№4 (51) 2018 SPORTS PSYCHOLOGIST

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Editorial contacts: #4 (51) 2018 Editorial: [email protected] Executive secretary: [email protected] The year of foundation – 2003 Main editor: [email protected], Phone: +7 (495) 961-31-11 ext. 11-22, Subscription index – 12462 +7 (495) 166-56-95 ISNN 2074 – 0182

Chief editor The certificate on mass media registration by Bleer A.N. Federal Service for monitoring compliance with cultural heritage protection law: PI NO. FS77-2123 Main editor of 19.05.2005, PI NO. FS77-69682 from 5.05.2017. Baikovskiy Yu.V.

Executive secretary Deputy editor Savinkina А. Nepopalov V.N. [email protected] According to the decision of the Higher Attestation Typesetting Commission (HAC) Presidium of the Ministry of Rulkov M. education and science of Russia dated 01.12.2015 (№1230), the journal is included in the list of leading Printed in OOO “Anta Press” peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications, Tel / Fax: +7 (495) 849-12-00 which should publish the main scientific results of E-mail: [email protected] dissertations for the degree of both doctor and Print run 500 copies. candidate of sciences.

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The editorial members of the «Sports psychologist» journal

Scientific-editorial board of the journal: Chief editor Bleer Alexander Nicolayevich – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education (RAE), Honored Coach of Russia; Main editor Baikovskiy Yuriy Victorovich – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, PhD in Psychology, Professor, Master of Sports of International Class, Honored Master of Sports in Mountaineering, Head of the Psychology Department at the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE); Deputy editor Nepopalov Vladimir Nicolayevich – PhD in Psychology, Professor of the Psychology Department at the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Psychological Sciences.

Scientific-editorial collegium of the journal: Derkach Anatoly Alekseevich – Academician of RAE, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, RANEPA, Moscow; Matytsin Oleg Vasilyevich – Corresponding Member of RAE, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, SCOLIPE, Moscow; Neverkovich Sergey Dmitrievich – Academician of RAE, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, SCOLIPE, Moscow; Romanova Evgeniya Sergeevna – Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, MSPU, Moscow; Rodionov Albert Vyacheslavovich – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, SCOLIPE, Moscow; Gorskaya Galina Borisovna – Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, KSUPEST, Krasnodar; Guba Vladimir Petrovich – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, SmolGU, Smolensk; Voronova Valentina Ivanovna – PhD in Psychology, Professor, NUPES, Kiev, Ukraine; Morosanova Varvara Il`inichna – Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, PI RAE, Moscow; Melnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich – Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, SSU, Sochi; Nikolaev Alexey Nikolaevich – Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, PskGU, Pskov; Sopov Vladimir Fedorovich – PhD in Psychology, Professor, Academician of the IPSA, SCOLIPE, Moscow; Kasatkin Vladimir Nikolaevich – Doctor of Medicine Sciences, Professor, MSUPE, Moscow; Avanesyan Grant Mikhailovich – Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia; Sivitsky Vladimir Gennadievich – PhD in Pedagogy, Professor, BGUFK, Minsk, Belarus; Sørensen Marit – Professor, NIH, Oslo, Norway; Malkin Valery Rafailovich – PhD in Psychology, Professor, UrFU, Ekaterinburg; Simonenkova Irina Petrovna – Sports Psychologist of the Latvian Football Federation, Riga, Latvia; Shoku Navabinezhat – Professor, IAU, Tehran, Iran; Jannes Caroline – President of the European Union of Young Sports Psychologists, UCL, Louvain, Belgium.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREPARATION, TRAINING Nikolaev A. AND COMPETITION PSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICTION ALGORITHM OF SUCCESS PSYCHOLOGY IN PERFORMANCE OF ATHLETES 4 Sokhlikova V., Romanina E. DIVERGENCE OF THE SELF-ASSESSMENT AND LEVEL OF ASPIRATIONS AS IMPORTANT VARIABLE OF THE SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE AT COMPETITIONS 8 Paly V. FEATURES OF THE COMFORT ZONES IN SPORTS ACTIVITIES 12 SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ISSUES Tolochek V. AND HISTORY THE PHENOMENON OF THE STYLE IN SPORTS: HISTORY, RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH 16 Lukichev V., Afanas’ev V., Koss V. ON THE QUESTION OF SOMATIC EXPERIENCE PRODUCTIVITY AS A METHOD OF PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOSOMATIC REGULATION OF THE STATE IN HIGHLY QUALIFIED ATHLETES 23 ATHLETE AND COACH Shumova N., Shurochkina M. PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY SELF-PRESENTATION IN SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING 33 Bleer A., Moskvin V., Moskvina N. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLUNTARY REGULATION IN YOUNG ATHLETES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FEATURES OF ASYMMETRY 39 CORRECTION, Baykovsky Y., Savinkina A., Kovaleva A. PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS AND TECHNIQUES FOR PRESTART STATES DIAGNOSIS IN ATHLETES RESEARCH METHODS 42 Aleshicheva A., Samoilov N. APPLICATION OF METHODS OF EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF LIFE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF STATE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF ATHLETES 48 SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL Gillard M., Boussaha A. ISSUES IN SPORT CONFLICT ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS IN THE TEAM OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED HANDBALL PLAYERS 53 Lozhkin G., Kolosov A., Nepopalov V. THE TEAM «SPIRIT»: ABOUT THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF SPORTS INTERACTION 59 Shtukkert A. THE STUDY OF PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY COACHES AND ATHLETES WHEN INTERACTING WITH THE MEDIA 67

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UDC 159.9 PSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICTION ALGORITHM OF SUCCESS IN PERFORMANCE OF ATHLETES

АЛГОРИТМ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ УСПЕШНОСТИ ВЫСТУПЛЕНИЙ СПОРТСМЕНОВ

Nikolaev Alexey – Doctor Keywords: psychological prediction, necessary qualities for of Psychology, Professor of athletes, competitions’ success, the prediction index in sports. the Department of Applied Medicine, Clinical Psychology and Abstract. The article reveals the algorithm for calculating Defectology at the Pskov State the potential athletes. There is a formula of psychological University, Pskov, Russia, nialo@ prediction of sporting success. This kind of prediction mail.ru is the reason of the selection of future athletes; Sports orientation; for individual and differentiated Николаев approaches in their training and education, as well as Алексей Николаевич – д-р. self-improvement. психол. наук, профессор кафедры дефектологии Псковского государственного университета, Псков, Россия

Ключевые слова: психологическое прогнозирование, спортивно важные качества, соревновательная успеш- ность, индекс прогностической спортивной успешности. Аннотация. В статье приводится алгоритм расчета потенциальных возможностей будущих и состо- явшихся спортсменов. Предложена формула психологического прогнозирования успешности их соревно- вательной деятельности. Такое прогнозирование является основанием для: отбора будущих спортсме- нов; спортивной ориентации; для индивидуального и дифференцированного подходов их подготовки и воспитания, а также самосовершенствования.

The relevance of research. At present, there are There is a very illustrative example of the four-time such socio-economic conditions that make it very world champion in gymnastics Lyudmila Turischeva. desirable to build individual long-term forecasts of When K. Ye. Wasserman handed over his group of athletes’ performances. For the preparation of highly girls-gymnasts, where the ten-year-old future cham- qualified athletes a long period of time is required. The pion trained, to another coach (Vladislav Rastorotsky), duration of this period was initially determined not Vladislav Stepanovich allowed everyone to stay for the only by external circumstances, but also by internal first lesson, but after examining the group, he decided: conditions. These conditions are the individual sports to accept everyone except one – Lyudmila Turischeva. important qualities (ISIQ). In this case, it is very impor- However, at the first lesson, she showed herself in such tant to carry out scientific and practical forecasting of a way that all doubts disappeared immediately. Even the sports potential success of the students. then, manifestations of such psychological qualities Even if prediction of the success of sports activi- of the future champion as diligence, accuracy, per- ties is conducted in the present, it is ineffective. The severance, and volitional qualities turned out to be question is the selection of children to practice a par- noticeable. What does this example show? The fact ticular sport, often carried out on the basis of either that these qualities were identified “along the way” physical development or success (based on the results and even accidentally (the coach allowed everybody of any physical exercise). It is clear that this is ineffec- to stay for one training). However, these psycholog- tive because, as a rule, no connection between the ical SIQ (PSIQ) could be identified and the results of results of such tests and the growth of sports results. psychodiagnostics.

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In addition to the characteristics of preparedness of results of psychodiagnostics are mostly used for selec- beginners in a particular sport, the properties of their tion; secondly, due to a certain inertia, some coaches body and mind are relates to the qualities of SIQ. If in who are not ready to implement everything that is sci- relation to the body of the future athlete, the coach entific and do not feel any need for something new; has sufficiently clear criteria for predicting the success and, thirdly, there is a certain unpreparedness of the of the performances of this athlete, then there is no psychological service in sports, when the advanced, clarity regarding his psyche. Why is this situation? The scientifically-practical coaches themselves, studying main answers to this question are the following three the psychological literature, are forced to look for PSIQ circumstances: the features of the body of the future and methods for them. athlete are either obvious (especially morphological) However, even if all these three conditions would or easily measured (anatomical and physiological), be met, then it would be difficult to achieve forecast then the psychological characteristics for the coach accuracy due to the lack of the possibility of formaliz- conducting the recruitment or selection of athletes ing the obtained data, which is necessary in cases of are hidden; meaning to the sports activities of certain “disagreement” of psychodiagnostic data. biological ICS are known to the coach (this is taught It would seem that such a forecast can be made in high schools of physical culture), the value of psy- based on the result of the activity, in other words, to chological qualities he does not always know (except start conducting classes with all candidates for ath- for the most obvious, such as hard work, diligence, letes, and then get rid of those who are lagging be- volitional qualities); physical qualities are important hind in sports results. However, firstly, it is not humane, components of the composition of the SIQ of novice and secondly, it will no longer be a prediction, but an athletes (mostly teenagers), but they are dynamic and assessment of success, which may have not a smooth, develop in the process of doing sports, and PSIQ that but an abrupt growth. are relatively stable in their qualities can serve as more The proposed method of psychological forecasting reliable criteria for the selection of athletes. the success of athletes’ performances (calculating the At this time, in most sports there is no clear com- individual index of prognostic sports success – IIPSS) position of SIQ that could act as selection criteria for erases the problem of making decisions regarding the sports. As a rule, the question of the PSIQ is not even selection of future athletes after psychodiagnostics. raised. If for most sports there are no PSIQ composi- The results of the prediction of the sporting success tions for athletes, then, all the more, their mental traces of the upcoming performances are aimed not only at are also not defined (indicating the best for the rapid the selection of future athletes. There are also “side ef- growth of sports results, their severity). Actually, the fects” from such psychodiagnostics, there are five of pedagogical experience of the coaches to some extent them: for a scientifically based sports orientation (to compensates for the absence of these psychiatric pro- offer advice to parents of future athletes for choosing grams. As regards the composition of the PSIQ, they a sport that it is advisable for a child to do); for an in- can be found only in separate psychological articles dividual approach in the process of training athletes; and, accordingly, only trainers who are focused on at- for a differentiated approach in the process of this tracting and using scientific data in their activities can preparation; for the organization of educational work use them. in work with children who are athlets; and, for the most This situation forces practicing psychologists to do important, the fact that the prediction results orient the work themselves. The coach, if he is inclined to sci- the athlete or his parents (or representatives) to the entific and practical search, can also conduct a simi- characteristics of self-improvement, because knowl- lar research. It can be concluded that an algorithm is edge of the sports-significant psychological qualities needed to predict the competitive success of athletes, of athletes and their role in sporting achievements and at the different stages of their preparation. contributes to the activity of each of them in improv- Explanation: it should immediately be recognized ing these qualities. that the inclusion of psychological qualities in the list The structure of the article includes four parts – of criteria for the selection of athletes is more a scientif- about the primary selection of PSIQ; an algorithm for ic problem than a practical one. Why? There are three psychological prediction of the performance of ath- answers to this question: firstly, it is necessary that the letes; an algorithm for formalizing the data obtained number of candidates for admission to a sports or- from such prediction; and experience in using the ganization significantly exceeds the number of seats proposed algorithms for psychological prediction of (to have the choice from whom to select), since the sports and competitive success.

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Primary selection of PSIQ to predict the results of 7. Calculation coefficients of the relationship (cor- performances. relation) between each of the qualities – on the one To determine the potential of the future athlete hand, and the success of sports relationships – on the (and sometimes the entire sports career) you need to other. know the composition, the optimal measure of severi- Algorithm of formalization of the data on the ty and integration of the main PSIQ. psychological prediction of the success of performanc- 1. You need to refer to the electronic library search es of athletes. and find the necessary information about the com- 8. The actual prediction is carried out. Here, only position of the PSIQ. There are quite a few of these calculations are performed according to the formula qualities, although often in fragmented form, and not proposed below. always obtained on the basis of empirical data. Having a list of PSIQ and coefficients of their inter- 2. If such data is not found, then they can be ob- relations, it becomes possible to calculate the index of tained independently, with the help of expert esti- individual prognostic sports success according to the mates. The experts should be psychologists working formula: in the field of any labor activity. 3. When using any of these 2 methods, those prop- IIPSS = [(К1 × r1) + (К2 × r2) + ... (Кi × ri)] / n; where erties that are not very stable should be immediately excluded from the list, and will be developed in the Кi – the numerical value of the psychological qual- process of training activities. ity (in stans); Algorithm of the procedure for predicting the ri is the correlation coefficient between indicators success of performances of athletes at various stages of the severity of psychological of their preparation. quality and success of the activity; 4. A group of athletes who have experience in n is the number of qualities that are included in the sports performances, using the techniques proposed forecasting process. by the authors of this kind of research, measured the Then the average value for this group of athletes is severity of the main PSIQ. You can also refer to various calculated by the formula: collections of methods for psychodiagnostics, [for M ± 0.5 s; where example, Marishchuk V.L., Bludov Yu.M., Plakhtienko M = arithmetic average; V.A., Serova L.K. Methods of psychodiagnostics in s = standard deviation. sport. St. Petersburg: Enlightenment, 1990.]. Methods 9. And, finally, IIPSS of each athlete is correlated for measuring the success of sports activities can with the average value of the group (if the standard be both objective assessments and subjective, with values for the athletes of this sporting specialization the help of experts: “fellow athletes”; administration are not determined). If an athlete’s IIPSS exceeds M + representatives; fellow coaches; and the athletes 0.5 s, then it can be assigned to a group of potentially themselves. successful athletes. 5. The numerical values of all psychological quali- Thus, the algorithm of psychological forecasting ties and the success rate of competitive activity must the success of sportsmen’s performances includes the be converted to standard points (to stans) with deci- following 9 steps. mal digit (for this: the dimension of one stan is deter- 1 and 2. The preliminary selection of such psycho- mined when the maximum possible value of a particu- logical qualities that positively and significantly affect lar quality expressed by the method is divided by 10; the dynamics of growth results of athletes in compe- all the values obtained by the methods are divided by titions. This can be done using scientific literature or the size of the size of one stan). using the method of expert assessments. 6. Calculate the coefficients of communication 3. Exclusion from the list of relatively unstable (correlation) between the selected qualities. It is desir- qualities. able not to include those properties that are loosely 4. Measuring the severity of selected qualities and connected with each other. Indeed, in the process of sporting success with each of the members of the long-term training sessions in any kind of sport, a dy- training group. namic structure of mental phenomena takes shape, 5. Translation of “raw” numerical indicators of both providing high sports performance [2] (the procedure psychological qualities and success in the walls. for calculating the correlation coefficients is widely 6. Finding the coefficients of rank correlation presented on the Internet). between the indicators of the severity of selected

6 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS PREPARATION, TRAINING AND COMPETITION PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGIST psychological qualities and exclusion from the list of The following results were obtained: achievement qualities with weak links with other qualities. motivation – χ2 = 11.92 (p <0.001); strength of the nerv- 7. Finding the coefficients of rank correlation be- ous system – χ2 = 8.33 (p <0.01); mobility of the nerv- tween indicators of the severity of selected qualities ous system – χ2 = 8.64 (p <0.01); plasticity – χ2 = 7.81 and competitive success of athletes. (p <0.01); the accuracy of perception of space – χ2 = 8. Perform the prediction. 8.95 (p <0.01). 9. Selection of potentially successful athletes. Conclusion. The algorithm for predicting compet- Experience in using the proposed psychologi- itive success presented here can be used not only by cal prediction algorithm for sporting and competi- sports psychologists working with athletes, but also by tive success. trainers who are oriented toward scientific and practi- The content of the article does not bring new cal activities, as well as by scientists studying the effects knowledge in relation to the compositions of PSIQ in of predicting the success of athletes’ performances. various sports. It serves as “promotion” by psycholo- Speaking about the work of sports psychologists, gists (and, possibly, coaches) of this kind of information it can be noted that, as experience has shown as a support in activities. psychologist of sports teams of higher sportsmanship, At the same time, the article provides a new formu- coaches do not specifically engage in the psychologi- la for the calculation of the IIPSS. In this case, its practi- cal preparation of athletes, unlike physical, technical or cal approbation is necessary. tactical training. It is assumed that the psychologist of In this case, to consider the algorithm of psycholog- a sports team should be responsible for the psycholog- ical forecasting the success of athletes’ performances ical preparation of athletes. However, in recent years, are considered on the example of the results obtained there have been almost no psychologists in the teams. by M. Yu. Nifontov [1], the author’s student. Where However, psychologists were in demand for individu- PSIQ were defined as factors of success of performanc- al psychological support of athletes. In this case, the es of football players. The first 7 steps of the algorithm proposed method of psychological prediction of the proposed here have already been completed. In this competitive success of athletes can be very useful. approbation of the developed formula, the remaining 2 steps were performed – 8 and 9. Literature M. Yu. Nifontov [1] obtained the factors of selection 1. Nifontov, М.U. Criteria for psychological selec- of highly qualified football players in the team. A list of tion of players on stage sports improvement: Dis. … ... PSIQ was compiled (by diminishing their sporting val- cand. psychology. science : 13.00.04 / Nifontov Маxiм ue): achievement motivation, strength of the nervous Urie vich. – St. Petersburg, 2010. – 160 р. system, nervous system mobility, plasticity, accuracy of 2. Stambulova, N.B. On the formation of the sport space perception, verbal memory, organization, hard important mental athlete properties / N.B. Stambulova work, collectivism, perseverance. // On the formation of the sport important mental ath- It was calculated the average value of IIPSS for all lete properties / Editor I.P. Volkov. – St. Petersburg: 10 psychological qualities, equal to 2.39 points (for Piter, 2002. – Р. 64–72. 28 players). However, this number is dependent on the number of athletes included in the prediction Литература procedure. 1. Нифонтов, М.Ю. Критерии психологического To check the accuracy of the prediction of the indi- отбора футболистов на этапе спортивного vidual success of the players in the matches (it is relat- совершенствования : дис. … канд. психол. наук : ed to the success of the team’s performances), the χ2 13.00.04 / Нифонтов Максим Юрьевич. – СПб., 2010. conjugacy factor (“x-square”; for tetrachoric tables) was – 160 с. used. All 28 football players of the studied sample were 2. Стамбулова, Н.Б. О формировании спортивно divided into 4 groups: with a positive outlook; with- важных психических свойств спортсмена / Н.Б. out a positive forecast (such a separation was made in Стамбулова // Спортивная психология в трудах relation to the first 5 qualities according to the rank); отечественных специалистов / Сост. и общ. ред. И.П. successful; unsuccessful. Волкова. – СПб.: Питер, 2002. – С. 64–72.

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UDC 159.9.07 DIVERGENCE OF THE SELF-ASSESSMENT AND LEVEL OF ASPIRATIONS AS IMPORTANT VARIABLE OF THE SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE AT COMPETITIONS

СООТНОШЕНИЕ САМООЦЕНКИ И УРОВНЯ ПРИТЯЗАНИЙ КАК ВАЖНАЯ ПЕРЕМЕННАЯ УСПЕШНОГО ВЫСТУПЛЕНИЯ НА СОРЕВНОВАНИЯХ

Sokhlikova Valeria – Psychologist Romanina Elena – PhD in at the Federal Research and Psychological Science, Principal Clinical Center of Sports Scientist of the Department Medicine and Rehabilitation of Psychology Department at of Federal Medical Biological the Russian State University of Agency, Department of Medical- Physical Education, Sport, Youth Psychological Support of Sports and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow, National Teams, Moscow, Russia, Russia, [email protected] valeria-moskva@ mail.ru Романина Сохликова Валерия Елена Васильевна – канд. Александровна – психолог психол. наук, с.н.с. Российского ФГБУ Федеральный научно- государственного университета клинический центр спортивной медицины и физической культуры, спорта, молодежи и туризма реабилитации ФМБА России, Москва, Россия (ГЦОЛИФК), Москва, Россия

Keywords: sports activities, the magnitude of the mismatch, self-esteem, level of aspirations, motivation, anxiety, self-regulation, self-organization. Abstract. Global trend is becoming a tremendous growth of interest in the sport of the highest achievements, the Olympic sport and elite athletes. This article describes an empirical study of the relationship between the levels of self-esteem and the claims of highly skilled athletes, covering various interrelations between the mismatch of these measurements of self-esteem and personal characteristics. The data obtained by us in the study underscore the significance of the ratio of self-assessment and claims as important variables of successful performance at competitions.

