientific capabilitities and reliability of the (STS-59) Chilton Kevin P. Radar Laboratory-1 to gather data on the (STS-58) Richard A. Searfoss Sciences-2 payload to determine the effects (STS-62) Andrew M. Allen Payload-2 to conduct experiments in materials (STS-51) Readdy F. William satellite to serve as testbed for new (STS-60) Jr. Kenneth S. Reightler, Facility to generate new semi-conductor Discovery Columbia Endeavour Discovery Columbia Endeavour Soyuz TM-17 July 1, 1993 Tsibliyev Vasiliy 196:17:45with Docked Spacecraft Date Launch CrewSpace Shuttle Sep. 12, 1993Space Shuttle Flight Time Jr. Frank L. Culbertson, Highlights 9:20:11 Oct. 18, 1993 STS flight. Deployed ACTS Fifty-seventh John E. BlahaSpace Shuttle Dec. 2, 1993 14:0:29 O. Covey Richard Soyuz TM-18 Carried Spacelab Life Fifty-eighth STS flight. 10:19:58 Jan. 8, 1994Space Shuttle Fifty-ninth STS flight. Restored planned Afanasyev Viktor Feb. 3, 1994Space Shuttle 182:0:27 Bolden, Jr. Charles F. Docked with 4, 1994 Mar. 8:7:9Space Shuttle John H. Casper Shield Wake Sixtieth STS flight. Carried the 9, 1994 Apr. Soyuz TM-19 Sidney M. Gutierrez 13:23:17 Microgravity Sixty-first STS flight. Carried U.S. July 1, 1994 11:5:50 Sixty-second STS flight. Carried the Space I. Malenchenko Yuri 125:22:53 with Docked 82

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pc htl e.9 94RcadN ihrs1:25 Sixty-fourthSTSflight.UsedLIDARIn-Space 10:22:50 RichardN.Richards Sixty-thirdSTSflight.CarriedInternational Highlights Sep.9,1994 14:17:55 FlightTime Space Shuttle RobertD.Cabana July8,1994 Crew LaunchDate Space Shuttle Spacecraft pc htl o.3 94Dnl .MMnge1:23 Sixty-sixthSTSflight.Threemainpayloads:the SoyuzTM-19returnedtoEarthonNov. 4,1994, 10:22:34 * DonaldR.McMonagle Nov. 3,1994 Sixty-fifthSTSflight.UsedSpaceRadar AlexsandrViktorenko 11:5:36 Oct.3,1994 Space Shuttle MichaelA.Baker Soyuz TM-20 Sep.30,1994 Space Shuttle pc htl e.3 95JmsD ehre ::8Sixty-seventhSTSflight.Primaryobjective:first 8:6:28 JamesD.Wetherbee Feb.3,1995 Space Shuttle pc htl a.2 95SehnS sad1:58Sixty-eighthSTSflight.LongestShuttlemission 16:15:8 StephenS.Oswald Mar. 2,1995 Space Shuttle Discovery Columbia Atlantis Endeavour Discovery Endeavour SS6)Cri .Bon r thirdAtmosphericLaboratoryforApplications CurtisL.Brown,Jr. (STS-66) SS6)L lieHmod r Technology Experimenttoperformatmos L.BlaineHammond,Jr. (STS-64) SS6)Ele .Cliscloseencounterinnearly20yearsbetween EileenM.Collins (STS-63) SS6)JmsD asl,J.MicrogravityLaboratory-2toconductresearch JamesD.Halsell,Jr. (STS-65) SS6)Trec .WlutLaboratory-2toprovidescientistswithdata to Terrence W. Wilcutt (STS-68) SS6)WlimG rgr todate.Primarypayloadwasatrioofultra- William G.Gregory (STS-67) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 alE azweightlessness. intothebehaviorofmaterialsandlifeinnear Chiaki Naito-Mukai(Japan) Donald A.Thomas Leroy Chiao Carl E.Walz Richard J.Hieb ua .Hlsspacewalkbyastronautsinover10years. phericresearch.Included thefirstuntethered Mark C.Lee Carl J.Meade Susan J.Helms J. M.Linenger l ebl EA andUlfMerbold.Valeriy Polyakovremained withYuri Malenchenko,Talgat Musabayev, changefromothernaturalformsofchange. Ulf Merbold(ESA) Yelena Kondakova Peter J.K.Wisoff Daniel W. Bursch Steven L.Smith Thomas D.Jones ct .Prznk SPAS-1), andthe ShuttleSolarBackscatter andScience(ATLAS-3), thefirstCryogenic InfraredSpectrometers andTelescopes forthe Atmosphere-ShuttlePalletSatellite(CRISTA- Scott E.Parazynski (ESA) Clervoy Jean-Francois Joseph R.Tanner Ellen Ochoa aieE osStation.