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Oregon Forestsnail,Allogona Townsendiana

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Oregon Forestsnail,Allogona Townsendiana COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Oregon Forestsnail Allogona townsendiana in Canada ENDANGERED 2013 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2013. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Oregon Forestsnail Allogona townsendiana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xii + 87 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2002. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Oregon forestsnail Allogona townsendiana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 20 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Jennifer Heron and the BC Ministry of Environment, for writing the status report on Oregon Forestsnail, Allogona townsendiana, in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Dwayne Lepitzki, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Molluscs Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur L’escargot-forestier de Townsend (Allogona townsendiana) au Canada. Cover illustration/photo: Oregon Forestsnail — Cover Photograph by Jennifer Heron. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2013. Catalogue No. CW69-14/308-2013E-PDF ISBN 978-1-100-22434-3 Recycled paper COSEWIC Assessment Summary Assessment Summary – May 2013 Common name Oregon Forestsnail Scientific name Allogona townsendiana Status Endangered Reason for designation This large land snail is endemic to western North America. In Canada, it occurs mainly in the Lower Fraser Valley, the most densely populated and highly fragmented region of British Columbia. It also has been found at a single site on Vancouver Island. Habitat loss due to residential and commercial development continues to fragment and isolate remaining populations. Occurrence British Columbia Status history Designated Endangered in November 2002. Status re-examined and confirmed in May 2013. iii COSEWIC Executive Summary Oregon Forestsnail Allogona townsendiana Wildlife Species Description and Significance Oregon Forestsnail (Escargot-forestier de Townsend) is a member of a large and diverse family (Polygyridae) of North American land snails. The shell of mature individuals is pale brown or straw-yellow, round and flattened, and ranges from 28–35 mm in diameter. The apertural lip of the shell is pale and broadly expanded. Unlike some related species, the aperture (shell opening) lacks tooth-like structures (denticles). The shell is smooth and without hair-like projections as in some related snails. Relatively few native, large land snails inhabit coastal forests in British Columbia (BC). The presence of the Oregon Forestsnail in Canada is of both scientific and conservation interest, as populations at the northern limits of their geographical range might possess unique adaptations. Distribution Oregon Forestsnail occurs in the western Cascade Range, Puget Trough, and eastern lowlands of the Olympic Peninsula in the United States north into extreme southwestern BC. Oregon Forestsnail are found from Tsawwassen through the Lower Mainland towards Langley, with most records occurring within the Lower Fraser Valley in the Mission, Abbotsford, Chilliwack area, and as far east as Hope. There is one outlying site on southern Vancouver Island near Crofton. Habitat Oregon Forestsnail occupies mixed-wood and deciduous forest habitat, typically dominated by Bigleaf Maple, Balsam Poplar and scattered Western Redcedar. Many records are from riparian habitats and forest edges, where dense cover of low herbaceous native vegetation is typically present. The presence of Oregon Forestsnail is correlated with the presence of Stinging Nettle, although the specific connection between these two species has not been studied. Stinging Nettle is known to have high levels of calcium, which is necessary for healthy shell growth in snails. All known Canadian Oregon Forestsnail populations are from habitats less than 360 m above sea level. iv Biology Oregon Forestsnail is hermaphroditic. The surface activity of the snails appears to peak in spring and early summer, coinciding with mating and oviposition. They appear to be slow maturing and long-lived, reaching maturity at two years and living from five to eight years. Their dispersal ability is likely poor, based on the scattered distribution of the species throughout its geographic range. Population Sizes and Trends Increased search effort since the initial species’ assessment by COSEWIC in 2002 has resulted in numerous additional records of Oregon Forestsnail. There is no information available on population size from previously known sites to allow the assessment of trends. The Canadian population for Oregon Forestsnail is estimated to be in the 100,000s. Fifty-two of the 66 known sites (78.8%) were assessed as fragmented and isolated. At least 50 sites are less than 5 ha in size and/or are subject to urban development