Ключевые слова: спортивная деятельность, величина рассогласования, самооценка, уровень притязаний, моти- вация, тревожность, саморегуляция, самоорганизация. Аннотация. Общемировой тенденцией становится грандиозный рост интереса к спорту высших до- стижений, олимпийскому спорту, к высококвалифицированным спортсменам. В данной статье описано эмпирическое исследование соотношения уровней самооценки и притязаний высококвалифицирован- ных спортсменов, охватывающее разные взаимосвязи рассогласования указанных измерений самоо- ценки с личностными особенностями. Данные, полученные нами в исследовании, подчеркивают значи- мость соотношения оценки себя и притязаний в качестве важных переменных успешного выступления на соревнованиях.

The relevance of research. Victory and defeat motivation, level of attraction and certain personal in sports are always accompanied by a subjective as- characteristics, it regulates the behavior of a person sessment, which is the result of achieving the goal, and determines his goals. Self-esteem is one of the

8 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS PREPARATION, TRAINING AND COMPETITION PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGIST significant personal factors that influence the efficien- Comparison of medial indicators according to cy and reliability of an athlete’s professional activity [9]. Kiselev’s methodology in a sample of sportsmen Existing studies do not fully disclose this phenome- showed the presence of 4 groups, differing in the non, since they take into account self-esteem and level magnitude of the divergence between self-esteem of attraction as separate formations [3, 4, 6], in some of sports preparedness and the claims of sportsmen cases even identical with each other [7]. This is due to [10]. Thus, the strongest divergence of parameters was the need to ensure success in sports. found in the fourth group (32.50 cu), and the weakest The goal is to investigate the factors that cause a (7.25 cu) in the first group (Table). mismatch between self-esteem and the level of aspi- We assumed that certain psychological indicators rations, in fact limiting the growth of athletic achieve- correspond to the factors associated with the growth ments among highly qualified athletes. of sportsmen’s skills, so the consistency of self-esteem Organization of the research. The study was done parameters and the level of aspirations often leads to at the training bases of the Russian Olympic Center, an increase in emotional stability, the ability to per- 101 sportsmen from different sports, aged from 17 to form self-regulation in activity based on internal cri- 28 years old, who are members of the national teams, teria, and a reverse dilution in the form of a significant and have sports qualifications MS and MIS of Russia. breakdown of the parameters studied to the motiva- Research methods. The scale of the interval assess- tional complex in the form of increased anxiety, dete- ment of sports athletes preparedness “Thermometer” rioration in the quality of self-organization activities. Yu. Ya. Kiselev [5]; the Big Five questionnaires (Costa, Using factor analysis, the signs that make up the McCrae, 1985) and SSS (Sensation, Seeking, Scale) M. model of the self-assessment component of highly Zakerman, (adaptation by A. G. Shmelev, 2010); the skilled athletes, taking into account the typology of the questionnaire “The level of subjective control” (LSK) divergence of the parameters of the specified compo- E.F. Bazhina, nent, were identified. Namely, significant factors were E.A. Golinkina, A.M. Etkind (1993); questionnaire selected according to the success and failure of highly “The motives of sports activities” (MSA) E. A. Kalinina; skilled athletes. In total, four models of the self-assess- a version of method “Motor test” of Schwarzlander, V.I. ment component have been built, taking into account Buyanova and I.B. Buyanova; psycho-consultative con- the individual psychological characteristics of the per- versation, allowing to determine the arguments of the sonality of highly qualified sportsmen. demonstrated positions of self-esteem; expert assess- In this article, it is reasonable to present the re- ment revealing the level of sports preparedness. sults obtained for one of the most significant models The results of the research. Mismatch is a term – “strong divergence model”, as the obtained factors used to denote the phenomena of discrepancy, or the describe the determination of the transition from suc- divergence of self-esteem and the level of claims in cess to failure (the growth of results at the first stage various parameters of measurements (level, adequacy, of the study, and their regression after two years), as etc.) [1, 2]. Therefore, there are various types of combi- well as parameters accompanying the decrease in the nations of self-assessment and claims, due to the diver- performance of a highly qualified sportsman. gence of these parameters in terms of level and degree Thus, in group 4 with a strong divergence of self-as- of adequacy, in particular, it is recognized that the sit- sessment parameters, three significant factors were uation of mismatch between these parameters on the identified with a total completeness of factorization of one hand, can speed up the process of selforganiza- 67.286% (Table, Figure). tion, forcing a person to mobilize all capabilities. And, Among the factors being the basis of this mod- on the other hand, excessive divergence of self-esteem el, factor 1 – “Determination of transition experi- and level of aspirations is a situation of intrapersonal ence from success – to failure” reflects a decline in conflict and can harm the personality, causing discom- the implementation of competitive activity over the fort, an increase in the level of tension [8] and, as a re- study period, and includes low levels of self-assess- sult, a decrease in the productivity of activity. ment of psychological readiness and self-assessment

Table – Distribution of respondents by divergence of self-esteem and level of claims

Group 1 (n=14) 2 (n=34) 3 (n=29) 4 (n=24) The parameters Weak (–х=7,25) Moderate (–х=16,75) Strong (–х=30,00) Strong (–х=32,50) divergence (у.е.) value (–х)

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Model of strong divergence of self esteem parameters and claims (67,286%)

Factor 1 (41,082%) Factor 2 (15,966%) Factor 3 (10,238%)

Figure – The overall structure of the factor model of strong divergence of self-esteem and the level of claims, the total variance of factors is indicated in brackets

of overall physical readiness, as well as a decrease in They also contribute to clarifying the understanding achievement motivation goals The backbone feature of the phenomenon of self-esteem and the level of is “a decrease in the success of activities” (r = 0.806; claims. with p <0.001). Selected factor 2 – “Dissociative complex of param- Literature eters of individual mental formations“ Triad of risk ””, 1. Borozdina, L.V. Claims and self-esteem / L.V. allows to conclude that the system-forming feature Borozdina, L. Vidinska // Vestn. Mosk. unta. Ser. 14. “Anxiety” (r = 0.684; with p <0.001) combined with an Psihologiya. – 1986. – № 3. – P. 21-30. external locus of control in achieving success and a 2. Borozdina, L.V. Increase of the index of anxiety strong divergence of self-esteem and claims. at different levels of self-assessment and claims / L.V. Factor 3. The combination of two signs in one factor Borozdina, E.A. Zaluchenova // Voprosy psihologii. – can be considered as behavioral features: intolerance 1993. – № 4. – P. 104-113. of uniformity and domination of motivation of en- 3. Voronkina, L.V. Study of self-esteem of athletes couragement, and be interpreted as «Striving for fast in connection with the implementation of competitive (accelerated) implementation, “Fast reward”, a system- results / L.V. Voronkina // Izvestiya TulGU. Fizicheskaya forming feature – “intolerance of uniformity” (r = 0.768; kul’tura. Sport. – 2015. – № 4. – P. 82-87. at p <0.001). 4. Goshek, V. Level of aspiration and its role in the The available data allows us to suggest that one of psychological preparation of the athlete / V. Goshek // the possible causes of the mismatch of self-esteem and Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoj kul’tury. – 1972. – № I, – P. the level of claims are some individual psychological 36-42. personality characteristics, because with an increase 5. Kiselev, Yu.Ya. Methods of psychodiagnostics in in the divergence of this formation, anxiety increases, sport / Yu.Ya. Kiselev. – M. : Prosveshchenie. – 1990. – the achievement motivation decreases, and the locus 192 p. of control changes. 6. Lipiridi, I.N. The self-esteem of athletes and its On the actual material the relationship of the correction by means of selfknowledge : dis. ... kand. presented complex and the success of a highly qual- psihol. nauk / I.N. Lipiridi. – SPb., 2008 – 153 p. ified sportsman are shown. We believe that such de- 7. Serebryakova, E.A. Self-confidence and the con- structive changes in the structure of the sportsman’s ditions of its formation at students / E.A. Serebryakova personality are predictors of adverse changes for // Uchen. zap. Tambovskogo ped. in-ta. – 1956. – Vyp. realizing the potential of an athlete in competitive 10. – P. 41-73. conditions. 8. Sidorov, K.R. Phenomenon of discrepancy be- Conclusion. The conducted research contributes tween the levels of self-esteem and claims in early to the semantic understanding of the phenomenon youth : dis. ... kand. psihol. nauk : 19.00.01 / Sidorov of self-esteem, where it is assumed that the structure Konstantin Rudol’fovich. – M., 2007. – 158 p. of self-esteem and aspirations is connected by seman- 9. Strekalovskaya, I.N. Self-assessment of athletes tic connections, which also determine the regulation and its correction by means of selfknowledge : dis. of the activity itself. In addition, the important char- ... kand. psihol. nauk : 13.00.04 / I.N. Strekalovskaya. – acteristics of the discrepancy of the described com- SPb., 2005. – 152 p. ponents are distinguished, having a different struc- 10. Palij, V.I. Experimental analysis of the correlation ture in assessing themselves and setting the level of of self-esteem and ambitions of elite athletes / V.I. Palij, claims. The results obtained rather work in support of V.A. Sohlikova // Vestnik Kostromskogo un-ta. Seriya: the hypothesis about the relationship of self-esteem Pedagogika. Psihologiya. – 2017. – T. 23. – № 1. – and claims to the success / failure of sports activities. P. 63-68.

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Литература 6. Липириди, И.Н. Самооценка спортсменов и ее 1. Бороздина, Л.В. Притязания и самооценка / коррекция средствами самопознания : дис. ... канд. Л.В. Бороздина, Л. Видинска // Вестн. Моск. унта. Сер. психол. наук / И.Н. Липириди. – СПб., 2008 – 153 с. 14. Психология. – 1986. – № 3. – С. 21-30. 7. Серебрякова, Е.А. Уверенность в себе и условия 2. Бороздина, Л.В. Увеличение индекса трево- ее формирования у школьников / Е.А. Серебрякова жности при расхождении уровней самооценки // Учен. зап. Тамбовского пед. ин-та. – 1956. – Вып. и притязаний / Л.В. Бороздина, Е.А. Залученова // 10. – С. 41-73. Вопросы психологии. – 1993. – № 4. – С. 104-113. 8. Сидоров, К.Р. Феномен несоответствия уров- 3. Воронкина, Л.В. Исследование самооценки ней самооценки и притязаний в ранней юности : дис. спортсменов в связи с реализацией соревнова- ... канд. психол. наук : 19.00.01 / Сидоров Константин тельных результатов / Л.В. Воронкина // Известия Рудольфович. – М., 2007. – 158 с. ТулГУ. Физическая культура. Спорт. – 2015. – № 4. 9. Стрекаловская, И.Н. Самооценка спортсменов – С. 82-87. и ее коррекция средствами самопознания : дис. ... 4. Гошек, В. Уровень притязаний и его роль в пси- канд. психол. наук : 13.00.04 / И.Н. Стрекаловская. – хологической подготовке спортсмена / В. Гошек // СПб., 2005. – 152 с. Теория и практика физической культуры. – 1972. – 10. Палий, В.И. Экспериментальный анализ соот- № I, – С. 36-42. ношения самооценки и притязаний высококвалифи- 5. Киселев, Ю.Я. Методики психодиагностики в цированных спортсменов / В.И. Палий, В.А. Сохликова спорте / Ю.Я. Киселев. – М. : Просвещение. – 1990. // Вестник Костромского ун-та. Серия: Педагогика. – 192 с. Психология. – 2017. – Т. 23. – № 1. – С. 63-68.

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UDC 159.96 FEATURES OF THE COMFORT ZONES IN SPORTS ACTIVITIES

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЗОН КОМФОРТА В СПОРТИВНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

Paly Vera – PhD in Psychological Keywords: the comfort zone, training area, external Science, Lecturer at the comfort, internal training zone comfort zone comfort Department of Theory and foreign competition, domestic competition comfort zone Methods of Physical Education and precompetitive discomfort. Sports Training at the Moscow City Pedagogical University, Institute Abstract. Based on the analysis of sports activities and of Natural Sciences and Sports the use of an interdisciplinary approach identified and Technology (MSPU IEST), Moscow, described the comfort zone of sports activities. Two basic Russia, [email protected] comfort zones and one discomfort zone are defined. The basic ones include zones of training and competitive Палий Вера Ивановна – канд. comfort, which in turn are divided into zones of external психол. наук, преподаватель кафедры теории и методики and internal comfort, and the stage of pre-competition физического воспитания и спортивной тренировки preparation is presented in the zone of discomfort. Московского городского педагогического университета, Disclosed substantial components zones of comfort Институт естествознания и спортивных технологий sporting activities. (МГПУ ИЕСТ), Москва, Россия

Ключевые слова: зона комфорта, зона внешнего тренировочного комфорта, зона внутреннего тренировочного комфорта, зона внешнего соревновательного комфорта, зона внутреннего соревновательного комфорта, зона предсоревновательного дискомфорта. Аннотация. На основе анализа спортивной деятельности и использования междисциплинарного под- хода выявлены и описаны зоны комфорта спортивной деятельности. Определены две базовые зоны комфорта и одна зона дискомфорта. К базовым относятся зоны тренировочного и соревновательного комфорта, которые в свою очередь делятся на зоны внешнего и внутреннего комфорта, а этап предсо- ревновательной подготовки представлен в зоне дискомфорта. Раскрыты содержательные компонен- ты зон комфорта спортивной деятельности.

Relevance. The desire of a sportsman to achieve and in the psychology of sports [1, 3, 4], both do- high results, mastery of sportsmanship, preparation mestic and foreign scientists agree that motivation for competitions, performance at high-level competi- in sports depends on both internal and external tions with full dedication is determined by many fac- determinants. tors, among which the main place is occupied by the In the scientific literature and in practical work, athlete’s motivation. the attention of researchers usually focuses on the Motivation is the most important mechanism of definition and use of factors of constructive motiva- any activity that performs the functions of goal-set- tion, that is, on the motivation of activity that is useful ting, planning necessary for the activity of an athlete. for achieving success. At the same time, factors that A high level of motivation is relevant at different stages determine undesirable, harmful or even destructive of the development of a sports career. behavior for an athlete, contrary to goals and values, Much research has been devoted to the study of remain little studied. The causes of destructive mo- motivation, both in the field of general psychology tivation in sports are usually considered in a general

12 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS PREPARATION, TRAINING AND COMPETITION PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGIST form and are not studied in detail, meanwhile, it is since the training of highly qualified sportsmen is their identification, systematization, detailed analysis based on taking into account a number of features and consideration in practical work that are the most such as: ideological, social psychological, psychologi- important condition for increasing the effectiveness cal, neuropsychological, anatomical, physiological and of sports activities. genetic. Despite this, the coach has a relationship with In recent years, quite comfortable conditions have an integral person, for which it is necessary to create been created for practicing sports, especially such a favorable, comfortable conditions in the process of kind of sport as football has succeeded. At the same achieving a high result. Each person is unique in his time, we see that comfortable conditions are not a rea- own way and in order to achieve the desired result he son for achieving high results. forms his own individual comfort zone, independent The purpose of this article is precisely the identi- of others. fication of comfort zones in sports activities and their Why does a person go into a comfort zone while analysis. playing sports? The term “comfort zone” is considered as a com- The comfort zone in sports is an area of the neces- plex of conditions of external and internal environ- sary favorable conditions of the external and internal ment that are most favorable for the subject, includ- environment for sports, which includes psychological ing psychological factors. Thus, the comfort zone factors. can be considered as an established world, to which Sport is a rather complicated kind of activity, which a person has become accustomed, where everything consists of such activities as training and competitive, is stable and predictable. Being in such a state is on this basis, we can distinguish the comfort zone of the pleasant, but not always being in such a state can training activity and the comfort zone of the compet- succeed [2]. itive activity. Moreover, each of these zones has zones Being in the comfort zone, a person stops in the of internal and external comfort. The figure shows a development on certain positions and achievements, diagram of the comfort zones of a sports activity. and does not want to achieve anything further, since In recent years, in our country, we can see the rapid this person is satisfied with everything. It would seem commercialization of sports, which makes it possible that this is really good, as stability indicates the reliabil- for athletes to earn big money a vivid proof of this is ity of the situation. But sportsmen who decided to en- football. gage in professional sports should make every effort It is possible that everything that surrounds a to achieve high results. One of the main tasks of the sportsman can be attributed to the zone of external coach is to solve long-term tasks of training sportsmen comfort of training activities, namely, a set of such nec- in professional sports. This task is quite complicated, essary conditions as financing of athletes, equipment

Figure – Comfort zones for sports activities

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of the stadium, arena, gym, climatic, temperature con- position of the competition venue (altitude of the loca- ditions, humidity, light, planning of sports loads in the tion of the competition above sea level, temperature, training process, the influence of parents, teachers, humidity, atmospheric pressure, level of solar radia- trainers, attendants, officials and much more. tion, hourly belt, etc.), equipment of venues and atti- Why, doing sports, a person gets into the zone of tude of the audience inner comfort? Getting into the zone of internal competitive com- It is known that after training sessions a person ex- fort, the sportsman displays vivid emotional experienc- periences a surge of vigor and strength, usually this es, high internal mobilization. Due to the high intensity condition is described by a lengthy phrase: “physical of the competition, a person experiences even stronger activity stimulates the production of happiness hor- physical and psychological stress. The thrill experienced mones – endorphins” [7, 9]. David J. Linden’s work [5] by the sportsman during the competition, the associ- showed that modern science cannot yet answer exact- ated emotional overload, stress and anxiety contribute ly the question of exactly which biochemical changes to excessive adrenaline production, which is compara- in the brain are generated by physical exertion, but ble to the extravaganza of pleasures of the addict. This some experiments have shown that training is accom- hormone helps not only to mobilize and get additional panied by an increased release of brain opioids. These physical and psychological capabilities to overcome the substances play an important role in the formation of situations that have arisen, but also gives the athlete the emotions, affection and motivation. opportunity [9, 10] to feel that surge of energy to cope The transition to the zone of competitive comfort with all sorts of difficulties and to feel like a superman is carried out through the zone of discomfort. In order for a while conditions of competitive activity, which is to realize the goal and enter the zone of competitive unlikely to cope in the normal state. comfort, the athlete must pass through the zone of This article is mainly based on assumptions and discomfort. How does this zone differ from the zone of personal experience with sportsmen. Research on the training and competitive comfort? problem of studying comfort zones in sports has prac- The precompetitive discomfort zone is a transition tically not been done, although work in this direction zone, which is associated with increased stress, since is not only of scientific interest, but is also quite rele- the sportsman must completely restructure the mode vant, since many sportsmen who are in comfort zones of life and activity, focusing on those climatic and tem- stop increasing athletic performance and changing poral features in which the competition will take place. behavior. In the area of precompetitive discomfort, the mode of work performed also changes, since at this stage of Literature preparation, the central place is given to full modeling 1. Gorbunov, G.D. Motivation of an athlete in the of the upcoming competitions, which involves the ho- training process / G.D. Gorbunov // Practical classes in listic reproduction of competitive exercises, competi- psychology: a manual for institutes of physical culture. tion mode, and its external conditions [6]. – Moscow, 1989. – 45 p. The main component of sports activities is compe- 2. Yehlakov, R.S. Comfort zone: socio-philosophical tition, which aims to achieve results. The goal of the analysis / R.S. Yehlakov // Polytechnic youth magazine. competition is to achieve the best result, regardless of – 2017. – № 2. – P. 114-119. the level of fitness of the sportsman. 3. Kuzmin, M.A. Motivation for sports activities in The zone of competitive comfort (Figure) has a zone various sports / M.A. Kuzmin // Scientific-theoretical of external and internal comfort, since the achievement journal “Uchenye zapiski”, – 2012. – №2 (84). – P. 84-89. of a personal result can be influenced by the athlete’s 4. Kiselev, Yu.A. Win: Reflection and advice of a stay in these zones. In the event that the zone of exter- sports psychologist / Yu.A. Kiselev. – Moscow: Sport nal discomfort at the pre-competitive stage is identical Academy, 2002. – 326 p. to the zone of external competitive comfort, then the 5. Linden, David J. Brain and pleasures / David J. athlete in this zone is likely to have no difficulty and he Linden. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2012. – 288 p. will feel comfort in this zone. If, in the zone of exter- 6. Matveyev, L.P. Theory and methods of physical nal discomfort, the training conditions were far from culture: studies. for in-t physical. cult. / L.P. Matveyev. – the conditions of the competition, then the sportsman Moscow, 1991. – 543 p. may experience problems in the external zone of com- 7. Meerson, F.3. Adaptation to stress situations and petitive comfort. The competition area (the factor of physical loads / F.3. Meerson, M G. Pshennikova. – “own” and “foreign” field), geographical and climatic Moscow: Medicine, 1988. – 256 p.