(Shuttleflewclosebyto toestablishmentof InternationalSpace Americanand Russian spacecraftasaprelude Janice E.Voss C. MichaelFoale Bernard A.Harris,Jr. onM rnfl violettelescopescalled Astro-2. Samuel T. Durrance Ronald A.Parise Tamara E.Jernigan Wendy B.Lawrence John M.Grunsfeld Payloads: Spacehab3experimentsandShuttle Vladimir G.Titov (Russia) A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C aboard help distinguishhuman-inducedenvironmental experiments. also conductedproteincrystalgrowth Ultraviolet (SSBUV)spectrometer. Radar CalibrationSpheres(ODERACS). Test. AlsolaunchedverysmallOrbitalDebris Force MauiOpticalSite(AMOS)Calibration Combustion Experiment(SSCE),andAir Astronomy (SPARTAN) 204,SolidSurface Pointed AutonomousResearchTool for Mir . Mir .) Main 83 Fiscal Year 1998 Activities Mir space Mir Mir 20 crew (Yuri Gidzenko, Sergei 20 crew (Yuri Mir Avdeev, and ). Avdeev, Dezhurov, Gennady M. Strekalov, and Strekalov, Gennady M. Dezhurov, ). Thagard set an American record by remaining in space for 115 days. on Mar. 22, 1995, with Valeriy Polyakov, Polyakov, Valeriy 22, 1995, with on Mar. and Yelena Alexsandr Viktorenko, Kondakova. Polyakov set world record by remaining in space for 438 days. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Chris A. Hadfield (CSA)Jerry L. Ross Jr. S. McArthur, William Leroy Chiao E. ScottWinston (Japan)Koichi Wakata Phase I efforts. Station (ISS) Barry Daniel T. UsachyouYuri for ISS construction. performed spacewalks to build experience Japanese Space Flyer Unit satellite. Crew with Ellen S. BakerGregory HarbaughBonnie J. DunbarNancy J. CurrieDonald A. Thomas Mary Ellen Weber Solovyev and Nikolai M. Budarin). Returned 19 crew (Anatoly Y. station. Brought up Mir Sergei Avdeev to Earth with Mir 18 crew (Vladimir N. Thomas Reiter (ESA)James S. Voss James H. Newman Michael L. Gernhardt various biomedical experiments. Catherine G. ColemanMichael Lopez-Alegria Nikolay Budarin). Kathryn C. Thornton with Mir 19 crew (Anatoliy Solovyev and Leslie Fred W. Albert Sacco, Jr. Microgravity Laboratory (USML-2) payload. Gennadi StrekalovNorman Thagard (U.S.) to Earth space station. Soyuz TM-20 returned on a Russian rocket and to stay on the 1961–September 30, 1998 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights Human Space U.S. and Russian (STS-72) Jett, Jr. W. Brent Retrieved previously launched Flyer. (STS-69) Kenneth D. Cockrell 201-03. Facility (WSF-2) and SPARTAN (STS-73) Rominger Kent V. gravity experiments with the U.S. (STS-70) R. Kregel Kevin Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). Also conducted (STS-74) James D. Halsell, Jr. space station as part of International Space (STS-71) Charles J. Precourt human space flight. Docked with Endeavour Discovery Endeavour Columbia Atlantis Atlantis Space Shuttle Jan. 11, 1996Soyuz TM-23 Brian Duffy Feb. 21, 1996 Onufrienko Yuri 8:22:1 Seventy-fourth STS flight. Deployed OAST * on Feb. 29, 1996, Soyuz TM-22 returned to Earth Space Shuttle July 13, 1995Soyuz TM-22 Henricks Terence Space Shuttle Sep. 3, 1995 8:22:20 Gidzenko Yuri Sep. 7, 1995 and Space Shuttle STS flight. Deployed Tracking Seventieth M. Walker David Oct. 20, 1995 Kenneth D. Bowersox 10:20:28 *Space Shuttle Shield Seventy-first STS flight. Deployed Wake 15:21:52 Soyuz TM-21 returned to Earth on Sep. 11, 1995, 12, 1995 Seventy-second STS flight. Carried out micro- Nov. Kenneth D. Cameron 8:4:31 with Seventy-third STS flight. Docked Soyuz TM-21 14, 1995 Mar. Vladimir Dezhurov * Thagard was the first American astronaut to fly Spacecraft Date Launch CrewSpace Shuttle Flight Time June 27, 1995 Highlights Robert L. Gibson 9:19:22 hundredth U.S. Sixty-ninth STS flight and one 84