within the next 10 years. These sites are isolated by distances of more than 1 km of unsuitable habitat as a result of past land development (since 2002) and most likely will not be able to maintain a viable snail population in the future. While only 108 ha of the 328 ha (33%) of the biological area of occupancy of known mapped sites is fragmented and isolated, nearly 80% of the total number of known sites and 67% of the 75 occupied 2 km x 2 km grid cells are considered too small and isolated to maintain viable populations. These remnant fragments are indicative of larger pieces of habitat that once existed. Threats and Limiting Factors The Canadian range of Oregon Forestsnail coincides with the most densely populated and highly fragmented region of BC. The most serious threat to Oregon Forestsnail is continuing residential and commercial development, resulting in further fragmentation and isolation of populations. Snails have limited dispersal capabilities and cannot move between habitat patches or colonize suitable habitat if there are barriers to dispersal. Additional threats include recreational activities and invasive non-native/alien species. v Protection, Status, and Ranks Oregon Forestsnail is listed as Endangered under the federal Species at Risk Act and a BC Recovery Plan is completed. The species is recommended for listing as Identified Wildlife under the BC Forest and Range Practices Act, the BC Wildlife Act and Wildlife Amendment Act. Oregon Forestsnail habitat is protected within parks and protected areas by the BC Park Act and Ecological Reserves Act. Where Oregon Forestsnail occurs in parks and properties owned by local governments, land managers are aware of the snail and its habitat needs although efficacy of protection varies. The provincial Water Act and Riparian Areas Regulation under the provincial Fisheries Act have the potential to indirectly protect Oregon Forestsnail habitat. Oregon Forestsnail is critically imperilled-imperilled (S1S2) in BC and is nationally ranked in Canada as critically-imperilled-imperilled (N1N2). The global conservation status rank is vulnerable-apparently secure (G3G4). In Washington State the species has a conservation status rank of vulnerable-apparently secure (S3S4) but it is not ranked (SNR) in Oregon State. vi TECHNICAL SUMMARY Allogona townsendiana Oregon Forestsnail Escargot-forestier de Townsend Range of occurrence in Canada (province/territory/ocean): British Columbia Demographic Information Generation time (usually average age of parents in the 4-6 yrs, average at least 5 years population) Is there an observed, inferred, or projected continuing decline in Yes, inferred due to habitat loss number of mature individuals? Estimated percent of continuing decline in total number of Unknown mature individuals within 5 years or 2 generations Observed, estimated, inferred or suspected percent reduction in Yes inferred, due to cumulative total number of mature individuals over the last 10 years or 3 habitat loss but magnitude generations. unknown Projected or suspected percent reduction in total number of Magnitude of suspected percent mature individuals over the next 10 years or 3 generations]. decline due to habitat loss uncertain Observed, estimated, inferred or suspected percent reduction in Magnitude of inferred decline total number of mature individuals over any 10 years or 3 due to cumulative habitat loss generations period, over a time period including both the past uncertain and the future. Are the causes of the decline clearly reversible and understood Causes understood but not and ceased? reversible and not ceased. Are there extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals? No Extent and Occupancy Information Estimated extent of occurrence 3,313 km² (including Vancouver Island site) Index of area of occupancy (IAO) 300 km² based on known sites, (Always report 2x2 grid value). likely larger Is the total population severely fragmented? Yes. 52 of the 66 known sites (78.8%) and 50 of the 75 known occupied 2 km x 2 km grid squares (66.7%) were assessed as fragmented and isolated. At least 50 sites are less than 5 ha in size and/or subject to urban development within the next 10 years. These sites are isolated by distances of more than 1 km of unsuitable habitat as a result of past land development and most likely will not be able to maintain a viable snail population in the future. Number of locations∗ >>> 10 The number of locations is estimated to be much greater than 10 if each occupied site with a different land owner is a location. Number of locations in the last ten years is likely to have declined with the loss of at least 17 sites in the previous ten years. Is there an observed, inferred, or projected continuing decline in yes, decline is observed and is extent of occurrence? expected to continue due to habitat conversion. ∗ See Definitions and Abbreviations on COSEWIC Web site and IUCN 2010 for more information on this term.
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