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8. Neverkovich, S.D. The role and functions of psy- Кузьмин // Научно-теоретический журнал «Ученые chology in sports / SD. Neverkovich // Sport psycholo- записки», – 2012. – №2 (84). – С. 84-89. gist. – 2004. – № 2. – P. 4-11. 4. Киселев, Ю.А. Победи: Размышление и советы 9. Smirnov, A.N. Endocrine regulation. Biochemical психолога спорта / Ю.А. Киселев. – Москва : Спорт and physiological aspects: studies. allowance; under. академия, 2002. – 326 c. ed. Tkachuk / A.N. Smirnov. – 2009. – 368 p. 5. Линден, Дэвид Дж. Мозг и удовольствия / 10. Endorphins / Ed. E. Costa, M. Trabukki; per. from Дэвид Дж. Линден. – Москва : Эксмо, 2012. – 288 с. English. – Moscow: World, 1981. – 368 p.ld, 1981. – 6. Матвеев, Л.П. Теория и методика физической 368 p. культуры: учеб. для ин-тов физ. культ. / Л.П. Матвеев. – Москва, 1991. – 543 с. Литература 7. Меерсон, Ф.3. Адаптация к стрессорным 1. Горбунов, Г.Д. Мотивация спортсмена в ситуациям и физическим нагрузкам / Ф.3. Меерсон, тренировочном процессе / Г.Д. Горбунов // М Г. Пшенникова. – Москва : Медицина, 1988. – 256 с. Практические занятия по психологии: учебное 8. Неверкович, С.Д. Роль и функции психологии пособие для институтов физической культуры. – в спорте / С.Д. Неверкович // Спортивный психолог. Москва, 1989. – 45 с. – 2004. – № 2. – С.4-11. 2. Ехлаков, Р.С. Зона комфорта: социально- 9. Смирнов А.Н. Эндокринная регуляция. философский анализ / Р.С. Ехлаков // Биохимические и физиологические аспекты: учеб. Политехнический молодежный журнал. – 2017. – № пособие; под. ред. Ткачука / А.Н. Смирнов. – 2009. 2. – С. 114-119. – 368 c. 3. Кузьмин, М.А. Мотивация спортивной 10. Эндорфины / Под ред. Э. Коста, М. Трабукки; деятельности в различных видах спорта / М.А. пер. с англ. – Москва : Мир, 1981. – 368 с.

15 SPORTS №4 (51) 2018 PSYCHOLOGIST SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ISSUES AND HISTORY

UDC 159.9 THE PHENOMENON OF THE STYLE IN SPORTS: HISTORY, RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH

ФЕНОМЕН СТИЛЯ В СПОРТЕ: ИСТОРИЯ, РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

Tolochek Vladimir – Doctor of Keywords: athletes’ activity styles, functional and structural Sciences in Psychology, Leading organization, the similarity of style structures and its parts, the Researcher at the Institute effectiveness of activity styles, the success factors of an athlete. of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Abstract. The history of studying the problem of styles of Russia, [email protected] activity in sports, the results of empirical research, the remaining «scientific lacunae» and unsolved «problems», Толочек the effects of introducing the results of empirical research Владимир Алексеевич – д-р into the practice of sport of higher achievements, the психол. наук, профессор, phenomenon of style, and the scientific and practical tasks ведущий научный сотрудник of psychological support of sports activities are examined ФГУН «Институт психологии РАН», Москва, Россия and analyzed. Options for the search for alternatives are discussed (for example, the author’s research results - structural and functional organization, self-similarity of structures, etc.), perspectives and horizons for new searches and studies are given.

Ключевые слова: стили деятельности спортсменов, функционально-структурная организация, подобие струк- тур стиля и его частей, эффективность стилей деятельности, факторы успешности спортсмена. Аннотация. Рассматривается и анализируется история изучения проблемы стилей деятельности в спорте, результаты эмпирических исследования, сохраняющиеся «научные лакуны» и нерешенные «проблемы», эффекты внедрения результатов эмпирических исследования в практику спорта высших достижений, феномен стиля, научно-практические задачи психологического сопровождения деятельно- сти спортивной. Обсуждаются варианты поиска альтернатив (как пример, приводятся результаты исследований автора – структурно-функциональной организация, самоподобия структур и др.), пер- спективы и горизонты новых поисков и исследований.

The study was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the FASO, subject number 0159-2018- 0001 “Psychological problems of the professional mentality in terms of organizational and technological innovations”

The relevance of research. The problem of styles In the early 1960s, systematically study of the in- has been widely studied in psychology since the mid- dividual style of activity (ISA) on a model of sport is 1950s in various scientific traditions (as cognitive styles, started under the guidance of E.A. Klimov in Kazan [8, behavioral and life styles, leadership styles – in foreign 20 others], under the direction of V.S. Merlin in Perm psychology, as individual activity styles – in domestic [10], since the beginning of the 1970s – under the guid- psychology). Later, in the late 1960s, domestic psy- ance of EA Ilyin [3, 4] in Leningrad, A.V. Rodionov [11] chologists also began to turn to different approaches – in Moscow. At this time there are many researchers to the problems of style. who work actively in other regions – N.K. Volkov, A.V.

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Yeganov, Yu.G. Martemyanov, V.I. Morosanova, O.A. comparable, confirming both the validity of scientific Sirotin, V.A. Hustle and others, in one degree or anoth- tools, and the similarity of manifestations of styles of er “exciting” different sides of the problem of style. The activity in different types, in athletes with different first dissertation, in which the phenomenon of style on complexes of individual psychological characteristics. the model of acrobatics was studied, was defended In general, the accumulated experience was suc- by B.I. Yakubchik in 1965 (a little later, the trainer-re- cessful and cross functional, easily adaptable in the or- searcher became the Honored trainer of the Russian ganization of the training process of adolescents, sen- Federation). As a rule, the results of “field” research and ior-level athletes, including members of the national psychological-pedagogical experiments are quickly teams of the country. The typical structure of the or- being introduced into the practice of training young ganization of the SPR was as follows: and highly skilled athletes and there has been a quick 1) several groups of variables correlated – individual positive effect of such introductions [1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, psychological characteristics (properties of the nerv- 12, 13, 14 , 15, 18, 19]. A kind of “renaissance” lasted ous system, temperament, personality, sensomotorik) from the mid-1970s to the end of the 1980s (the num- and features of the performance of technical and tac- ber of cognitive styles described and widely studied tical and technical actions; exceeded twenty, emotional styles, self-regulation, 2) similar assessments were made on excerpts of management decision-making styles, etc. were stud- sportsmen of the highest categories, senior and young ied), after which interest in the problem began to fade. athletes with an official rating; Since the end of the 1980s, the priorities and scien- 3) the peculiarities of styles were compared in sub- tific interests of scientists shifted from studying indi- groups of more and less efficient athletes. vidual success factors to studying the holistic process Despite extensive and productive research, “scien- of training and performance of athletes [5, 6, 11, 12, 13]; tific lacunae” and “problems” of studying the problem well-established effective system of scientific support of style remain. Paradoxically, but it is the methodo- for the training process of preparing national teams of logical unity of scientific approaches, the similarity of the country is destroyed; In high performance sports tools, the “brightness of empirical facts” in the manifes- only certain specialists worked actively. Gorskaya, E.P. tation of styles, did not contribute much to the formu- Ilyin, A.V. Rodionov, V.F. Sopov and others. lation of new scientific problems, understanding the At present, it can be stated that the accumulated possibilities and limitations of styles, their typology vast positive experience (including in high perfor- of styles, their functional and structural organization, mance sports) has been largely lost; the real problems limits of variation, the role of psychological features in faced by the pioneers faded, are forgotten; under- a number of different determinants, the possibility of standing by young scientists of the problem and the change, development, correction of styles, factors of possibilities of practical work in this segment fluctu- success of athletes, etc. [14, 15, 16, 17]. Among the con- ate between the poles “idealization and simplifica- straints were scientific: the possibilities and limits of tion – neglect and misunderstanding.” Reflecting on the methodology, the measure of its adequacy to this the phenomenon of “style” and its study in sports, it subject area; problems of sampling (they are not great makes sense to return to history, to make an attempt to in the high performance sports; there is no tradition in summarize both the factors of past successes of sports the native science for conducting mass research, lon- psychologists and the reasons for sometimes modest gitudinal research). results and failures. Among the many insufficiently studied aspects of Empirical studies of the “style” phenomenon: re- the problem, we will single out some. In real work with sults, “scientific lacunae” and “problems” of study, highly qualified athletes, the funnel effect is consistently problems of introducing the results of empirical re- manifested. If there are clearly distinguished parame- search into the practice of high-performance sports. ters in which the athlete loses (“common to all”), then In the 1970-1980s, in scientific and practical research the parameters of successful activity are characterized (SPR) pragmatic tasks were more often set and then by high individual variability. If it is clearly possible to were successfully carried out. The scientific tools were determine under what conditions the performance of quite similar; at that time, in all sports, apparatus an athlete was or will be with a high probability of fail- methods were widely introduced, effective systems of ure, then success factors are less amenable to a clear transcripts of duels in combat sports and situations in assessment (as a result of situational variations of con- team sports were developed; most scientists followed ditions, the dynamics of relations of partners of joint the activity approach. The results of such studies were activities, the presence of many unaccounted factors,

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and the very nature of athletic competition like a big (“subjectively convenient conditions of activity”, “op- open dissipative system). Practically, this means the erational structures”, “ideal regulators / type of organ- following: the orientation of a scientist and practice are ization of activities” – SCCA, OS, IR / TOA) can explain unproductive only on the magnitude of the correlation the effectiveness of individual episodes and success- of individual parameters of activity and the individual ful career of an athlete as a whole. (By “structure” we characteristics of athletes, even those identified in a mean the invariant, stable part of the “system”, while representative excerpts. Separate connections play a preserving which preserves the properties of the sys- small role in the style correction program of each indi- tem as a whole, despite changes in its individual com- vidual athlete. (With regard to psychological variables, ponents and parameters.) such connections rarely exceed the value of r> [0.400– The purpose of the study: to identify and assess 0.500]; taking into account not the “probability that the the connection of the structure of the activity styles of changes in the variable“ x ”depend on the changes in highest level athletes with the success of their activi- the variable“ y ”, but the coefficient of determination – ties (for example, wrestling judo and free-style). R, i.e., r2 , or a measure of the variance explained, we Objectives of the study: can estimate how little practically we are given by fac- 1) To identify and evaluate the measure of con- tors explaining no more than 16–25% of the variance.) nections between the structures of activity styles (as The main way to solve the above difficulties would a whole) and style substructures in representatives of be to change the vector of research – from “atomic” free-style wrestling and judoists. to “systemic” approaches. As it is noted above, the 2) To identify and evaluate the measure of connec- typical organization structure of the SPR was the di- tions of the substructures of activity styles (among agnosis and subsequent correlation of large groups of themselves) among representatives of free-style wres- “variables”, on the one hand, individual psychological tling and judo wrestlers. characteristics (properties of the nervous system, tem- 3) To assess the role of the structural consistency perament, personality, sensomotorik), on the other factor in the success of wrestlers ‘ sports career. hand, characteristics of technical and tactical-techni- Research hypotheses: The components of the cal performance by athletes’ action. Due to the reality activities of sportsmen of the highest levels are not of the phenomenon, for any methodological reference random combinations, not freely selected individual points, the researcher received enormous informative combinations, but some object-determined groups groups of intercorrelations. This was enough to con- of technical and tactical-technical actions. The greater firm the hypotheses of a scientific study, to formulate correspondence of the structures of the styles of activ- recommendations for the implementation of these re- ity of athletes to the object determination of groups of sults in practice; the introduction of results into prac- technical and tactical-technical actions will be reflect- tice gave the expected effects in increment of results ed in the greater success of their sports career. for individual athletes. At the same time, when trying Relationships of structures and substructures to implement an individual approach to a high-end of wrestlers’ styles of activity can have relations of athlete, when trying to form his individual style, we self-similarity (relations of fractals). are faced with the fact that the individual correlations The methodology for solving the tasks we have set are not productive enough. Both the connections of can be called the structural approach [14, 15]. the individual characteristics of a person among them- Research methods: selves, and the connections of the individuality of an 1) Psychodiagnostics: “Slope of the Curve” and athlete with the characteristics of his activity are not “HNK-2”, express methods for studying the typological statistical in nature, but are subordinated to some properties of the nervous system E.P. Ilyin, G. Aizenko deep-seated patterns, which are referred to by system and R. B. Cattell. properties, systemic relationships. 2) Studying the features of the wrestlers’ activity Based on the author’s concept of style (its structural styles (the author’s method of “Styles of activity”. and functional organization) [14, 15], we assumed that 3) Observation and transcription of competitive ac- between different subsystems of style there are simi- tivities of athletes in major international tournaments. larity relations (self-similarity, or fractal relations) that 4) Survey of experts (trainers). determine both the optimal trajectories of the genesis In accordance with the hypotheses about the frac- of the style and the effectiveness of the athlete’s com- tal connection of the substructures of the activity style petitive activity. In other words, the measure of con- (AS) among themselves, about the fractal connection sistency of the three hierarchical style substructures of the substructures and the structure of the style as

18 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ISSUES AND HISTORY PSYCHOLOGIST a whole, the empirical material collected in 1986-1989 of our respondents were studied; 3) step-by-step sta- was subjected to a series of new statistical calculations. tistical calculations were carried out, allowing to ap- Survey data of the best and promising athletes, mem- proach the identification of “internal variables (latent bers of national teams of the country – adolescent, factors)”, explaining the greater or lesser success of the youth, the basic composition – “adults” – wrestlers-ju- wrestlers’ completed sports career. The final results of do wrestlers (48 people aged from 17 to 24, x = 19.2 the study confirmed the working hypotheses. years.) And members of the national country team in On excerpts of wrestlers judoists, the correlation free-style wrestling (32 people aged 22 to 28 years, x = of six style factors with six factors of (IR / TOA (tak- 26.5 years) were supplemented with expert estimates. ing into account the effectiveness of factors, i.e. their In preliminary studies, it was shown that the wrestlers’ connections with the success of subjects) were as fol- assessments of the features of their activity styles (AS) lows: 0.332; 0.709; 0,226; 0.532; 0.322; 0.508 (in three closely correlated for the most part the variables (r = cases, the correlation tightness reaches the threshold 0.450–0.800) during test retest checks, closely corre- p = 0.001, in two – p = 0.05). The correlations of the six lated with the expert evaluations of the coaches (r = style factors with the six factors of “methods for solv- 0.300–0.650), with observations of their competitive ing problems” (taking into account the effectiveness of bouts (r = 0.350– 0.740) [15; sixteen; 17]. In 2012–2014, the factors) are as follows: 0.199; 0.219; 0.279 (p = 0.05); sports biographies of previously examined wrestlers 0.052; 0.629 (p = 0.001); 0.120. Correlations of six style were restored. (The article discusses only the data ob- factors with six factors of SCCA (taking into account tained by the method of “styles of activity” [15]). the effectiveness of factors): 0.710; 0.520; 0.770; 0.648; The results of the study. In the process of study- 0.900 (p = 0.001); 0.256 (p = 0.05); (for n = 48 people, ing the phenomenon, several series of statistical cal- the level of statistical significance is p = 0.05 for r = culations were carried out. This article discusses the 0.240, p = 0.01 for r = 0.335, p = 0.01 for r = 0.425). option of “phenomenological analysis” (the choice of Among the six style factors, two more effective optimal solutions for the inclusion in the analysis of all ones are markedly different – the 1st and the 2nd; three the variables presented in one metric scale, obtained ineffective – the 3rd, 4th and 6th, and one non-corre- by our research methodology). In all series and in all lating with the criteria for the success of wrestlers – the excerpts, 6-factor solutions were the best by formal 5th. (Recall, we analyze the styles of champions and and informative criteria. prize-winners of the country championships among To study the connection between the structures of teenagers and among juniors; they are all the best in activity styles (AS) and the structures of their subsys- their age group; nevertheless, their styles were more tems (IR / TOA, OS, SCCA), we used the coefficients of or less coordinated with previous results and success the values of the object factors (subjects) calculated in future performances. The style is only one of the in the process of conducting factor analysis and iden- conditions for the success of the subject; in sports, in tifying well-interpreted factors. Such coefficients re- addition to style, an important role is played by the flected a measure of the severity of the factor for each physical talent of the athlete, health, “school”, etc.). wrestler. Consequently, on the basis of the calculated Let us single out and consider separately the corre- coefficients of the values of the objects (subjects), it lation of two effective style factors (1st and 2nd) with was possible to judge how “typical” (corresponding effective factors of the parts – two IR / SJF factors, two to a given factor) are those or other fighters in the “solutions” and two SCCA: 0.332 0.709; 0.201, 0.219; excerpts. Each subject received several assessments – 0.710, 0.520 (in four cases, relationships are statistically coefficients of factor values: a) for each of the six iden- significant). The correlation of three ineffective style tified factors (reflecting typical styles in general); b) for factors (3rd, 4th, 6th) with the factors of their parts each of the six factors of the three style subsystems – three factors IR / TOA, three – OS and SCCA: 0.226, with a separate factor analysis of the variables of each 0.532, 0.508; 0.279, 0.052, 0.120; 0.770, 0.256, 0.900 (in of the three subsystems. All the identified coefficients four cases, the relationships are statistically significant) of the factors of the objects for the styles as a whole are also quite close. Thus, both with regard to more and their substructures were subsequently correlated. effective style factors and relatively ineffective factors, Subsequently, the results of the coefficients were com- we state their close links with similar factors of parts of pared with the individual performance of the fighters. styles. Consequently, there is reason to talk about the In fact, in our study there were three stages and phenomenon of the similarity of their organizations, three “circuits”: 1) typical empirical data collections or about the similarity of the structures of style and were carried out; 2) in 25 years the sports biographies its parts.

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On excerpts of free-style wrestlers, the correla- styles of wrestlers’ activity and the two least effective, tions of six style factors with six with six factors of IR conditionally ineffective, “closed” the way for athletes / TOA are as follows: 0.277, 0.598, 0.602, 0.282, 0.797, to success in international tournaments.) 0.810 (in four cases, p <0.001). The correlations of the Comparative analysis of the measure of similarity six style factors with the six factors of the “problem of the structures of the AS and its parts of the AS of solving methods” are as follows: 0.417, 0.424, 0.551, free style wrestlers (more successfully and consistently 0.713, 0.452, 0.497, 0.096 (in two cases, p <0.001, in performing in the 1980–1990s) and the AS of wres- two – p <0.05). Correlations of six style factors with tling wrestlers (who rarely took prizes at the European, six factors of SCCA: 0.676, 0.647, 0.705, 0.782, 0.227, World and Olympic Championships) our hypothesis is 0.422 (in four cases, p <0.001, in one – p <0.05. For confirmed. As for the consistency of the structures of n = 32, p = 0.05 for r> 0.290 ; p = 0.01 for r> 0.390; the two most effective styles of the six (as they are ex- p = 0.001 for r> 0.525). Both with regard to effective pressed by the wrestlers), so for the consistency of the style factors (i.e., with positive correlations of a fac- structures of the two least effective styles, the struc- tor with criteria for wrestlers’ success) and ineffec- ture of the wrestler wrestlers is approximately 0.100 tive (non-constructive) factors, we state their close more closely correlated with each other than similar connections with similar factors of style parts, their judoists (table). subsystems. From the results of the calculations it followed that Discussion of the research results. In two data ar- the approximation of the similarity of the structures of rays obtained from excerpts of free-style wrestlers and AS and the similarity of the structures of their parts to wrestlers-judoists, we obtained similar values of all pri- some “ideal” only at r = 0,100 was associated with an mary statistics, meaningful and formal characteristics increase in the success of an athlete 5-8 times (the suc- of distinguished factors, which confirms the validity of cess criteria were prizes – the number of medals won using our data for comparative analysis. The structures by wrestlers at major international tournaments). of the three hierarchical levels of the AS for top-level fighters who successfully participated in major interna- Findings: tional tournaments (winners of the European champi- 1. On the excerpts of fighters of the highest levels, onships, the world and the Olympic Games) were more six styles are also clearly distinguished. In the styles of coordinated among themselves (r = 0.600–0.900) than activity (AS) of high-level fighters, there is a similarity those of the less productive (winners of the country or similarity of style structures (as a whole) and their championships) (r = 0.300–0.500). (The table shows the subsystems (parts) by the type of fractals: “ideal reg- generalized average values for the two most effective ulators / type of organization of activity”, “operational

Table – The ratio of the measure of the similarity of style structures and their parts to the success of performances at major international tournaments of wrestlers-judo wrestlers and wrestlers of freestyle («phenomenological analysis»)

Free-style Judo Parameters: statistics and success criteria wrestling wrestling 1. Correlation structures of effective styles and their three parts * 0,563 0,447

2. Correlation structures ineffective styles and three parts * 0,500 0,405

3. Correlations of structures of parts of effective styles 0,319 0,222

4. Correlation of the structures of the parts ineffective styles 0,315 0,131

6. Number of medals won by wrestlers at European, world and Olympic Championships 64 12

5. Excerpts 32 people 48 people

7. Athletes’ success in the international arena (number of medals/sample size) 2,0 0,25

Note: * Here and below there is average of three correlations: the structure of the style and structure of IR / TOA; structures style and structure of the OS, the structure of the style and structure of SCCA.