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pc htl e.1,19 ila .Rad 031 Seventy-ninthSTSflight.Dockedwith 10:3:19 SoyuzTM-23returnedtoEarthonSep.2,1996, William F. Readdy * Sep.16,1996 ClaudieAndre-Deshays(ESA) Aug.17,1996 Seventy-eighthSTSflight.SetShuttlerecord Space Shuttle 16:21:48 Seventy-seventhSTSflight.Deployed Soyuz TM-24 Terrence T. Henricks 10:2:30 June20,1996 Seventy-sixthSTSflight.Dockedwith JohnH.Casper Space Shuttle 9:5:16 May19,1996 Space Shuttle KevinP. Chilton Seventy-fifthSTSflight.DeployedTethered Highlights Mar. 22,1996 13:16:14 FlightTime Space Shuttle AndrewM.Allen Feb.22,1996 Crew LaunchDate Space Shuttle Spacecraft pc htl a.1,19 ihe .Bkr1::6FifthShuttlemissionto 10:4:56 MichaelA.Baker SetrecordforlongestShuttleflight.Atage61, Jan. 12, 1997 17:15:53 Space Shuttle KennethD.Cockrell Nov. 19,1996 Space Shuttle Atlantis Atlantis Columbia Endeavour Columbia Atlantis Columbia SS7)RcadA erosspacestationandleftastronautShannon RichardA.Searfoss (STS-76) SS7)Trec .Wlutspacestation.PickedupastronautShannon Terrence W. Wilcutt (STS-79) SS8)BetW etreplacedJohnBlahaasU.S.residenton BrentW. Jett (STS-81) SS7)KvnKee forthen-longestflight.CarriedLifeand KevinKregel SatelliteSystem,U.S.MicrogravityPayload (STS-78) ScottJ.Horowitz (STS-75) SS8)Kn .Rmne Musgravebecameoldestpersontoflyin KentV. Rominger (STS-80) SS7)Cri .BonSPARTAN/Inflatable AntennaExperiment, CurtisL.Brown (STS-77) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 aeyKru withClaudieAndre-Deshays, Yuri Onufrienko,andYuri Usachev. MicrogravitySciencesSpacelab. Alexander Kaleri Valery Korzun Robert B.Thirsk(ESA) Jean-Jacques Favier(CSA) SPACEHAB, andPAMS-STU payloads. Charles E.Brady, Jr. Susan J.Helms Richard M.Linnehan module. Marc Garneau(CSA) Mario Runco,Jr. Daniel W. Bursch Andrew S.W. Thomas (USMP-3),andproteincrystalgrowth Shannon W. experiments. Lucid** Ronald M.Sega Michael R.Clifford (ESA) Franklin R.Chang-Diaz Claude Nicollier(ESA) (ESA) Jeffrey A.Hoffman id .Gdi Lucidaboard Linda M.Godwin .SoyMsrv successfullydeployed ORFEUS-SPAS II flights(six)byasingleperson.Crew space.Healsotied recordformostspace Lucidanddroppedoffastronaut JohnBlaha. F. StoryMusgrave Thomas DavidJones Tamara E.Jernigan Shannon W. Lucid*** John E.Blaha** Carl E.Walz Thomas D.Akers Jerome Apt John E.Blaha*** Jerry M.Linenger** Marsha S.Ivins John M.Grunsfeld Peter J.K.“Jeff”Wisoff A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Facility payloads. ultraviolet observatoryandWake Shield Mir. Also carriedSPACEHAB Mir . JerryLinenger Mir Mir Mir . 85 Fiscal Year 1998 Activities . . David Wolf . Parazynski . Mir Mir Mir . Michael Foale Mir Environmental Effects Payload Mir Lazutkin. robotic arm. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Jean-François Clervoy Carlos I. Noriega Lu Edward Tsang Kondakova Elena V. Michael Foale** Jerry M. Linenger*** Janice VossMichael L. Gernhardt Donald A. Thomas Roger K. Crouch Linteris Gregory T. Pavel VinogradovN. Jan DavisRobert L. Curbeam, Jr.Stephen K. Robinson proceeded successfully. TryggvasonBjarni V. and Alesandr Tsibliev 1997, with Vasily Jean-Loup Chretien experiments on ultraviolet radiation. The B. LawrenceWendy David A. Wolf** crew also successfully performed the Japanese C. Michael Foale*** Manipulator Flight Demonstration of a an international Hitchhiker package of four experiments from the exterior of the docking module a solar array cover cap for and left module. possible future repair of the damaged Scott E. ParazynskiVladimir Titov performed a spacewalk to retrieve and Titov four Aleksandr LazutkinReinhold EwaldJoseph R. Tanner Steven A. Hawley Gregory J. Harbaugh Mark C. Lee Steven L. Smith Korzun, 1997, with , Valery Janice VossMichael L. Gernhardt and Alexandr Kaleri. Donald A. Thomas Roger K. Crouch Linteris Gregory T. of the mission. early termination Shuttle fuel cell malfunction necessitated an 1961–September 30, 1998 