20 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ISSUES AND HISTORY PSYCHOLOGIST systems”, “subjectively convenient conditions of activ- highest qualification: author. ... dis. Cand. psychol. ity “(IR / TOA, OS, SCCA). Sciences / Kleshchev V.N. – M., 1984. 2. The success of the performance of athletes at 8. Klimov, E.A. Individual style of activity depending the Olympics, World and European Championships is on the typological properties of the nervous system connected with the optimality of their style structures y / E.A. Klimov. – Kazan University publishing house., and the consistency of style structures and their sub- 1969. systems among themselves. 9. Martemyanova, Yu.G. Complex assessment of 3. Spontaneously formed styles of even the most prospects of judoists-juniors: author. dis. Cand. ped. talented and successful athletes are often not standard Sciences / Martemyanova Yu.G. – L., 1990. and harmonious. Opportunities for improvement and 10. Merlin, V.S. Essays on the integral study of indi- development of subjects remain open at all stages of viduality / V.S. Merlin. – M.: Pedagogy, 1986. their professional development. 11. Rodionov, A.V. The influence of psychological Conclusion. Looking through the “horizons” of factors on sports results / A.V. Rodionov. – M.: Physical the further study of the style problem, let us high- culture and sport, 1983. light the following urgent tasks and horizons of new 12. Sovmiz, Z.R. Psychological resources of person- searches: 1) Studying the issues of the genesis of ality as a subject of stress overcoming in the condi- styles throughout an athlete’s sports career. 2) The tions of team activity: abstract. dis. ... Cand. Sciences / study of the connections of different styles (cogni- Sovmiz Z.R. – Krasnodar, 2017 god. tive, emotional, motor, styles of activity). 3) Solving 13. Sopov, V.F. Theory and methods of psychologi- the problems of the joint activities methodology cal training in modern sports / V.F. Sopov. – M.: Physical and the subsequent study of styles in sports in the culture and sport, 2010. paradigm of joint activities. 4) The study and sub- 14. Tolochek, V.A. Working styles: model styles with sequent management of style interactions in the changeable working conditions / V.A. Tolochek. – M.: “trainer – athlete” system. 5) Management of style Izmailovo, 1992. interactions of subjects in sports teams. 6) The study 15. Tolochek, V.A. Styles activities: the re- of the phenomenon of self-similarity in the organi- source-based approach / V.A. Tolochek. – M.: Publishing zation of substructures of styles in different sports. house IPRAS, 2015. 7) Study of the configuration of the actual activity 16. Tolochek, V.A. Similar structures of styles of ac- spaces formed by athletes. 8) Study of the interaction tivity as a factor of success of the subject / V.A. Tolochek of athletes in contact groups (the phenomenon of // Questions of psychology. – 2015. – № 6. – P. 112-122. “psychological niche”). 17. Typical styles of sports activity as a psychologi- cal phenomenon: efficiency resources. – 2016. – V. 37. Literature –№ 6. – p. 70-82. 1. Belousov, S.N. Individual manner of fighting and 18. Tureckii, B.V. Fencing match / B.V. Tureckii. – Kiev: the way of its formation in boxers: author’s abstract. … Health, 1985. Cand. Sc. / S.N. Belousov. – L., 1976. 19. Yakubchik, B.I. Some typological differences 2.Vyatkin, B.A. The role of temperament in sports in the activity of acrobatic athletes / B.I. Yakubchik // activities / B.A. Vyatkin. – M.: Physical culture and sport, Questions of psychology – 1964. – № 5. – p. 20-30. 1978. 3. Ilyin, E.P. Psychophysiology of physical education: Литература Factors affecting the effectiveness of sports activities / 1. Белоусов, С.Н. Индивидуальная манера веде- E.P. Ilyin. – M.: Prosveshchenie, 1983. ния боя и пути ее формирования у боксеров: авто- 4. Ilyin, E.P. Sports psychology / E.P. Ilyin – SPb.: реф. дис. … канд. пед. наук / С.Н. Белоусов. – Л., 1976. Piter, 2009. 2. Вяткин, Б.А. Роль темперамента в спортив- 5. Grin, E.I. Personal resources to overcome men- ной деятельности / Б.А. Вяткин. – М.: Физкультура tal burnout in athletes: Author. dis. Cand. psychol. и спорт, 1978. Sciences E.I. Grin. – Krasnodar, 2009. 3. Ильин, Е.П. Психофизиология физического 6. Gorskaya, G.B. Psychological support of long- воспитания: Факторы, влияющие на эффектив- term psychological training of athletes / G.B. Gorskaya. ность спортивной деятельности / Е.П. Ильин. – М.: – Krasnodar: KSUPhEST, 1995. Просвещение, 1983. 7. Kleshchev, V.N. Properties of temperament as 4. Ильин, Е.П. Психология спорта / Е.П. Ильин. – a condition of effective activity of sportsmen of the СПб.: Питер, 2009.

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5. Гринь, Е.И. Личностные ресурсы преодоления 12. Совмиз, З.Р. Психологические ресурсы лич- психического выгорания у спортсменов: автореф. ности как субъекта преодоления стресса в услови- дис. канд. психол. наук Е.И. Гринь. – Краснодар, ях командной деятельности: автореферат. дис. … 2009. канд. наук / Совмиз З.Р. – Краснодар, 2017 год. 6. Горская, Г.Б. Психологическое обеспечение 13. Сопов, В.Ф. Теория и методика психологи- многолетней психологической подготовки спор- ческой подготовки в современном спорте / В.Ф. тсменов / Г.Б. Горская. – Краснодар: КГАФК, 1995. Сопов. – М.: Физкультура и спорт, 2010. 7. Клещев, В.Н. Свойства темперамента как усло- 14. Толочек, В.А. Стили деятельности: модель вие эффективной деятельности спортсменов выс- стилей с изменчивыми условиями деятельности / шей квалификации: автореф. … дис. канд. психол. В.А. Толочек. – М.: Измайлово, 1992. наук / Клещев В.Н. – М., 1984. 15. Толочек, В.А. Стили деятельности: ресурсный 8. Климов, Е.А. Индивидуальный стиль деятель- подход / В.А. Толочек. – М.: Изд-во ИПРАН, 2015. ности в зависимости от типологических свойств 16. Толочек, В.А. Подобные структуры стилей де- нервной системы / Е.А. Климов. – Казань: Изд-во ятельности как фактор успешности субъекта / В.А. Казан. ун-та, 1969. Толочек // Вопросы психологии. – 2015. – № 6. – С. 9. Мартемьянова, Ю.Г. Комплексная оценка пер- 112-122. спективности дзюдоистов-юниоров: автореф. дис. 17. Типовые стили спортивной деятельности как канд. пед. наук / Мартемьянова Ю.Г. – Л., 1990. психологический феномен: ресурсы эффективно- 10. Мерлин, В.С. Очерки интегрального иссле- сти // Психологический журнал. – 2016. – Т. 37. –№ дования индивидуальности / В.С. Мерлин. – М.: 6. – С. 70-82. Педагогика, 1986. 18. Турецкий, Б.В. Поединок фехтовальщиков / 11. Родионов, А.В. Влияние психологических фак- Б.В. Турецкий. – Киев: Здоровье, 1985. торов на спортивный результат / А.В. Родионов. – 19. Якубчик, Б.И. Некоторые типологические раз- М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1983. личия в деятельности спортсменов-акробатов / Б.И. Якубчик // Вопр. психологии – 1964. – № 5. – С. 20-30.

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UDC 159.9 ON THE QUESTION OF SOMATIC EXPERIENCE PRODUCTIVITY AS A METHOD OF PSYCHO- EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOSOMATIC REGULATION OF THE STATE IN HIGHLY QUALIFIED ATHLETES К ВОПРОСУ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ SOMATIC EXPERIENCE КАК МЕТОДА ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ И ПСИХОСОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ СОСТОЯНИЯ СПОРТСМЕНОВ ВЫСОКОЙ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ

Lukichev Vladimir – Lead Afanas’ev Vadim – Master Counselor at the HBAssistance, of Physical Culture and Gestalt Therapist, Existential Sports Science, Expert in Therapist Psychodiagnostics at the HBAssistance Лукичев Владимир Владимирович – ведущий Афанасьев психолог-консультант Вадим Геннадьевич – HBAssistance, гештальттерапевт, эксперт HBAssistance по экзистенциальный психодиагностике, магистр психотерапевт физической культуры и спорта

Koss Viktor – PhD in Medical Keywords: athletes, somatics, stress disorder, motivation. Science, Neurologist, Head of the Laboratory of Sports Neurology Abstract. The article is devoted to the working out of the in the Research Institute of Sports new method of psychoresonance for professional athletes. and Sports Medicine at the Worked out the new method and recommendations for it Russian State University of Physical implementation into athletes training practice. Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE)

Косс Виктор Викторович – канд. мед. наук, невролог, заведующий лаборатории спортивной неврологии НИИ Спорта и Спортивной медицины Российского государственного университета физической культуры, спорта, молодежи и туризма (ГЦОЛИФК)

Ключевые слова: спортсмены, соматика, стрессовое расстройство, мотивация. Аннотация. Статья посвящена результатам разработки новой методики психорегуляции профессио- нальных спортсменов. Разработана методика и рекомендации по ее внедрению в систему подготовки спортсменов.

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The relevance of the study. Nowadays it is nec- lead to negative somatic consequences. Thus, the first essary to speak about relevance of the organization question that we should ask is whether there are any of the qualified psychological and pedagogical main- complex systems of psychological and pedagogical tenance (further – PPS) of sports activity not in the support for sports today, and if, yes, then have special mode of academic speculations, but in the context of techniques been developed in their context that take the solution of urgent problems. We see how tacitly into account all the subtleties of the psycho-somatic taken as a basis, the “pharmacological approach” to processes of the human body and are aimed at harmo- optimizing the performance of athletes in competitive nious regulation? Certainly, in the framework of one ar- practice does not justify itself, compromising athletes ticle, we will not be able to conduct a full literary anal- and putting in a difficult position sports federations ysis of Russian and foreign sources claiming to solve at the highest level. In this situation, the need to form the problem of organizing an integrated PPS sports a comprehensive system of psychological and peda- activity. However, in order to make the task easier for gogical assistance to the sports process comes to the ourselves, we will try to give our own basic definition fore, in which an effective method of self-regulation of the conditions under which it can be argued that the of psycho-emotional and psychophysical well-being of psychological and pedagogical support is truly com- the athlete becomes one of the key tools, along with plex. To this end, we will identify three basic blocks of the reasonable use of medical and biological approach the diverse activities of the sports psychologist within and other measures of sports support. However, it is the framework of the faculty structure. With the cardi- not enough just to declare the relevance of such a task, nal difference of tasks, these blocks are closely inter- it is necessary to analyze the readiness of the environ- related and complement each other. Let us describe ment to translate the actual and in-demand into real them in brief: and effective. In this article, we partially share the an- 1. Diagnostic-prognostic (set of diagnostic pro- noyance of one of the brightest modern researchers of grams developed by the program-targeted or other sports psychology Safonov V.K., when he states the fol- method, methods of prediction of variable objects: lowing: “it can be stated that in the 21st century, as 30 from the effectiveness of training plans to the perfor- years ago, there is a dismissive attitude to the psycho- mance of an athlete in a competition, specific methods logical provision of training of athletes by sports func- for implementing diagnostic and prognostic proce- tionaries. A striking example of this is the last Olympics dures and work with the data) of our century, when the task of psychology in sports 2. Psycho-pedagogical (upbringing and motiva- was formulated unambiguously – to set the athlete tion, implementation of psychological work in the tri- to win. This ignores the fact that the psyche has the ad of a psychologist-trainer-athlete, observation and ability to regulate the somatics of the body. Functional maintenance of an athlete in the context of a training injury is always associated with the manifestation of cycle, pre-competitive preparation and post-compet- inadequate mental reactions to stressful situations of itive rehabilitation, lecturing, interviewing, assistance sports activities. Sports loads lead to psychological in solving social and psychological issues) overstrain and, as a consequence, reduce the adaptive 3. Correctional-developing (usage of the system (primarily mobilization) capabilities of the psyche. As of psychocorrectional measures of influence on an a result, there is an increase in functional costs for the athlete: individual counseling, training, development performance of activities, a decrease in the function- and implementation of methods of psycho-emotional ality of the athlete, the probability of functional injury and psychosomatic regulation of athletes, work with increases” [14]. extreme situations (trauma, withdrawal from competi- In this quotation, Safonov not only indicates a lack tions, experiencing grief or loss), etc of attention to professional and systemic psycholog- Thus, within the framework of our article, we will ical and pedagogical assistance to sport, but also, in consider the techniques of self-regulation as the main fact, describes the mechanism of psycho-somatic com- element of the correctional-developing unit in the munication, showing how omissions associated with sports teaching staff system. working out complex mental states1 of an athlete can Now let us turn to one of the classic works – “Psychopedagogy of Sport” Gorbunov G.D. [3], as, of course, matching the criteria proposed above, and we 1 in the article mentioned above, Safonov gives a detailed re- port on the psychological examination of highly qualified athletes will try to understand what methods of correctional and the disappointing symptomatology identified during this ex- and developmental impact are proposed by this work. amination – commentary of author. The monograph was chosen by us not by chance. The

24 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ISSUES AND HISTORY PSYCHOLOGIST fact is that the main thesis of the author is a refrain the special patterns of the psyche and the brain in a that sounds throughout the work, is the statement state of hypnosis, gets acquainted with “with the eth- that “theoretical psychology uses sport to obtain the ics and safety conditions) of the method and under- necessary data, but does not give athletes anything to goes personal therapy. get results” (Gorbunov G.D.). it is precisely the “influ- Further, most of the methods proposed by Gorbunov encing” technologies, in this way, where, if not here, to absolutely correspond to the imperative, which Safonov seek an exhaustive answer to our question? ironically said in his article – “set up an athlete to win”. So, in his work, the author identifies such structural This subject – an objective or instrumental, if you will, elements of the psycho-pedagogical complex as: approach, in our opinion, does not correspond to the – psychodiagnostics spirit of humanization of modern sports, ignoring of – psychological training of an athlete which gave rise to the “pharmacological crisis”. – the process of education in the system of psycho- It is necessary to be objective and pay tribute to logical preparation of an athlete the work “Psychopedagogy of Sport”, where the au- – the process of self-education in the system of thor still devotes quite a few chapters to helping the general training of an athlete athlete overcome stressful and crisis situations, talking – psychoregulation, as a recovery method about relaxation and rest technologies, but even here – correction of mental states in order to strengthen we will not find explanations for the deep psychody- the athlete’s ego defenses at the final stage of prepa- namic problems that often affect the performance of ration for responsible competitions an athlete is no less than “overtraining”, “pre-start anx- The author’s conviction affects the substantive part iety” and other factors limited solely by the specifics of of the work, where Gorbunov mainly describes the sports activities. diverse ways of pedagogical, psychological and psy- And, finally, it is extremely important to pay atten- chocorrectional impact on the athlete. And in the field tion to the fundamental difference between the con- of his interest, both classical methods of pedagogy: cepts of the holistic method and individual techniques, “suggestion”, “conversation”, “motivation”, “advance as different structural-hierarchical levels of work of the payment”, and methods of “hypnosis and autogenic psychologist and the practitioner. The method is a set training” fall into the field. Describing the actual psy- of techniques connected by a single conceptual rep- chological arsenal of technologies, Gorbunov pays at- resentation and structured in a sequence that solves tention even to such non-trivial methods as the “psy- various tasks on the way to the realization of the main cho-energetic trance” used to restore an athlete after goal of the method. Thus, it would be incorrect, speak- heavy training loads or competitions. ing of the method, to cite separate psychological ex- It would seem that the answer was received, we re- ercises or modifications of various trainings, which, viewed the complex system of PPS sports and found unfortunately, is often done even in the specialized in it a significant list of techniques for influencing the literature, is not free from this confusion and “Psycho psycho-emotional state of an athlete. pedagogy of sport”. Such an error leads the reader to However, we will not be in a hurry, let’s carefully the illusory feeling of a huge variety of methods of psy- read what the author is offering us. First, his main de- cho-emotional and psychosomatic self-regulation in sire to saturate the faculty system with “acting techni- modern sports, which does not correspond to reality. cians” forces him to constantly increase the degree of However, this is not only a matter of theory, but, first intensity of exposure: for example, you can see hyp- and foremost, practice: no spontaneous or even super- nosis in the pedagogical and upbringing techniques ficially structured sequence of techniques will ever be section. With all due respect to the author, to consider equal in its effectiveness to a well-developed method: hypnosis as a “pedagogical” tool is not only incorrectly, an athlete can randomly tackle various projectiles in but also rather risky. Hypnotherapy is indeed an effec- the gym, make an arbitrary number of sets and reps. tive method and one of the schools of directive psy- The result may be some strengthening of muscles or chotherapy (and the phenomenon of hypnosis has a injury, as a result of unbalanced loads, and only when centuries-old history since the “mystical experiments” an experienced trainer offers a beginner a method of of Anton Mesmer, from which the original name of the training his progress will be much more significant, method came out – “mesmerism”), but mastering this and the probability of injury will decrease. method requires a long training where the student re- Now that we have found some obvious deficiencies ceives not just technical instructions and mechanically in the theory and practice of the teaching staff of the performs certain manipulations, but also learns about sport, it’s time to make a reasonable proposal.