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights Human Space U.S. and Russian (STS-94) Susan L. Still Mission Microgravity Science Laboratory. (STS-83) Susan L. Still the first Microgravity Science Laboratory. (STS-85) Rominger Kent V. on infrared radiation and CRISTA-SPAS-2 (STS-82) Scott J. Horowitz mission of the Hubble Space Telescope. (STS-86) J. Bloomfield Michael replaced Michael Foale on (STS-84) Eileen Marie Collins replaced Jerry Linenger on Columbia Discovery Atlantis Discovery Columbia Atlantis Space Shuttle July 1, 1997 James D. Halsell, Jr. 15:16:45 Reflight of STS-83 and the same payload, the Soyuz TM-26Space Shuttle Aug. 5, 1997 Anatoly Solovyev Aug. 7, 1997 Curtis L. Brown, Jr.Space Shuttle 11:20:27 * Sep. 25, 1997 Crew successfully deployed two payloads: Soyuz TM-25 returned to Earth on August 14, James D. Wetherbee 10:19:21 Seventh Shuttle docking with Soyuz TM-25 Feb. 10, 1997 Tsibliyev Vasily * on March 2, Soyuz TM-24 returned to Earth Spacecraft Date Launch CrewSpace Shuttle Feb. 11, 1997 Kenneth D. Bowersox Flight TimeSpace Shuttle Highlights 9:23:36 4, 1997 Apr. successfully performed second servicing Crew James D. Halsell, Jr.Space Shuttle 3:23:34 May 15, 1997 Crew deployed a Spacelab module configured as Charles J. Precourt 9:5:21 Sixth Shuttle mission to 86

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President ou M2 u.1,19 end aak Dockedto * GennadyPadalka Lastofninedockingmissionswith Aug.13,1998 9:19:48 Soyuz TM-28 CharlesJ.Precourt SoyuzTM-26leftMirand returnedtoEarthon formicrogravity CarriedNeurolabmodule June2,1998 * 15:21:50 Space Shuttle RichardA.Searfoss Apr. 17,1998 Talgat Musabayev Jan.29,1998 Space Shuttle Soyuz TM-27 pc htl a.2,19 erneW ict :94 EighthShuttledockingmissionto 8:19:47 PayloadsincludedUSMP-4,SPARTAN 201-04 Terrence W. Wilcutt Highlights 15:16:34 Jan.22,1998 FlightTime Space Shuttle KevinR.Kregel Nov. 19,1997 Crew LaunchDate Space Shuttle Spacecraft * ReturnedtoEarthviaSpaceShuttlefromRussian *** Endeavour *FlewuponSpaceShuttle;remainedinspaceaboardRussian ** Discovery Columbia Columbia * Mir crew membersstayedforvariousandoverlappinglengthsoftime. SS9)DmncL uwl oi broughthomeAndrewThomas.Payloads DominicL.PudwillGorie (STS-91) SS9)SotD lmnresearchinthehumannervoussystem. ScottD.Altman (STS-90) SS8)See .Lnsyfree-flyer, CollaborativeUkrainian StevenW. Lindsey (STS-87) SS8)JeF dad,J.ThomasreplacedDavidWolf on JoeF. Edwards,Jr. (STS-89) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1998 uiBtrnautomaticsystems.Soyuz TM-27left becauseofpriorfailureonetwo ExperimentModules. space,fourGetAway Specials,andtwoSpace tostudyhigh-energyparticlesfromdeep includedDoE’s AlphaMagneticSpectrometer Yuri Baturin Segei Avdeev GetAway Special payloads. Shuttlevibrationforces, demonstrationofthe Andrew S.Thomas*** bioreactorsystemforcellgrowth,andthree Valery V. Ryumin Secondarygoalsincludedmeasurementof Janet Lynn Kavandi Vinogradov, andLeopoldEyharts. Wendy B.Lawrence February19withAnatolySolovyev, Pavel Franklin R.Chang-Diaz James A.Pawelczyk Jay ClarkBuckey, Jr. Dafydd RhysWilliams Kathryn P. Hire Richard M.Linnehan payloadsincludedSPACEHAB double ofscienceexperiments. module Leopold Eyharts David A.Wolf*** Andrew S.Thomas** Salizhan S.Sharipov Bonnie J.Dunbar Michael P. Anderson James F. ReillyII iso .Sotseveralother“hitchhiker”payloads. Experiment(CUE)inspacebiology, and Leonid K.Kadenyuk Takao Doi Winston E.Scott Kalpana Chawla Mir space station. A (Continued) PPENDIX Mir space station. (days:hrs:min) C Nikolai Budarin,andYuri Baturin. returned toEarthwithTalgat Musabayev, Mir using manualbackupsystem Mir. Mir, Mir. Andrew Mir this one Shuttle

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