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In 2018, within the framework of the research and “characterological-muscular shell”). Reichian therapy development project “Developing and Implementing was aimed at consistent release from typical muscular Scientifically Based Proposals for Creating a System clamps and release of vital energy. During the session, of Comprehensive Psychological and Pedagogical the client had to perform a number of manipulations Support for High-Qualified Athletes by the Program- with his own body, as in the European tradition, the Target Method and Prognostic Analysis”, a group of first “body therapy” was born. specialists from HB-Assistance (St. Petersburg) carried Since then, quite a lot of specialists (Alexander out work with high-qualified athletes. In total, it was Lowen, Ida Rolf, Peter Levin) have passed in the direc- attended by 120 athletes representing: wrestling, cy- tion set by Reich introducing their concepts and meth- cling, rowing and canoeing, hockey and sailing. The odological arsenal, but the essence of physical therapy aim of the project was the development of scientif- has always remained unchanged – the discovery of the ically based recommendations for optimizing the “physical blocks” of various genesis and the discharge teaching staff of highly qualified athletes. Among the of mental stress associated with them. complex of tasks that were solved by specialists, there The Somatic Experience technique (Somatic Living) was also the task of developing the author’s method of takes as a basis the “Somatic Trauma Therapy” by Peter self-regulation of the psycho-emotional and psychoso- Levine, who asserted that in the course of our life we matic state of athletes. Such a technique has become meet with a special type of psychosomatic experienc- the technique of SomaticExperience (Somatic Living), es – “traumas”. Trauma is the “environmental impact which is discussed below. that is greater than the body’s ability to resist” (Levine, Somatic living: a method of physical therapy in 2006). Levin pointed to several types of injuries, among the history of psychology. Any scientific knowledge them: shock, medical, birth trauma and psycho-emo- develops by accumulating and then overcoming the tional trauma. For the scientist, the most important experience contained in the current scientific para- consequence of the trauma was the nervous excite- digm. In the present situation, “grassroot invention” ment locked in our body and psyche, connected with immediately gives rise to suspicion, since any of the the mobilization of the body to the basic instinctive scientific fields has already accumulated a number responses: “flight” or “struggle” and unresolved due to of fundamental ideas that, one way or another, must the impact of the traumatic factor. A classic example of be taken into account in the new development and a “shock” injury can be a sudden attack on a person: at although the practical psychology and psychothera- this moment the endogenous processes in our body py of the field are still quite young, but here there are dramatically change their character, causing the psyche already some solid empirically proven ideas and the- to instantly mobilize. Now imagine that in this state of oretically grounded points that need to be taken into peak excitement someone hits a person from behind account when talking about the development of an and he instantly loses consciousness. Mobilized ener- “innovative methodology”. So, the first thing we need gy does not find relaxation (as it involuntarily occurs to point out is the “genealogy” of our methodology in many animals through neuromuscular convulsions, in the history of psychology and psychotherapy. This after consciousness returns) and gradually generates pedigree begins with the teachings of one of Sigmund psychopathological products. Among the diverse Freud’s first students and colleagues, Wilhelm Reich. symptoms of an incomplete traumatic reaction, Levin Wilheim Riech (1897-1957) was Freud’s first clinical called: disturbed sleep and appetite, apathy, decreased assistant from 1922 to 1927. Then he had theoretical general tone, the occurrence of regular pain of obscure differences with his leader, since Reich believed that genesis, uncomfortable experience changes in bodily every neurosis is based on the absence of sexual sat- sense of mind (unnatural ease or vice versa heaviness isfaction, while Freud saw this is reductionism and in limbs, chest, stomach or genital area) etc. The most simplification of its own method. Reich focused his serious consequences which are indicated by a scien- research on the question of how a person retains li- tist who has worked part of his professional biography bidinal impulses and soon came to the conclusion that in rehabilitation clinics for war veterans is – PTSD (post a specific muscle group is involved in any act of “re- traumatic stress disorder) with psychotic manifesta- tention”. Over time, muscle fixation becomes chronic. tions, in fact, disabling the person. So we acquire our “muscular armor”, which forms and Based on the concept of Levin, we were guided by originality of our neurosis or character, which is ab- the following considerations: solutely identical in terms of Reich’s teachings (which 1. Sport – extremely traumatic sphere (shock, med- is why researchers of Reich often use the concept of ical injuries)

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2. That is in the sport of records an athlete needs to without intensive immersion in group psychotherapy maximally fully mobilize his musculoskeletal potential, and psychotherapy in a group, and which will allow which is simply impossible with the presence of active athletes to develop skills for self-regulation and con- traumatic experiences. stantly progress in them. 3. Intensive training process makes an athlete ex- Below we will look at each of these skills sequentially. tremely susceptible to the bodily process associat- 1. The formation of the basic consciousness of ed with specific motor loads and assessing his own the somatic experience (CSE). To most of us, athletes functional state in the context of the implementation seem to be over-competent in matters related to the of specific training tasks, but, paradoxically, dulls the awareness and development of their own physicality, sensitivity to subtler processes associated with the di- but this is not entirely true, and often things are quite versity of his own somatic experience. the opposite. 4. Very often, where it is necessary to work out Above, we have already said that regular and in- and resolve a traumatic experience that manifests it- tensive training makes athletes sensitive to a particu- self through a number of symptoms familiar to a spe- lar way of psychomotor behavior, directs reflection on cialist working in the paradigm of bodily therapy and certain muscle groups and related motor tasks, and an SBT in particular, supporters of the medical-biological athlete may be completely insensitive to various so- approach use pharmacology, which leads to the ex- matic experience that takes place in the body. tinction of symptoms, but also chronicles injury that Very often, in the course of practical work with a not only does not give the athlete a chance to mobi- group of athletes in response to the question “How lize latent psychosomatic resources, but also, in the does your body feel now?”, we get the invariable an- long run, leads to a decrease in his productivity, up to swer “Normally”, and when specifying the question: a complete inability to manage sporty tasks without “What is happening in your body now?” – athletes constant pharmacological correction. usually lead rough “peripheral sensations”: “I want to 5. Even in the absence of severe traumatic symp- sleep”, “I want to go to the toilet”, “I’m tired”, or they toms in an athlete, the technique provides a whole find it difficult to answer at all, since these questions range of useful skills, which are usually the methods have no connection for them with a practical motor of self-regulation (concentration, relaxation, the abil- task and expose complete incompetence in the matter ity to accurately and deeply assess your functional of somatic experience, cl sequences and block any pos- state, use bodily resources in training and competitive sibility for the development of somatic self-control, so processes). necessary for the optimization of the training process. “Somatic Experience”: the sequence of tasks, 1. Getting an experienced understanding of the the correct understanding of the procedural as- traumatic and resource somatic experience of your pects of work and their ultimate meaning. When we own body. The concept of “psychological resources” work according to the method of “SomaticExperience” and resource experiences is not new in psychology. (hereinafter referred to as SE) of trauma, we need to Very often, the concept of positive coping is synony- master several special skills that are not available in mous with psychological or personal resources. One everyday life and without which substantial progress way or another, this concept reflects the ability of an in this work will simply be impossible. individual to overcome internal or external discomfort 1. Formation of the basic consciousness of the so- with the help of certain skills, qualities, abilities, etc. matic experience Often resources are divided into external and inter- 2. Obtaining an experienced understanding of the nal. To the internal we refer: temperamental, character- traumatic and resource somatic experience of one’s ological, personal and behavioral characteristics of a own body person, and to external: objects, situations, conditions 3. Titration: the use of resource somatic experience and other people (the latter, in our opinion, raises a to resolve the traumatic experience number of problems and requires the introduction It is important to note that in this case we will con- of an idea of “intermediate resources, that is, resourc- sciously avoid the psychotherapeutic aspect of this es related to interpersonal relationships that can not method, since regular psychotherapy requires a spe- be uniquely attributed to either external, nickname cially organized context, which is absolutely irrelevant internal) for the situation of the training process of highly qual- In the context of the work of P. Levin, resources are ified athletes. Thus, we will focus on those elements most often considered as a special somatic experience that can be used in a procedural and training format, that allows one to cope with one or another traumatic

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experience. The basic carrier of such resources are sen- further reduces the likelihood of successful study and sations. That is why, in order to master this effective exit from a traumatic experience. work with resources, it is necessary to go through the 3. Titration: the use of resource somatic experi- first step described by us above and to work out the ence to resolve the traumatic experience. Initially, awareness and tracking of sensations. the term “titration” existed only in the context of ex- We know that sport is one of the most traumatic perimental chemistry and meant the determination activities in which people can be involved. However, of the content of a substance by gradually mixing the working according to the methodology of the joint analyzed solution (for example, acid) with a controlled venture with athletes, incl. the most highly qualified, we amount of reagent (for example, alkali). The end point will definitely face a simplified understanding of trau- of the titration (the completion of a chemical reaction) ma, trauma experiences and traumatic consequences. was set by changing the color of the chemical indicator. For example, for a fighter athlete, the “traumatic Nevertheless, Levin often uses this term in his work, experience” will be exhausted by the idea of getting giving it a metaphorical hue and indicating that the a specific physical injury, pain, motor discomfort, re- psychic dynamics unfolding when working through a covery process and its final result, which, again, will be traumatic experience with the help of resources is very considered through the presence of pain and freedom similar to the description of a given chemical process. of motor activity. The following postulates are extremely important However, this approach completely ignores the for a correct understanding and implementation of “subsurface part of the iceberg.” Thus, in the course of psychological titration: our work, we need to expand our understanding of the – In the course of this practice, we introduce into traumatic experience, give a detailed description and interaction, both traumatic experiences and resource make an experimental demonstration of a particular experiences. somatic experience that indicates the incompleteness – The balance between negative somatic experi- of the traumatic experience of this or that athlete. ence and positive body resources should be strictly Let’s make a symptomatic structure of this expe- observed and always be in favor of the latter. Incorrect rience and divide traumatic experience into negative forcing the residence of a traumatic experience with a somatic experience and the external expression. lack of resources can lead to the effect of retraumatiza- 1. Somatic experience indicating the incomplete- tion and consolidation of negative experience ness of a traumatic experience may include: – Traumatic experience cannot be understood as – decrease or loss of sensitivity in a particular area the totality of all injuries and failures that occurred in of the body when you try a mental scan of your own a person’s life; each experience must be worked out body isolated until complete resolution. – feeling of “freezing”, “obstacles” – A complex traumatic experience must always be – feelings of “separation of the body into parts” viewed as a set of elements of experience (dividing an in- – feelings of “alienation” of one or another part of jury event into fragments) and for each of these elements the body (“a leg as not your own”) a corresponding “titrating” resource must be found. – sensations of constriction or unpleasant stress – The same symptom can be worked out sever- – spontaneous occurrence of pain al times until the patient has not found a complete 2. External manifestations of a continuing traumatic change in the nature of the sensations experience can be expressed in: – During the work of an experienced psychologist – sleep disturbance and his client, the first tries to turn to the internal bod- – increasing alarm ily resources of a person, sometimes assisting him in – mood lability case of certain difficulties, but in this work it is possible – decrease in training motivation to attract a “social resource”, that is, close colleagues – reducing professional self-esteem (community members or also undergoing or undergo- It is very important to note that even when expe- ing similar training). To manage the social process, it is riencing and realizing some of the anomalous man- necessary to create special conditions for group work, ifestations from the above list, an athlete may not which must be agreed in advance with all participants consciously discuss them with the trainer and medical in the psychological process, as well as with the admin- staff, because of fear of falling into the category of not istrators of such work. sufficiently reliable for health reasons, falling out of the Recommendations for the implementation of training process, skipping competitions, etc. This fact the methodology in the system of training highly

28 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ISSUES AND HISTORY PSYCHOLOGIST qualified athletes in the context of complex psy- 2) Practical work should take place in a room large chological and pedagogical support. First of all, it enough to accommodate all participants in the pro- is necessary to point out the temporal, structural and cess. At the time of work the room should be as iso- format-forming aspects of such work, which are ob- lated as possible from any external intervention: the ligatory to perform, if we want to get the maximum sudden appearance of people not participating in the therapeutic effect from the above method. work, annoying noises and so on. Stages of work: 3) The necessary stimulus material and material 1) Information: (total duration 3 hours), format – support of the process are discussed by the host and lecture, discussion, answers to questions. Number of the representative of the team in advance classes: 2-3 (depending on the possibilities of integrat- Somatic work aimed at improving the skills of ing work into the fabric of the training process) self-regulation, of course, has a number of features 2) The first practical unit: (total duration 4 hours) that must be taken into account in order to achieve procedural diagnostics of the functional state of ath- completeness of the therapeutic effect and minimize letes, identifying the individual specifics of negative any kind of risks associated with this method. psychosomatic and psycho-emotional experiences. Among these risks are the main ones: Format: 2 process groups (1.5 hours) + 1 group (sum- – lack of effectiveness or low efficiency of the marizing the experience, using individual self-assess- method ment questionnaires of the state). – catalyzation and “incompleteness” of complex 3) Second practical unit: (total duration 5 hours) experiences in the training participants “Formation of basic consciousness of the somatic ex- As we see, the main risks are, in fact, polar in na- perience (CSE)” Format: 5 training meetings for 1 hour, ture: from the likelihood of the absence of any effect between meetings, athletes receive individual “home- to the probability of excessive affectation. However, in work” from the host, aimed at replenishing the deficit both cases, the same reasons often lead to undesirable zones (“ gaps “) in awareness consequences. 4) Third practical unit: (total duration 10 hours) 1. The lack of effect is usually associated with the “Resources and Trauma”: athletes gradually master the negligent attitude of athletes to participate in psycho- experience of using somatic resources and learn to logical work. There is no regularity, consistency, under- recognize traumatic symptoms. Format: 10 procedur- standing and seeking competent support in the work, al groups for 1 hour. Athletes begin to keep diaries of in case of need clarification of the purpose and tasks of self-observation, which are used both in groups and independent work. It is possible and opposition from outside of them. the coaching staff, for one reason or another, who con- 5) Fourth practical unit: (total duration 15 hours) sider the work of little value or “taking too much useful “Titration”: relying on the support of a trainer, athletes time.” learn to work through traumatic experiences using Also, problems may also be related to external dis- the resources of their own body. Format 15 procedural organization of the work process: training participants groups, each for 1 hour. 10 groups the therapy process are not provided with enough information for inde- is carried out exclusively by the coach, 5 final groups he pendent work, assistants of the leading psychologist carries out his work with the help of involved assistants from among the most interested participants of the from among the most interested athletes in order to sports team or coaching staff who are able to moti- maximize the effect of mastering the process by the vate athletes to undergo independent work are not group, stimulate independent work and rally the team, prepared and specially trained basic somatic therapy covering it with a single process of mutual assistance. skills. 6) The fifth practical unit: “Maintenance and mainte- 2. The lack of competent psychological support for nance.” Individual psychological correction work with independent work of athletes can also be the cause of “difficult cases” and individual counseling for athletes “stuck” training participants in unpleasant experienc- in the process of self-mastering the new experience of es. Often, starting an independent practice and con- self-regulation. It is carried out throughout the work fronted with an unpleasant somatic or psychological and “on request” of any of the participants of the work. symptom, the training participant “drops” the work, The necessary conditions: believing that advancement will only cause an increase 1) The group should not exceed 15 people. If the in discomfort. Such a sharp interruption of work is ex- number of athletes involved in the work is much larger, tremely undesirable in itself, but if, at the same time, 2 or more parallel groups can be formed. there is no competent specialist of the psychological

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and pedagogical support system or a trained assistant implemented outside the productively working triad (with whom the athlete can report his experience), “psychologist-coach-athlete” then the delayed consequences can be much more – Preparation of a qualified psychologist “assis- negative: the practitioner risks significantly undermine tants”, that is, the group of the most interested mem- the development motivation in the field of self-regula- bers of the sports team in order to motivate and help tion or even lose it, which cannot but affect the effec- their colleagues in the event of difficulties in the pas- tiveness of the entire training process and, as a result, sage of individual work. Also, assistants are advised to the results of sports change. constantly keep in touch with a professional psycholo- It is important to understand that the occurrence of gist to obtain (if necessary) timely advice on individual strong negative experiences: cases (already mentioned in the general plan of work). – growth of the general psychoemotional tension – Regular procedural and diagnostic monitoring of – the occurrence of unpleasant sensations (burn- the development of athletes of the SE method by the ing, pain, weakness, tension, etc.) method of diagnostic planned cuts and conducting – the occurrence of bright negative emotional reac- group classes with demonstration works by the pro- tions (fear, anger) etc. testifies to the fact that this per- fessional psychologist, answers to questions raised by son has relevant traumatic experience, which impedes ordinary participants of the training and “assistants” in the process of self-regulation and in one way or anoth- the course of work. er influences the metabolic processes of the body and – An important recommendation is also the pro- the psychological state. The manifestation of “unpleas- vision of comfortable conditions for group work, the ant” symptoms in this case is a traumatic “activation”, main ones being the availability of sufficient space for that is, a manifestation of unconscious destructive pro- free placement of all participants of the training, isola- cesses in the body unconsciously, which in turn makes tion from other rooms (at least for the duration of the it possible to “deactivate the injury”, that is, to work classes), ensuring the integrity of the group (no one out negative bodily experience and complete the trau- comes and does not go away in the process of work) matic reaction. Thus, these manifestations should be and a time frame sufficient to carry out full-fledged viewed as evidence of the effectiveness of self-guided work. Also, it is advisable to provide in advance all the work, and the immediate tasks of the psychologist or necessary inventory and stimulus materials from both assistant at this stage are: the psychologist and the receiving party. (Already – working out of fear and doubt related to the oc- mentioned above in the necessary conditions) currence of unpleasant experiences and strengthen- Pre-approbation of the SomaticExperience ing of motivation to continue independent work. method within the project. As part of the pre-appro- – assistance in the catalysis of sufficient resources, bation of our methodology, HBAssistance specialists the passage and “detente”, the completion of the trau- conducted practical work with 110 athletes represent- matic experience. ing various sports (wrestling, canoeing, hockey, sailing Thus, based on the considered risks and their caus- and cycling). es, we can offer the following recommendations on The pre-approbation included an introductory les- the organization of an effective and safe procedure son divided into two successive blocks aimed at inform- for introducing the SE methodology into the process ing athletes about the meaning of the method used and of pre-competitive preparation and rehabilitation of procedural diagnostics of the functional state of athletes athletes: in the context of the Somatic Experience method: – Conducting a primary diagnostic study to identify Block 1: (theoretical) – the athletes got acquainted the temperamental and characterological characteris- with the basic concepts of the SE methodology, asked tics of athletes and anamnestic research to assess the their questions and received feedback from the leader individual traumatic experience of each athlete Block 2: (practical) – athletes received practical ex- – Conducting introductory theoretical and prac- perience in mastering basic techniques of SE, under the tical classes by a qualified specialist to describe the guidance of an experienced psychologist, conducted principles, goals and objectives of the work, practical the final “Sharing” (discussion of personal experience), demonstration of the method and clarification of tasks where athletes gave feedback on their experiences for individual work (already mentioned in the general and shared other impressions. plan of work) Based on these lessons, we managed to identify: – Motivational work with the coaching staff, About 30% of the athletes out of the total number since this technique can not be effectively of trained participants reported on symptomatology

30 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ISSUES AND HISTORY PSYCHOLOGIST that impeded both locomotor activity and simply sta- 4. Gogunov, E.V. Psychology of physical educa- ble negative experiences and somatic conditions. tion and sport / E.V. Gogunov, B.I. Mart’yanov. – M.: 28% had a history of medical operations under gen- Akademiya, 2000. – 288 p. eral anesthesia (which, according to Levin, is a “medical 5. Zejgarnik, B.V. Self-regulation of behavior in trauma”) health and disease / B.V. Zejgarnik, A.B. Holmogrova, About 15% of athletes reported experiencing shock E.S. Mazur // Psihologicheskij zhurnal. – 1989. – № 2, traumas during their athletic career and before it began t.10. – P. 121-133. About 8% of athletes reported obsessive and in- 6. Il’in, E.P. Psychomotor organization of man / E.P. tractable psychosomatic experiences (vegetative cri- Il’in. – SPb. : Piter, 2003. – 384 p. ses, circadian rhythm disturbances, tension headaches, 7. Kalshed, D. Inner world of trauma / D. Kalshed. – etc.) M. : Akademicheskij proekt, 2001. – 368 p. 3 participants in a confidential conversation re- 8. Louehn, A. Physical dynamics of the structure of ported on the symptomatology of PTSD (post-trau- the character / A. Louehn. – M. : Kompaniya Pani, 1996. matic stress disorder) and OCD (obsessive-compulsive – 320 p. disorder) 9. Louehn, A. Depression and body / A. Louehn. – Также, по результатам устного опроса M. : Ehksmo-Press, 2002. – 384 p. спортсменов, 75% высказало заинтересованность 10. Matveev, L.P. Fundamentals of the general the- в дальнейшем знакомстве с методом и желание ory of sports and the system of training athletes / L.P. научиться самостоятельной работе по методике Matveev. – Kiev: Olimpijskaya literatura, 1999. – 318 p. СП. 11. Mazur, E.S. “ Zejgarnik Effect” and the concept Also, according to the results of an oral survey of of incomplete actions in gestalt therapy / E.S. Mazur // athletes, 75% expressed interest in further acquaint- Sbornik materialov Moskovskogo instituta geshtal’ta i ance with the method and a desire to learn independ- psihodramy. – M., 1998, – P. 6-17. ent work on the methodology of SE. 12. Puni, A.C. The problem of personality in the psy- Based on the foregoing and these results, we rec- chology of sport / A.C. Puni. – M.,1980. – 28 p. ommend using the “SomaticExperience” technique to 13. Rajh, V. Characterbars / Per. s angl. A. Bokovikova. work with highly qualified athletes. At the very begin- – M.: «Kogito-Centr», 2006. – 368 p. ning of our article, we cited quite pessimistic thoughts 14. Safonov, V.K. Psychology of sport – modern of Safonov V.K., regarding the current state of the teach- problems of scientific and practical support of sports ing staff system in big-time sports. The main criterion activities / V.K. Safonov // Nacional’nyj psihologicheskij for pessimism was the data of a diagnostic study that zhurnal. – 2012. – №2(8). – P. 71-74. showed a variety of pathological psychosymptomatics 15. Selye, G. Some aspects of the doctrine of stress in a larger number of professional athletes. It seems to / G. Selye // Priroda. – 1970. –№ 1. us that the method proposed here could effectively and 16. Selye, G. At the level of the whole organism / G. ecologically solve a number of problems that generate Selye. – M. : Nauka, 1972. – 123 p. such a state. It is difficult to overestimate the impor- 17. Selye, G. Stress without distress / G. Selye. – M.: tance of practical data that could be obtained as a result Progress, 1982. – 124 p. of carrying out a full range of activities included in the 18. Levine, P. Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma / P. method of Somatic Living. However, for now we remain Levine. – North Atlantic books, Berkeley, 1997. – 274 p. only at the level of assumptions, albeit supported by a 19. Levine, P. Nature’s lessons in healing trauma. significant amount of scientific and practical data. Foundation for trauma Enrichment / P. Levine. – Lyons, 1996. – 15 p. Literature 1. Aleksandrovskij, Yu.A. Borderline mental disor- Литература ders : Manual for physicians / Yu.A. Aleksandrovskij. – 1. Александровский, Ю.А. Пограничные психиче- M. : Medicina, 1993. – 398 p. ские расстройства : Руководство для врачей / Ю.А. 2. Bubenko, V.Yu. Dynamics of self-regulation in the Александровский. – М. : Медицина, 1993. – 398 с. process of psychotherapy / V.Yu. Bubenko. – M., 2002. 2. Бубенко, В.Ю. Динамика саморегуляции в про- – 98 p. цессе психотерапии / В.Ю. Бубенко. – М., 2002. – 98 с. 3. Gorbunov, G.D. Psychopedagogy sports : text- 3. Горбунов, Г.Д. Психопедагогика спорта : учеб. book / G.D. Gorbunov. – M. : Sovetskij sport, 2012. – пособие / Г.Д. Горбунов. – М. : Советский спорт, 2012. 312 p. – 312 с.

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4. Гогунов, Е.В. Психология физического воспи- института гештальта и психодрамы. – М., 1998, – С. тания и спорта / Е.В. Гогунов, Б.И. Мартьянов. – М.: 6 -17. Академия, 2000. – 288 с. 12. Пуни, А.Ц. Проблема личности в психологии 5. Зейгарник, Б.В. Саморегуляция поведения в спорта / А.Ц. Пуни. – М.,1980. – 28 с. норме и патологии / Б.В. Зейгарник, А.Б. Холмогрова, 13. Райх, В. Характероанализ / Пер. с англ. А. Е.С. Мазур // Психологический журнал. – 1989. – № 2, Боковикова. – М.: «Когито-Центр», 2006. – 368 с. т.10. – С. 121-133. 14. Сафонов, В.К. Психология спорта – совре- 6. Ильин, Е.П. Психомоторная организация чело- менные задачи научно-практического обеспече- века / Е.П. Ильин. – СПб. : Питер, 2003. – 384 с. ния спортивной деятельности / В.К. Сафонов // 7. Калшед, Д. Внутренний мир травмы / Д. Калшед. Национальный психологический журнал. – 2012. – – М. : Академический проект, 2001. – 368 с. №2(8). – С. 71-74. 8. Лоуэн, А. Физическая динамика структуры ха- 15. Селье, Г. Некоторые аспекты учения о стрессе рактера / А. Лоуэн. – М. : Компания Пани, 1996. – 320 с. / Г. Селье // Природа. – 1970. –№ 1. 9. Лоуэн, А. Депрессия и тело / А. Лоуэн. – М. : 16. Селье, Г. На уровне целого организма / Г. Эксмо-Пресс, 2002. – 384 с. Селье. – М. : Наука, 1972. – 123 с. 10. Матвеев, Л.П. Основы общей теории спор- 17. Селье, Г. Стресс без дистресса / Г. Селье. – М.: та и системы подготовки спортсменов / Л.П. Прогресс, 1982. – 124 с. Матвеев. – Киев: Олимпийская литература, 1999. 18. Levine, P. Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma / P. – 318 с. Levine. – North Atlantic books, Berkeley, 1997. – 274 p. 11. Мазур, Е.С. “Эффект Зейгарник” и концеп- 19. Levine, P. Nature’s lessons in healing trauma. ция незавершенных действий в гештальттерапии Foundation for trauma Enrichment / P. Levine. – Lyons, / Е.С. Мазур // Сборник материалов Московского 1996. – 15 p.

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UDC 159.9.072 SELF-PRESENTATION IN SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING САМОПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ В СИНХРОННОМ ПЛАВАНИИ

Shumova Natalia – PhD, Senior Shurochkina Mariya – Honored Lecturer of the Psychology Master of Sports in Synchronized Department at the Russian State Swimming, 5th year student of University of Physical Education, the Psychology Department at the Sport, Youth and Tourism Russian State University of Physical (SCOLIPE), Moscow, Russia, Education, Sport, Youth and [email protected] Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow, Russia

Шумова Наталия Сергеевна – Шурочкина канд. психол. наук, доцент Мария Владимировна – кафедры психологии заслуженный мастер спорта Российского государственного по синхронному плаванию, университета физической студентка 5-ого курса з/о культуры, спорта, молодежи и туризма (ГЦОЛИФК), кафедры психологии Российского государственного Москва, Россия университета физической культуры, спорта, молодежи и туризма (ГЦОЛИФК), Москва, Россия

Keywords: self-presentation, identity, personal maturity, conformism, stress. Abstract. Self-presentation plays an important role in those kind of sports, where results are judging by subjective criteria. The stereotypedness of the self-presentation in synchronized swimming is necessary for performances in a group, to impede the development of individuality and its involvement in overcoming stress.

Ключевые слова: самопрезентация, идентичность, личностная зрелость, конформизм, стресс. Аннотация. Самопрезентация играет важную роль в тех видах спорта, где результаты оцениваются по субъективным критериям. Трафаретность самопрезентации в синхронном плавании, необходимая при выступлениях в группе, препятствует развитию индивидуальности и ее задействованию при пре- одолении стресса.

The relevance of research. The success of self-pres- results are evaluated by subjective criteria and an entation mostly determines success in business, in per- important role is played by the impression that the sonal relationships, as well as achievements in sports, athlete makes on the judging team when performing where results are judged by subjective criteria. Factors motor actions affecting the success of self-presentation, the laws gov- Individuality in a sports team for the overall success erning the formation of a socially attractive image are of a team is often suppressed, as it is required to follow more and more interested not only by specialists, but the ideals and values of the team. Standardizing pro- also by a wide audience, including athletes. To create cesses contribute to the rapid and effective solution of an expressive image, you need to be able to highlight stereotypical tasks, but lead to uniformity of emotions and emphasize individual and typical features; figura- in the group, contribute to the loss of flexibility, the tive characteristics should not be smoothed or leveled predominance of the pattern of reactions, inhibit the [6, 11, 13]. Self-presentation, in turn, directly affects the further development of the group [8]. The predomi- identity, understood as the experience and construc- nance of the performing nature of creative activities, tion of a personality by a person [1]. playing games prevents the formation of resources, The problem of self-presentation is particularly rel- the growth of opportunities, obtaining rich sensorimo- evant for complex coordination sports, where sports tor experience and practical skills that could be useful

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in the future, does not allow to stimulate cognitive Krugloe”, the team “ SCOLIPE “ – in the Russian State functions, consciously work on yourself, try to more University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and accurately enter various images etc. [10, 11]. All this Tourism (SCOLIFK) in March 2018. makes the study of the features of self-presentation in The methodology. The data were obtained using complex coordination sports, including synchronized the following psychodiagnostic methods: scales of swimming, an interesting and urgent task. measurement of self-presentation tactics by S. Lee, B. Organization of the study. We conducted a com- Quigley, and others [14]; methods of studying the status parative study of the tactics of self-presentation, the of professional identity A.G. Gretsova, A. A. Azbel [5]; severity of the status of professional identity, the level psychological stress scale PSM-25 L.Lemyre, R.Tessier, of stress, and the structure of the relationship between L. Fillion in the adaptation of N.E. Vodopianova [4]. these indicators in the two groups of subjects: The results of the study. The subjects of the group • Russian national team in synchronized swimming “Olymp”, compared with the group “SCOLIPE”, showed (7 Honored Masters of Sports, 4 of them are Olympic significantly less developed, “diffuse” identity, reliably champions, 4 world-class Masters of Sports, 5 Masters more frequent use of both protective and assertive of Sports, n = 16). Conventional name is “Olymp”; self-presentation tactics (Table, Figure 1). • students of SCOLIPE specializing in water sports Such assertive tactics of self-presentation, which (water polo – 4 people, swimming – 4 people, syn- are reliably more often used in the group “Olymp” chronized swimming – 4 people), including 1 world- compared to the group “SCOLIPE”, are: “desire / effort class Master of Sports, 8 Candidates Master of Sports, to please”; “attributing to oneself achievements”, “ex- 3 Masters of Sports), n = 12, Conventional name is – aggerating one’s achievements” and “negative evalu- “SCOLIPE.” ation of others” are based on real facts, because the The age of sportswomen is 16-29 years old. success of the group “Olymp” of subjects is indeed The study of team “Olymp” was conducted by much higher than that of the subjects of the group Shurochkina M.V. on the Olympic sports base “Ozero “SCOLIPE”.

Table – Differences in the Mann-Whitney U-test data of two groups: «Olymp» (n=16) and «SCOLIPE» (n=12)

Olymp SCLIPE Methods Exponent Uemp central case Sigma central case Sigma Denial of responsibility 17,8 4,55 12,6 5,02 51* Acceptance with responsibility 20,3 6,83 15,5 6,19 55* Renunciation 20,1 5,81 15,8 7,28 62 Self-obstruction 16,9 5,47 11,3 3,92 39** Scale for Apology 37,1 3,69 34,8 6,00 68 measuring self- Desire / effort to please 27,4 8,98 18,0 5,17 35** presentation tactics S. Lee, B. Intimidation 8,9 2,86 7,3 1,44 62 Quigley Request / plea 15,3 4,74 11,0 4,47 42** Attribution of achievements 18,8 5,81 12,2 4,73 40** Exaggeration of achievements 15,3 6,08 9,9 3,94 45** Negative evaluation of others 12,3 4,23 7,2 2,59 26** An example to follow 26,4 7,35 22,8 9,35 70 Methods of Indefinite (diffuse) 3,0 2,00 1,2 1,11 42** studying the status Imposed 1,6 2,34 0,3 0,78 61 of prof. identity AG Gretsova, A. A. Moratorium 10,8 6,14 10,6 6,46 95 Azbel Formed 10,1 6,95 13,3 6,52 69 Psychological Mental Tension Indicator 95,4 22,59 76,8 28,64 65 stress scale PSM-25 Note: * (**) - the differences are significant at p≤0.05 (p≤0.01).

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Denial of responsibility

Acceptance with responsibility

Renunciation

Self-obstruction

Apology

Desire / effort to please

Intimidation

Request / plea Methods and indicators Attribution of achievements

Exaggeration of achievements Scale of measurement of self-presentation tactics of self-presentation Scale of measurement Negative evaluation of others

An example to follow

Indefinite (diffuse)

Imposed

Moratorium Professional Professional Identity Status Formed

Mental Tension Indicator PS M-25 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 SCOLIPE Olymp In% to the maximum possible value

Figure 1 – Differences between self-presentation tactics, stress level and status of professional identity group “Olymp” (n = 16) and group “SCOLIPE”, (n = 12)

Reliably more frequent use by the group “Olymp” relationship between which is similar to that in the of subjects than the group “SCOLIPE” of such tactics of group “SCOLIPE”, in the group “Olymp” are not related self-presentation of a protective type as: “justification to the described complex. In other words, in the group with denial of responsibility”, justification with accept- “Olymp”, self-presentation is not related to profession- ance of responsibility ”(aimed at avoiding“ sanctions al identity. ”for mistakes or bad deeds) is based the fact that team Discussion of the research results. The less responsibility makes it difficult to assess the effective- formed, diffuse identity of the group “Olymp” of sub- ness of the actions of an individual athlete, her person- jects is a consequence of the infantilism of their per- al contribution to the overall result. sonality. Infantile personality does not cope with the The structure of relationships in the group “Olymp” bonding and discriminating work necessary for the in- (Figure 2) is reliably distinguished by the presence of tegration of disparate ideas about themselves and oth- a complex of assertive (adequate) tactics of self-pres- ers, to unite their past, present and future identity into entation, interconnected with the desire (effort) to be a complex spatial-temporal (continual) integrity [9]. liked. Manifestations of this complex in the behavior As a rule, doubts about the value of one’s personal- of athletes of the group “Olymp” are the higher, the ity characteristic of an immature identity are accompa- higher the level of stress. However, two indicators nied by: moderate degree of dissatisfaction with one- – “Moratorium” and “Formed Identity”, the inverse self, bordering on indifference to oneself, a tendency

35 SPORTS №4 (51) 2018 PSYCHOLOGIST ATHLETE AND COACH PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

to conformism, low psychological autonomy, submis- Our subjects of the group “Olymp” are high-qual- sion (to a coach, a group of peers), acceptance of oth- ification synchronous sportswomen – masters of ers, ready-made patterns and patterns activities [7]. sports of world class, honored masters of sports and There is a possibility that from this stage the sub- Olympic champions (Rio de Janeiro, 2016) can be clas- jects will be able to move to a “moratorium” and then sified as representatives of public professions (actors, to “achieved identity”. To do this, you need to get a politicians, etc.) , having a high level of self-monitoring clear idea of how to adapt to social relations, about (self-control, communicative control). They are atten- your qualities, combine your “I” into a stable and con- tive to appearance, easily adapt to the expectations tinuous, go through the period of making your own of the audience, maintain frequent contact with many decisions, including when choosing a system of values people, but they may not rely on their own attitudes or future professional activities. when making decisions [2]. In the event of a negative However, most often, the infantilism tendencies reaction from a biased audience, female athletes can that characterize an unformed (diffuse) identity with turn to self-presentation defensive tactics (for exam- the further maturity only increase, and the indicators ple, to “prevent oneself” – creating the appearance of of socio-psychological adaptation and personal matu- interference). It is good that at this time our team in rity decrease. These tendencies are accompanied by: synchronized swimming is a favorite of international the desire to escape from reality, self-denial, depend- competitions. ence, experiencing emotional discomfort, pessimism, The lack of an interconnection between tactics apathy, depression, undirected anger, alienation, anx- of self-presentation and professional identity in the iety, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness [3, 12]. group “Olymp” does not allow female athletes to rely Reliably more frequent use of protective and as- on identity, for example, in overcoming stress, cre- sertive self-presentation tactics in the group “Olymp” ates a high risk of destabilization of self-relationship, suggests that the subjects of this group are more in- over-dependence on significant others. clined to manage their own self-presentation taking The stencil of the self-presentation of the subjects into account the specific social situation compared to of the group “Olymp” does not allow, experimenting the group “SCOLIPE”. with identity, to receive support in the manifestation

Olymp

Exaggeration 0,89 Attribution 0,79 Self- of achievements of achievements obstruction 0,61 0,67 0,61 Intimidation Stress Request / plea

Formed Moratorium 0,87 identity

SCOLIPE 0,69 0,87 Moratorium Renunciation Denial of responsibility -0,95 0,69

Formed Acceptance identity with responsibility

Figure 2 – Significantly different fragments of the correlation graphs of the group “Olymp” and group “SCOLIPE”

36 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS ATHLETE AND COACH PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGIST of their individual qualities, and this is an important 3. Vasilyeva, O.S. Self-consciousness maturity as condition for the development of individuality. a condition for stress tolerance / O.S. Vasilyeva, E.V. The formation of a more complex and well-func- Belinsky // Psychology of maturity and aging: a quar- tioning self-regulation system requires serious work terly scientific journal / Ed. O.V. Krasnova. – 2010. – №3 of specialists in the formation of personality based on (51). – p. 5–24. the knowledge of the resources and capabilities of a 4. Vodopyanova, N.E. Burnout syndrome: diagnosis particular synchronizer. and prevention / N.E. Vodopyanova, E.S. Starchenkova. Findings: – SPb. – 2005. – 258 s. 1. In the group “Olymp”, compared with the group 5. Gretsov, A.G. Know yourself. Psychological tests “SCOLIPE”, the immature, unformed, diffuse identity for adolescents / A.G. Gretsov, A.A. Azbel. – SPb. Peter is more pronounced, self-presentation is focused on –2006. – p. 143–155. meeting the expectations and preferences of the au- 6. Ermolaeva, E.P. Psychology of social realization of a dience, and not on their own self-esteem or person- professional / E.P. Ermolaeva. M.: IP RAS. – 2008. – 129 p. al idea of the ideal. Their social role and the need to 7. Ermolaeva, M.V. Developmental psychology: a match the role is poorly understood by the subjects. methodological guide for students of correspondence 2. The group “Olymp” subjects are reliably more and distance learning / M.V. Ermolaeva. – 4th edition, likely than the group “SCOLIPE” to use a variety of stereotypical. – M.: MPSI. – 2008. – 376 s. self-presentation tactics aimed at: 8. Ilyin, E.P. Sports Psychology / E.P. Ilyin. – St. • please, make an impression of a successful, strong, Petersburg: Peter. – 2008. – 352 s. status person; 9. Magomed-Eminov, M.Sh. Activity-semantic ap- • receive support as necessary with threats and in- proach to the transformation of personality: Dis. ... timidation, as well as with requests and pleas; Dr. psychol. Science / M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov. – M. – • protect the image created by demonstrating ex- 2009. – 243 p. isting or made-up problems due to excessive focus on 10. Mazepa, I.A. Artistic components and methods the features of appearance and character and poor of their development / I.A. Mazepa // Uchenye zapiski awareness of their social role. universiteta imeni PF Lesgaft. – 2010. – №1 (59). – pp. 3. The frequency of manifestation of a complex 42-46. of assertive types of self-presentation, interconnect- 11. Nemerovsky, A. Plastic expressiveness of the ac- ed with the desire, diligence to please the subjects of tor / A. Nemerovsky. M.: “Art”. – 1988. – 191 s. the group “Olymp” is interconnected with the level of 12. Savina, O.O. Psychological analysis of the trans- stress and is not related to the level of formation of formation of the identity of the individual in adoles- professional identity (unlike the subjects of the group cence and youth / O.O. Savina // Bulletin of Moscow “SCOLIPE”). This creates a high risk of destabilization University. – Series 14. Psychology. – 2011. – №4. – with. of self-attitude among the subjects of the “Olympus” 118-128. group, their over-dependence in stressful conditions 13. Stolyarov, V.I. Sport and art: similarities, differ- on the assessments of significant others. ences, ways of integration / Comp. and ed. V.V. Kuzin, 4. The subjects of the group “SCOLIPE”revealed V.I. Stolyarov, N.N. Chesnokov // Sport, spiritual val- an interconnectedness of the “moratorium” of iden- ues, culture. Issue fifth. Sport, aesthetics, art: Sat. – U: tity and the frequency of self-presentation protective Humanitarian Center “Sparta” RGAFK. – 1998. – pp. tactics (mainly aimed at avoiding responsibility, “sanc- 101–265. tions” for mistakes or bad actions). 14. Chiker, V.A. 18 training programs. A guide for professionals / V.A. Chiker – SPb .: Speech. – 2007. – Literature 368 p. 1. Abushenko, V.L. The problem of identity: the specifics of cultural-philosophical and cultural-soci- Литература ological vision / Ed. Yu.M. Reznik, M.V. Tlostanova // 1. Абушенко, В.Л. Проблема идентичностей: Questions of social theory: Scientific almanac. – 2010. – специфика культур-философского и культур-со- Vol. 4. Man in search of identity. – M .: Interdisciplinary циологического видения / Под ред. Ю.М. Резника, society of social theory. P. 129. М.В. Тлостановой // Вопросы социальной теории: 2. Bolotov, A.K. Psychology of communications: mon- Научный альманах. – 2010. – Т. 4. Человек в поисках ograph. / A.K. Bolotova, Yu.M. Zhukov. – M.: Izd. home of идентичности. – М.: Междисциплинарное общество the Higher School of Economics. – 2015. – 288 p. социальной теории. С. 129.

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2. Болотова, А.К. Психология коммуникаций: мо- 9. Магомед-Эминов, М.Ш. Деятельностно- ногр. / А.К. Болотова, Ю.М. Жуков. – М. : Изд. дом смысловой подход к трансформации личности: Дис. Высшей школы экономики. – 2015. – 288 с. … докт. психол. Наук / М.Ш. Магомед-Эминов. – М. 3. Васильева, О.С. Зрелость самосознания как ус- – 2009. – 243 с. ловие толерантности к стрессу / О.С. Васильева, Е.В. 10. Мазепа, И.А. Компоненты артистизма и методы Белинская // Психология зрелости и старения: еже- их развития / И.А. Мазепа // Ученые записки универ- квартальный научно-практический журнал / Ред. ситета имени П.Ф. Лесгафта. – 2010. – №1 (59). – С. 42-46. О.В. Краснова. – 2010. – №3(51). – С. 5–24. 11. Немеровский, А. Пластическая выразитель- 4. Водопьянова, Н.Е. Синдром выгорания: диа- ность актера / А. Немеровский. М. : «Искусство». – гностика и профилактика / Н.Е. Водопьянова, Е.С. 1988. – 191 с. Старченкова. – СПб. – 2005. – 258 с. 12. Савина, О.О. Психологический анализ транс- 5. Грецов, А.Г. Узнай себя. Психологические те- формации идентичности личности в подростко- сты для подростков / А.Г. Грецов, А.А. Азбель. – СПб. вом и юношеском возрасте / О.О. Савина // Вестник : Питер. –2006. – С. 143–155. Московского университета. – Серия 14. Психология. 6. Ермолаева, Е.П. Психология социальной ре- – 2011. – №4. – с. 118–128. ализации профессионала / Е.П. Ермолаева. М. : ИП 13. Столяров, В.И. Спорт и искусство: сходство, РАН. – 2008. – 129 с. различие, пути интеграции / Сост. и ред. В.В. Кузин, 7. Ермолаева, М.В. Психология развития: мето- В.И. Столяров, Н.Н. Чесноков // Спорт, духовные цен- дическое пособие для студентов заочной и дис- ности, культура. Вып. пятый. Спорт, эстетика, искус- танционной форм обучения / М.В. Ермолаева. – ство: Сб. – Щ: Гуманитарный Центр «СпАрт» РГАФК. 4-е издание, стереотипное. – М. : МПСИ. – 2008. – 1998. – С. 101–265. – 376 с. 14. Чикер, В.А. 18 программ тренингов. 8. Ильин, Е.П. Психология спорта / Е.П. Ильин. – Руководство для профессионалов / В.А. Чикер. – Санкт-Петербург : Питер. – 2008. – 352 с. СПб.: Речь. – 2007. – 368 с.

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UDC 796.8 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLUNTARY REGULATION IN YOUNG ATHLETES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FEATURES OF ASYMMETRY ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПРОИЗВОЛЬНОЙ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ У МОЛОДЫХ СПОРТСМЕНОВ С УЧЕТОМ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ АСИММЕТРИИ

Bleer Alexander – Doctor of Moskvin Victor – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Psychological Science, Professor of Corresponding Member of the the Psychology Department at the RAO, Moscow, Russia Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Блеер Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow, Russia Александр Николаевич – д-р пед. наук, профессор, Москвин член-кор. РАО, Москва, Россия Виктор Анатольевич – д-р психол. наук, профессор кафедры психологии Российского государственного университета физической культуры, спорта, молодежи и туризма (ГЦОЛИФК), Москва, Россия

Moskvina Nina – PhD, Associate Keywords: brain, asymmetry, lateral features, volitional Professor of the Psychology regulation, sport of higher achievements. Department at the Russian State University of Physical Education, Abstract. The age dynamics of personality’s volitional Sport, Youth and Tourism qualities is studied on the example of 45 sportsmen- (SCOLIPE), Moscow, Russia teenagers of 14-16 years and 100 students of 1-4 courses of sports high school at the age from 18 to 25 years. For Москвина Нина Викторовна – the study of strong-willed qualities, the technique of M. канд. психол. наук, доцент Chumakov was used, for the study of asymmetry – the кафедры психологии indicators of the «cross-arms» test by A. Luria. It was Российского государственного revealed that the dominance of the left frontal lobe in университета физической adolescents and young men is associated with higher культуры, спорта, молодежи и rates of volitional regulation. туризма (ГЦОЛИФК), Москва, Россия

Ключевые слова: мозг, асимметрии, латеральные особенности, волевая регуляция, спорт высших достижений. Аннотация. Изучена возрастная динамика волевых качеств на примере 45 спортсменов-подростков 14–16 лет и 100 студентов 1–4 курсов спортивного вуза в возрасте от 18 до 25 лет. Для исследования волевых качеств использовалась методика М.В. Чумакова, для проявлений асимметрии – показатели пробы «перекрест рук» по А.Р. Лурия. Установлено, что доминирование левой лобной доли у подростков и юношей связано с более высокими показателями волевой регуляции.

The study was carried out with the financial support of the The relevance of research. Identifying the individ- Russian Foundation for Basic Research (JPSG), project No. 16- ual characteristics of arbitrary regulation is undoubtedly 06-50146-a (f) relevant in modern sports psychology (especially when

39 SPORTS №4 (51) 2018 PSYCHOLOGIST ATHLETE AND COACH PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

preparing highly qualified athletes) [1, 3-6, 10]. Arbitrary The VPT questionnaire is designed to diagnose the regulation of an athlete is always very closely related to expression of the volitional qualities of a person. The such a concept as goal formation. The goal in psycholo- methodology contains 9 scales: “responsibility”, “initi- gy is defined as something that realizes the human need ative”, “determination”, “independence”, “moderation”, and acts as an image of the end result of an activity, as a “perseverance”, “energy”, “attentiveness”, “purposeful- pre-conceivable and anticipated result of conscious ac- ness” [9]. Statistical data analysis was performed using tivity. The goal can be determined as a conscious image non-parametric U – Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. of future results, indirectly related to the motive of O.K. The results of the study. Comparison of averaged Tikhomirov [8]. And the more complex the goal, the longer data according to the method of VPT of M.V. Chumakov the path a person needs to go in his development. The goal [9] in the group of teenage athletes showed that the in sports is what the athlete’s activities are directed at. If subjects with the right indicators of the “crossing hands” there is no goal, then there is no activity, there is no pur- test according to A.R. Luria (compared to the left) show poseful activity of the subject. On the contrary, goal setting higher numbers on the “responsibility” scales (4.5 p. and stimulates and programs the activity, it is the mechanism 3.9 p., respectively, p <0.05), “initiative” (4.6 p. and 3.9 p., for deploying the appropriate program of behavior. All this p <0.05), “energy” (6.5 p. and 6.0 p., p <0.03) and on a requires the formulation of the question of studying the scale of “purposefulness” (6.2 p. and 5.4 p. accordingly, characteristics of volitional regulation, taking into account p <0.05) (table). age-related changes and manifestations of asymmetry. Comparison of averaged data according to the Research methods. Our experiment was conducted method of VPT of M.V. Chumakov [9] for students of traditionally in the form of group testing. To identify the a sports university showed that subjects with right- individual characteristics of volitional regulation, a study hand ICHT (compared with left-hand ICHT) show high- was conducted using the method of determining volition- er rates on the “responsibility” scales (4.7 p. and 4.0 p., al personality traits (VPT) according to M.V. Chumakov [9]. Respectively, p <0.05) , “Initiative” (4, 9 p. and 4.0 p., It was attended by 45 teenagers of 14-16 years involved in P <0.05), “energy” (6.7 p. And 6.1 p., P <0.03) and on a the fight. Of these, 25 subjects were with right-hand indi- scale of purposefulness ”(6.4 p. and 5.6 p., respectively, cators of the “cross-hand” test (right-hand ICHT) according p <0.05). to A.R. Luria [2], which reflects the dominance of the left Discussion of the study results. In general, accord- frontal regions (related to the arbitrary regulation of be- ing to the results of the study, subjects with left hemi- havior) and 20 adolescents were with the left indicators of spheric dominance reveal higher data on the scale of the this sample (left ICHT). The study was conducted on the VPT methodology, which indicates a greater severity of basis of GBU «Sports School № 55 SKIF» of the Department indices of arbitrary regulation in the first group of individ- of Physical Culture and Sports of Moscow [3; ten;]. uals. The data obtained correlate with the results of psy- A similar study was also conducted on 100 students of chodiagnostic studies. Also (according to experiments), 1-4 courses of a sports university (RSUPESY&T) aged 18 to it can be stated that as they grow up (as they move from 25 years. For the study of volitional processes, the method adolescent to older age groups), there is an increase in of VPT and the indicators of the “crossing hands” accord- indicators on the scales of the VPT method. ing to A.R. Luria [2]. Thus, the total volume of the studied Findings. The obtained data can be successfully sample was 145 subjects. used in solving differential diagnostic problems in sports

Table – Differences in averages on the scales of the methods of volitional qualities diagnosis (according to M. V. Chumakov) in teenage athletes VPT method scales Right hand – RICHT (n=25) Left hand – LICHT (n=20) Significance of differences Responsibility 4,5 3,9* p<0,05 Initiative 4,6 3,9* p<0,05 Determination 4,1 3,6 р>0,05 Independence 5,2 4,7 р>0,05 Moderation 6,5 6,1 р>0,05 Perseverance 4,2 4,1 р>0,05 Energy 6,5 6,0* p<0,03 Attentiveness 4,6 4,3 р>0,05 Purposefulness 6,2 5,4* p<0,05

40 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS ATHLETE AND COACH PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGIST psychology, including the diagnosis of individual features 9. Chumakov, M.V. Century Diagnostics strong-willed of the regulatory functions of athletes. personality / M.V. Chumakov // Voprosy psihologii. – 2006. The results show the presence of asymmetry of the – No. 1. – P. 169-178. third (regulatory) block of the brain according to A.R. Luria. 10. Moskvin, V.A. Asymmetry and individual charach- This position is also confirmed by the data of psychodiag- teristics of strong-willed regulation teenage athletes / V.A. nostic studies of teenagers and young men with different Moskvin, N.V. Moskvina // Austrian Journal of Humanities lateral features [3, 10] and previously established data that and Social Sciences. – 2016. – № 5-6. – P. 22-24. doi: the partial dominance of the left frontal lobe (more often 10.20534/AJH-16-5.6-22-24. in males) is associated with higher rates of goal formation and volitional regulation [4, 5, 10]. We have previously con- Литература ducted piloting studies show that for girls and women, 1. Ильин, Е.П. Психология спорта / Е.П. Ильин. – СПб.: these indicators are less specific (more “blurred”), i.e. they Питер, 2009. – 352 с. are not always confirmed by statistical processing. The 2. Лурия, А.Р. Основы нейропсихологии / А.Р. Лурия. results can be used practically to diagnose the individual – М.: МГУ, 1973. – 374 с. characteristics of arbitrary regulation in sports psychology 3. Москвин, В.А. Индивидуальные особенности when training highly qualified athletes and to predict hu- волевой регуляции у спортсменов-подростков / В.А. man behavior in extreme situations [3-7]. They can also be Москвин, Н.В. Москвина // Спортивный психолог. – used when reading a course in sports psychophysiology 2016. – № 3 (42). – С. 52-57. (in the section “volitional regulation of behavior”) [5]. 4. Москвин, В.А. Межполушарные асимметрии и индивидуальные различия человека / В.А. Москвин, Literature Н.В. Москвина. – М.: Смысл, 2011. – 368 с. – ISBN 1. Ilyin, E.P. Psychology of sports / E.P. Ilyin. – SPb.: Peter, 978-5-89357-303-9. 2009. – 352 p. 5. Москвин, В.А. Проблема волевой регуляции 2. Luria, A.R. Basis of neuropsychology / A.R. Luria. – M.: спортсменов в курсе подготовки спортивных психо- Moscow state University, 1973. – 374 p. логов / В.А. Москвин, Н.В. Москвина // Proc. Intern. res.- 3. Moskvin, V.A. Individual features of strong-willed reg- pract. conference for workers of science and education ulation in adolescent athletes / V.A. Moskvin, N.V. Moskvina «Education & Science – 2016». Part 3. St. Louis, Missouri, // Sportivnyj psiholog. – 2016. – № 3 (42). – P. 52-57. USA: Science and Innovation Center Publ., – 2016. – pp. 4. Moskvin, V.A. Megalocornea asymmetry and individ- 9-12. doi: 10.18411/d-2016-047 ual differences of the person / V.A. Moskvin, N.V. Moskvina. 6. Москвин, В.А. Психофизиологические аспекты – M.: Sense, 2011. – 368 p. – ISBN 978-5-89357-303-9. эмоционально-волевой подготовки к экстремальным 5. Moskvin, V.A. Problem of volitional regulation in ситуациям (на примере восточных единоборств) / В.А. athletes training sports psychologists / V.A. Moskvin, N.V. Москвин, Н.В. Москвина // Экстремальная деятель- Moskvina // Proc. Intern. Res.– practice. conference for ность человека. – 2016. – № 1 (38). – С. 30-33. workers of science and education «Education & Science 7. Пилькевич, А.В. Обучение беспарашютному де- in 2016.» Part 3. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Science and сантированию с вертолета при проведение спасатель- Innovation Center Publ., In 2016. – pp. 9-12. doi: 10.18411 ных операций в условиях равнины / А.В. Пилькевич, / d-2016-047 А.В. Провалов, Ю.В. Байковский, Н.В. Пилькевич // 6. Moskvin, V.A. Psychophysiological aspects of emo- Экстремальная деятельность человека. – 2016. – № 1 tional-volitional preparation for extreme situations (on (38). – С. 49-53. the example of martial arts) / V.A. Moskvin, N.V. Moskvina 8. Тихомиров, О.К. Психология мышления: Учебное / / Ekstremalnaya deyatel’nost ‘ cheloveka. – 2016. – No. 1 пособие / О.К. Тихомиров. – М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 1984. (38). – P. 30-33. – 272 с. 7. Pilkevich, A.V. Training free dropping dropping from 9. Чумаков, М.В. Диагностика волевых особенно- the helicopter during rescue operations in conditions стей личности / М.В. Чумаков // Вопросы психологии. of plain / A.V. Pilkevich, A.V. Failures, Y.V. Baykovskiy, N.V. – 2006. – № 1. – С. 169-178. Pilkevich // Ekstremalnaya deyatel’nost ‘ cheloveka. – 2016. 10. Moskvin, V.A. Asymmetry and individual charach- – No. 1 (38). – P. 49-53. teristics of strong-willed regulation teenage athletes / V.A. 8. Tikhomirov, O.K. Psychology of thinking: textbook / Moskvin, N.V. Moskvina // Austrian Journal of Humanities O.K. Tikhomirov. – Moscow: Izd-vo Mosk. UN-TA, 1984. – and Social Sciences. – 2016. – № 5-6. – P. 22-24. doi: 272 p. 10.20534/AJH-16-5.6-22-24.

41 SPORTS №4 (51) 2018 PSYCHOLOGIST CORRECTION, PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS

UDC 159.96 TECHNIQUES FOR PRESTART STATES DIAGNOSIS IN ATHLETES МЕТОДЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ПРЕДСТАРТОВЫХ СОСТОЯНИЙ СПОРТСМЕНОВ

Baykovsky Yuri – Doctor of Savinkina Alexandra – Master Pedagogical Sciences, PhD, of Sport Sciences, PhD student Professor, Head of the Department of the Department of Psychology of Psychology at the Russian State at the Russian State University of University of Physical Education, Physical Education, Sport, Youth Sport, Youth and Tourism and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Researcher (SCOLIPE), Moscow, Russia, at the Moscow Institute of [email protected] Psychoanalysis, Junior Researcher at the Institute of Biomedical Байковский Problems of RAS, Moscow, Russia Юрий Викторович – д-р пед. наук, канд. психол. наук, Савинкина Александра профессор, заведующий Олеговна – магистр спорта, кафедрой психологии Российского государственного соискатель кафедры психологии Российского университета физической культуры, спорта, молодежи и государственного университета физической культуры, туризма (ГЦОЛИФК), Москва, Россия спорта, молодежи и туризма (ГЦОЛИФК); младший научный сотрудник Института медико-биологических проблем РАН; научный сотрудник лаборатории Kovaleva Anastasia – PhD, «Психология спорта» Московского института Principal Scientist at the Sport психоанализа, Москва, Россия Center of Innovative Technologies and Teams Exercise Training; Leading Researcher at the Keywords: psychological state, prestart state, observation Research Institute of Normal method, self-evaluation, state anxiety, heart rate variability, Physiology by name of P.K. bioelectric brain activity. Anokhin, Moscow, Russia Abstract. The article discusses and systematizes the main Ковалева Анастасия approaches and methods aimed at diagnosing the prestart Владимировна – канд. биол. states of athletes. The advantages, disadvantages, and наук, главный специалист scope of application of the separate techniques was ГКУ «ЦСТиСК» Москомспорта, shown. старший научный сотрудник НИИ Нормальной физиологии им. П.К. Анохина, Москва, Россия

Ключевые слова: психологическое состояние, предстартовое состояние, наблюдение, самооценка, ситуацион- ная тревожность, вариабельность ритма сердца, биоэлектрическая активность мозга. Аннотация. В статье рассмотрены и систематизированы основные подходы и методы, направленные на диагностику предстартовых состояний спортсменов. Показаны преимущества, недостатки и ши- рота применения отдельных методик.

Relevance. The prestart state of an athlete is selection of athletes to participate in the fight [1, 2, 19] understood as the conditioned reflex psychological and or to develop and refine the skills of correction and self- physiological pre-tuning of a person and his body for correction of the psychological state in preparation for the upcoming competitive activity [3]. Diagnostics of competitions [10, 23, 28]. Difficulties in diagnosing the the actual prestart state can be used for the operational prestart psychological state are associated both with

42 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS CORRECTION, PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS PSYCHOLOGIST the complexity of testing just before the start, and two criteria: “well-being” and “desire to work”. The with the internal validity of the tests used. athlete is proposed to rate his condition on horizontal To diagnose a prestart state, an athlete can perform lines with marks from 1 to 20. The technique can be self-assessment of his own state, determine his anxiety, modified by the addition of other scales [6]. study of the nervous system, accuracy of movements, Despite the relative ease of application of these analyze of physiological indicators, as well as directly techniques, diagnostics of a prestart state based on monitor the behavior and psychological state of an self-evaluation may be associated with the social athlete. The most commonly used psychological desirability of answers and the subjectivity of an methods for diagnosing a prestart state are specialized athlete. Repeated measurement of self-evaluation can questionnaires and tests, a vegetative coefficient in a affect subsequent diagnostic results. In addition, as a Luscher test, psycho-physiological and physiological rule, immediately before the start, athletes do not have indicators, etc. the opportunity to fill out questionnaires, and therefore Observation as a technique for the diagnosis these methods are more suitable for diagnosing a pre- of prestart psychological state. Observation is competitive, rather than prestart state. a descriptive psychological research technique, Diagnosis of anxiety as an indicator of prestart consisting in a focused and organized perception and psychological state. Anxiety is traditionally regarded registration of the athlete’s behavior. The advantage of as one of the main indicators of an athlete’s readiness this technique is the ability to diagnose the status of an for competition. The reactive alarm scale was athlete at all stages of preparation and performance at developed by C. Spielberger and adapted in Russian competitions, including immediately before the start. by Yu.L. Hanin. The Spielberger – Khanin questionnaire In the observation, as a rule, it is not only the athlete includes 20 statements with four answer choices for who is included, but also the coach or the team, that each of them: “I am calm,” “Nothing threatens me,” etc. allows you to record more accurately and predict the [24, 25, 33-35]. This technique was used in numerous psychological state of the athlete, taking into account domestic [4, 8, 9, 12] and foreign studies [27, 31, 36]. In both behavioral and emotional aspects. However, the addition to reactive (situational) anxiety, C. Spielberger disadvantages of this technique include its subjectivity, suggested studying the athlete’s personal anxiety as a the singularity of the observed circumstances and stable feature of his character [33]. labor-intensiveness [13]. To study the prestart state, we also use Sport Self-evaluation of prestart psychological Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), developed by R. state. The techniques related to this section suggest Martens [30]. The test includes 15 questions, 10 of which the athlete to make an independent assessment of are aimed at diagnosing anxiety, 5 – constitute a «scale his own prestart state. In particular, the method of of lies.» The technique, along with the Spielberger – assessing the functional state of «Self-evaluation. Khanin questionnaire, was used in many studies [12, Activity. Mood» (SAM) is widely used when working 22, 29]. with athletes to diagnose pre-competition and The study of activation-fatigue of the nervous prestart state. The questionnaire includes 30 pairs of system. The diagnosis of a person’s energy plant can diametrically opposed adjectives by which the athlete be made on the basis of the vegetative coefficient needs to evaluate himself. It allows you to assess the in the Lüscher test. This indicator was proposed by status of an athlete for each of the three qualities [5]. K. Shyposh and is determined by the ratio of the The motivational state scale was developed positions of mobilizing (red, yellow) and passive colors by V.F. Sopov and includes 7 statements, rated by (blue, green) in the choice of an athlete. The test allows the athlete on a 4-point scale. The method makes it to assess the psychological state of the athlete in the possible to identify unfavorable prestart motivational continuum from exhaustion and mindset to optimize states that may be associated with a conflict in the the expenditure of forces to mobilization and excessive athlete-trainer system, with doubt in the method of arousal [13]. preparing for competitions, etc. The dynamics of the Evaluation of physiological indicators prestart prestart state at different stages of preparation can psychological state. The most frequently used be assessed. The results of the method are supposed indicators in psychophysiology and physiology to be analyzed within the framework of the two-level reflecting various functional and psycho-emotional “motivation-anxiety” ordinate system [14]. states of a person are indicators of the cardiovascular The scale-thermometer is an operational tool for system, skin conduction and bioelectric brain self-evaluation of an athlete’s condition according to activity. Sometimes only changes in heart rate (HR)

43 SPORTS №4 (51) 2018 PSYCHOLOGIST CORRECTION, PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS

are analyzed. But, despite the ease of registration, parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous this indicator has a lot of flaws from the substantive system (ANS) on the functional state and to assess point of view. The problem of using heart rate as an the level of emotional stress, a number of other indicator of stress and / or psycho-emotional stress physiological indicators are used. Measurement of is related to the fact that many factors affect the skin conduction (or the inverse of its value – skin heart rate (including heart rate). Registering only the resistance) is used to assess the degree of emotional heart rate and tracking its dynamics when a person’s stress of a person [21], in assessing stress [32], driving state changes, we cannot speculate about what preassure [26]. This method has a very high sensitivity, is happening in the body, the influence of which since at the slightest change in a person’s condition, factors led to visible changes in the heart rate. Thus, the sympathetic section of the ANS is activated, which an increase in heart rate can be caused both by an causes increased sweating and a drop in skin resistance increase in sympathetic influences and a weakening (or increase in conductivity). of parasympathetic ones. Therefore, in research to In psychophysiological studies to measure the diagnose the functional states of a person, methods functional state of an individual, the measurement of are used aimed at a deeper analysis of the heart the peripheral temperature of the phalanges of the rhythm, the study of its variability. fingers is used. The relationship between peripheral Heart rate variability (HRV) is understood to temperature and psychoemotional stress is as follows: mean the spread of the interval between adjacent during stress, the sympathetic division of the ANS is R-deflection (RR-intervals) on an electrocardiogram activated, its fibers have a vasoconstrictive effect on (ECG) record. According to the temporal and amplitude peripheral vasses, less blood flows to the finger and characteristics of the rhythmic oscillations of the RR its temperature decreases. During relaxing the reverse intervals, one can judge the state of the regulatory process happens. mechanisms of the human body [7]. In a calm relaxed The tension of the muscles of the face (in particular state, different rhythm interval intervals are present the forehead) and the muscles of the upper shoulder in the rhythmogram recording. Under stress, the girdle (trapezoid muscles) is an informative indicator duration of RR-intervals decreases, and their variability of the presence of psycho-emotional stress. Muscle decreases (the work of the heart begins to obey a tension is assessed according to the results of surface more rigid uniform rhythm). Quantitative assessment electromyography (EMG). of these indicators allows time and frequency variants The parameters of the bioelectrical activity of of heart rhythm analysis [15, 16]. the brain are most often calculated on the basis of the Time analysis of the heart rhythm involves the registration of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Certain calculation of indicators such as the average duration frequency ranges of EEG rhythms are associated with of RR-intervals, their standard deviation, as well as the activity of different parts of the brain (both the the construction of histograms of the distribution cortex and subcortical structures), as well as changes of cardiointervals and the calculation of additional in the level of general activation and changes in the indicators and indices: distribution mode, mode functional states of the human body. According to the amplitude, variation scale, Bayevsky stress index. degree of the alpha rhythm in the EEG, one can judge Frequency (wave) analysis of heart rate variability is the level of wakefulness and the functional state of a based on the construction of cardiorhythmogram person. In studies conducted with the participation spectra with the allocation of its three main of professional athletes and musicians, it was shown components: VLF (very low frequency), LF – low that for the best performance of motor acts the brain frequency, HF – high frequency. By the contribution of is optimal in which a pronounced alpha rhythm is each of these components to the total spectral power, recorded in the EEG [11, 17, 18]. one can judge the influence that prevails at a given In several studies on sports related to aiming (golf period of time: sympathetic, parasympathetic, or the and shooting), the change in physiological parameters influence of suprasegmental (higher) brain regions on was studied immediately before the strike or shot, the heart rhythm. The results obtained for the work of taking into account the qualification (experience) of the heart can be transferred to the whole organism as the athlete and the success of the subsequent strike or a whole and judge the degree of emotional stress of a shot [11, 17, 20]. In these studies, a slowing of the heart person, the severity of his stress state [7]. rate is observed immediately before a stroke or shot, In addition to the parameters of the heart in and the more experienced the athlete is, the more studies to assess the effects of the sympathetic and pronounced is his slowing pulse.

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единоборств) / В.А. Москвин, Н.В. Москвина // 23. Halo P. V., Khvalebo G. V., Turevskiy I. M. System Экстремальная деятельность человека. – 2016. – approach to development of model of optimal prestart №1(38). – С. 30-33. state // Theory and Practice of Physical Culture. – 2015. 11. Напалков, Д.А. Электроэнцефалографические – №. 12. – С. 22-22. корреляты оптимального функционального со- 24. Hanin Y. L., Spielberger C. D. The development стояния спортсмена в стрелковом спорте / Д.А. and validation of the Russian Form of the State-Trait Напалков, П.О. Ратманова, Р.Н. Салихова, М.Б. Anxiety Inventory //Series in Clinical & Community Коликов // Бюллетень сибирской медицины. – 2013. Psychology: Stress & Anxiety. – 1983. – том 12, № 2. – С. 219–226. 25. Hanin Y. L. State-trait anxiety research on sports 12. Пичугина, М.К. Тревожность у спортсме- in the USSR //Cross-cultural anxiety. – 1986. – Т. 3. – С. нов-единоборцев 9–14 лет (на примере кудо) / М.К. 45-64. Пичугина // Экстремальная деятельность человека. 26. Healey J. A., Picard R. W. Detecting stress during – 2015. – №2(35). – С. 36-39. real-world driving tasks using physiological sensors // 13. Прохоров, А.О. Методики диагностики и из- IEEE Transactions on intelligent transportation systems. мерения психических состояний личности / А.О. – 2005. – Т. 6. – №. 2. – С. 156-166. Прохоров. – М. : ПЕР СЭ. – 2004. – 176 с. 27. Kenny D. T. Music performance anxiety: Origins, 14. Сопов, В.Ф. Шкала мотивационного состояния phenomenology, assessment and treatment // Context. спортсмена (методика исследования) / В.Ф. Сопов. – – 2006. – С. 51-64. Алма-Аты: Казахский ИФК. – 2005. 28. Kernas A. V. Diagnosis Structural Components 15. Хайруллина, Р.Р. Оценка состояния сердеч- Prelaunch Emotional States in Sportsman Single но-сосудистой системы у операторов подводных Combat // Asian Social Science. – 2014. – Т. 10. – №. технических систем / Р.Р. Хайруллина, Ю.А. Бубеев 19. – С. 30. // Экстремальная деятельность человека. – 2016. – 29. Lavallée L., Flint F. The relationship of stress, №3(40). – С. 53-57. competitive anxiety, mood state, and social support to 16. Alom M. M. et al. Study on heart rate variability in athletic injury //Journal of athletic training. – 1996. – Т. adolescent male athletes by time domain (ShortTerm) 31. – №. 4. – С. 296. method //ORION. – 2010. – Т. 33. – №. 1. 30. Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). 17. Babiloni C. et al. Golf putt outcomes are predicted Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL: Human by sensorimotor cerebral EEG rhythms // The Journal of Kinetics. Physiology. – 2008. – Т. 586. – №. 1. – С. 131-139. 31. Mellalieu S. D. et al. A competitive anxiety review: 18. Bazanova O.M. et al. Biofeedback in psychomotor Recent directions in sport psychology research // training. Electrophysiological basis. // Neuroscience Literature reviews in sport psychology. – 2006. – С. 1-45. and behavioral physiology. – Vol. 39 (5) . – 2009, P. 32. Setz C. et al. Discriminating stress from cognitive 437-447 load using a wearable EDA device //IEEE Transactions 19. Beckmann J. et al. Sport psychological on information technology in biomedicine. – 2010. – Т. interventions in competitive sports. – Cambridge 14. – №. 2. – С. 410-417. Scholars Publishing, 2015. 33. Spielberger C. D., Gorsuch R. L., Lushene R. E. 20. Cooke R. J. et al. Precision measures of the The state-trait anxiety inventory: test manual //Palo primordial deuterium abundance // Memorie della Alto, CA, Consulting Psychologists. – 1970. – Т. 22. Societa Astronomica Italiana. – 2014. – Т. 85. – С. 192. 34. Spielberger C. D. et al. Examination stress and 21. Dindo L. et al. The skin conductance orienting test anxiety //Stress and anxiety. – 1978. – Т. 5. – С. response to semantic stimuli: Significance can be 167-191. independent of arousal // Psychophysiology. – 2008. – 35. Spielberger C. D., Vagg P. R. (ed.). Test anxiety: Т. 45. – №. 1. – С. 111-118. Theory, assessment, and treatment. – Taylor & Francis, 22. Dunn J. G. H. et al. Relationships among the sport 1995. competition anxiety test, the sport anxiety scale, and 36. Szabo A. The acute effects of humor and exercise the collegiate hockey worry scale //Journal of Applied on mood and anxiety //Journal of Leisure Research. – Sport Psychology. – 2001. – Т. 13. – №. 4. – С. 411-429. 2003. – Т. 35. – №. 2. – С. 152.

47 SPORTS №4 (51) 2018 PSYCHOLOGIST CORRECTION, PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS

UDC 159.9.075 APPLICATION OF METHODS OF EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF LIFE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF STATE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF ATHLETES ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МЕТОДОВ ОЦЕНКИ КАЧЕСТВА ЖИЗНИ ДЛЯ ДИАГНОСТИКИ СОСТОЯНИЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ СПОРТСМЕНОВ

Aleshicheva Anna – PhD, Samoilov Nikolai – Doctor of Associate Professor of the Biological Sciences, Professor, Department of Psychology, Head of the Department of Pedagogy and Information and Psychology, Pedagogy and Communication Technologies at Information and Communication the Pavlov Ryazan State Medical Technologies at the Pavlov Ryazan University. Ryazan, Russia, State Medical University. Ryazan, [email protected] Russia

Алёшичева Самойлов Анна Васильевна – канд. Николай Григорьевич – психол. наук, доцент, доцент д-р. биол. наук, профессор, кафедры психологии, заведующий кафедрой педагогики и информационно-коммуникационных психологии, педагогики и информационно- технологий Рязанского государственного медицинского коммуникационных технологий Рязанского университета им. академика И.П. Павлова, Рязань, государственного медицинского университета им. Россия академика И.П. Павлова, Рязань, Россия

Keywords: psychological health, diagnostic methods, beginners and experienced athletes. Abstract. The purpose of this work was to identify the possibility of applying methods for assessing the quality of life for diagnosing the psychological health of an athlete’s personality. The study involved sportsmen- professionals and beginners. The masters of sports, in comparison with the beginners, revealed higher rates in the physical sphere and lower in the psychological. The conclusion is made about the possibility of using questionnaires for assessing the quality of life as additional methods for diagnosing a person’s psychological health.

Ключевые слова: психологическое здоровье, методы диагностики, начинающие и опытные спортсмены. Аннотация. Целью настоящей работы было выявление возможности применения методов оценки каче- ства жизни для диагностики психологического здоровья личности спортсмена. В исследовании приняли участие спортсмены-профессионалы и начинающие спортсмены. У мастеров спорта, по сравнению с на- чинающими, выявлены более высокие показатели в физической сфере и более низкие в психологической. Сделан вывод о возможности использования опросников оценки качества жизни как дополнительных методик с целью диагностики психологического здоровья личности.

The relevance of research. Currently, the necessity believed that psychological health is a determinant of to study the psychological health of the individual the structure of personality and at the same time part is noted in many publications. An analysis of the of it, in the procedure of its research, tests are often literature from a methodological standpoint indicates used to diagnose its qualities and properties. For this that there are a limited number of “direct” methods purpose, a large number of personal questionnaires for diagnosing psychological health. So far as it is are used [1, 7, 9]. A number of authors considering the

48 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS CORRECTION, PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS PSYCHOLOGIST subjective well-being as a correlate of psychosocial or cyclical, difficult-coordination, martial arts, sports, mental health for its diagnosis using the technique extreme sports). developed by K. Riff, projecting the performance of its It should be noted that the task of influencing six main constructs on the level of mental health of the the specificity of the sport on the components of the individual [11]. About the state of psychological health psychological health of sportsmen was not set. It was can be indirectly judged by the results of methods important to determine the effect of the duration of diagnosis of emotional burnout (V.V. Boyko or K. of sports activities (at least 8 years) on the subject Maslach and S. Jackson) and others [6]. Also professional of research, which is associated with the intensity of adaptation questionnaires of G.S. Nikiforova et al are physical and mental stress applied by professional used. [4]. In some researches methods of determining sportsmen. The age of the subjects – from 18 to 28 the dominant state [3] or emotional discomfort [2] years. The subjects were of different sexes, but gender are used for the same purpose. In addition, there are differences in the reactions of athletes in this series of studies in which the authors judge the state of mental studies were not taken into account. health of a person, based on projective research Research methods. As a measuring tool, methods [11]. questionnaires were used to assess the quality of life The applying of quality of life questionnaires for of WHO QOL-100 and SF-36. Quantitative data were the purpose of evaluating psychological health was processed by parametric statistics. The difference in not used, although there are researches where mental performance between groups was assessed using health was determined with their help [12]. In this Student’s test. In addition, factor and correlation regard, as well as taking into account the relevance analyzes were used. of studying of health, especially among individuals The results of the research. The obtained data performing their professional activities in difficult, due to the application of the WHO methodology QOL- special or extreme conditions (for example, athletes), 100 are presented in table 1. we undertook this study. The presented data allow to note that on the scale The purpose of the research is to determine the of “physical sphere” among experienced athletes, possibility of diagnosing the psychological health of the indicators are significantly higher than among an individual of athletes using methods for assessing beginner athletes (t = 2.6; p <0.05). the quality of life. With the help of the subsphere “physical pain and Organization of the research. The research was discomfort”, the physical sensations experienced by conducted on the basis of sports schools in Moscow, athletes in our case and the degree to which these St. Petersburg, Ryazan. sensations are disturbing them, especially in the The subjects. In this research, 200 sportsmen took process of their sports activities, are measured. In this part, who were divided into two groups. The main regard, it should be considered that for professional group (n = 82) is highly qualified sportsmen (masters of athletes, the presence of pain can not only deteriorate sports and international masters of sports); comparison the results of their performances, but what is very group (n = 118) – these are novice sportsmen who do important for them is related to material (financial) not have sports categories, but have been involved losses, which, of course, do not worry novice athletes. in sports for at least one year. All sportsmen were Of course, we were most worried about the athletes’ engaged in different kinds of sports (speed-strength, ratings on the “psychological sphere” scale. It should

Table 1 – Indicators of the quality of life of beginners and experienced athletes (points, n=200)

Confidence level Scales Beginners (n=118) Experienced athletes (n=82) t p Physical sphere 8,00±0,75 13,33±0,94 2,6 < 0,05 Psychological sphere 16,00±0,81 10,40±1,02 2,9 < 0,01 Level of independence 13,00±1,11 16,00±1,17 3,1 < 0,01 Social relations 14,00±0,99 10,67±0,87 2,7 < 0,05 Environment 12,25±1,02 15,25±1,14 3,0 < 0,01 Spiritual sphere 8,00±0,93 16,00±1,17 3,1 < 0,01 Overall assessment of quality of life 79,25±4,18 73,65±4,50 2,5 < 0,05

49 SPORTS №4 (51) 2018 PSYCHOLOGIST CORRECTION, PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS

Table 2 – Indicators of the quality of life of beginners and experienced athletes (points, n=200)

Confidence level Scales Beginners (n=118) Experienced athletes (n=82) t р Physical function (PF) 26,33±0,78 29,02±0,85 2,3 <0,05 Role-physical functioning (RP) 26,01±0,84 29,11±0,79 3,1 <0,01 Bodily pain (BR) 6,62±0,67 9,55±0,72 3,0 <0,01 General state of health (GH) 16,44±0,52 18,56±0,56 2,8 <0,05 Vitality (VT) 17,32±0,81 15,13±0,73 2,1 <0,05 Social functioning (SF) 8,87±0,76 6,60±0,80 2,1 <0,05 Role emotional functioning (RE) 5,30±0,10 4,87±0,09 3,3 <0,001 Mental health (MH) 24,58±1,76 19,11±1,48 2,4 <0,05

be immediately noted that the most negative impact psychological health of experienced athletes), are on them was an excess of negative emotions. Although they able to perform enormous physical activities and most of the subsphere of this sphere are oriented endure mental stress? The answer, most often, is given positively. However, the subjective assessment of their by the athletes themselves or their coaches: everything psychological sphere among experienced athletes is determined by the «socio-psychological core», looks much lower than that of beginners (t = 2.9; p «Russian spirit», and, strictly speaking, by the spiritual <0.01). and moral principle. Although in the phenomenon The decrease in the overall assessment of the itself formed contradictions and exacerbated. psychological sphere comes from the fact that high- This refers to the selection of specialists (engaged class athletes, due to mental fatigue, often experience in the study of psychological health) spiritual and negative feelings (despair, irritation, nervousness, moral level of the individual as the most important anxiety, depression), which increases their experience criterion. The contradiction here is the deterioration and negatively affects psychological health. of the psychological health of professional athletes On the “independence level” scale, high-class with a sufficiently high degree of their spirituality. athletes demonstrated their attitude to home, work, This is caused by two groups of factors: the first is the and everyday activities: it is much better than their long-term, exhausting physical and especially mental novice colleagues (t = 3.1, p <0.03). However, the stress and the growing demands of society on them, indicators on the “social relations” sphere are reversed. resulting in a “background” (out of competition) This refers to the fact that high-class athletes data health condition; and the second is a sharp increase in on this scale reduced (t = 2.7; p <0.05). This is due to various types of aggressiveness, excitability, emotional the fact that professional athletes are incomparably coldness, assertiveness, risk appetite, callousness more in contact with financial fraud, condemnation, and other properties, which certainly also reduce politicization of sports and many other factors than the level of psychological health. However, due to a beginners. All these factors are far from “moral sharp increase in the level of their manifestation in cleanliness” and form a “social press” on the personality competitions, high intensity and action for a short of professional athletes. time, they are the ones that determine the dominance The data on the “environment” scale for experienced over spiritual and moral criteria and other components athletes is much better than for beginners (t = 3.0; of their health. That is why negative, from the point p <0.01). It is determined by the living conditions, of view of public perception, but the qualities that are material security and financial income of the compared necessary and mobilizing for victory and winning, are persons. According to the “spiritual sphere” scale, becoming dominant and ensuring that professional highly qualified athletes demonstrate indicators two athletes perform maximum loads with a significantly times higher than their novice colleagues (t = 3.1; reduced level of psychological health. Apparently, p <0.01). The fact is that the formation of this factor the ability of professional athletes to over-mobilize in has psychosocial roots. So when asking the question: extreme situations to win developed over the years why, in the presence of mental fatigue, severe rigidity, and is a condition of meaningfulness and a willingness frustration, depression and other personality traits to “put oneself on the block”, manifesting in this a high (which obviously do not improve the well-being and degree of spiritual and moral principles.

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In conclusion, it should be noted that the overall the answers to them can demonstrate the degree of assessment of the quality of life, which consists of manifestation of such personality states as depression answers to 100 positively oriented questions, was still and anxiety, causing mental fatigue, mental distress lower for athletes with higher qualifications than for and, in general, a decrease in the state of psychological beginners (t = 2.5; p <0.05). health. As in many, especially foreign studies, the authors The results of the conducted factor and correlation argue that quality of life is an indicator of human well- analyzes make it possible to verify that there are being, and the latter is considered one of the indicators positive connections between the two groups of (markers) of psychological health, this questionnaire studied indicators that are included in the physical and can obviously be used to measure it. Taking into socio-psychological spheres. account the instructions of a number of authors that a Thus, the physical sphere has the closest connections high level of mental stress arising among professional with physical functioning (r = 0.211; p <0.002), with athletes leads to chronic stress, injuries, overtraining, role-based physical functioning (r = 0.188; p <0.003) which worsen mental health and quality of life [10], we and to a somewhat lesser extent, there is a connection attempted to diagnose psychological health using the with mental health (r = 0.177; p <0.005). MOS SF questionnaire -36 [8]. At the same time, the general health of athletes The data obtained are presented in table 2. is much more dependent on the parameters of the The obtained data allow us to note that four of psychological sphere (r = 0.190; p <0.004), and the last eight indicators for experienced athletes are better one is even more closely related to social functioning expressed than for beginners. These are all scales (r = 0.193; p <0.005), while mental health associated related to the physical component of health. At the with it to a lesser extent (r = 0.185; p <0.013). As for the same time, the data of the scales included in the spiritual sphere, as one of the most important criteria general indicators of the psychosocial component of of psychological health, it has the closest correlation health is lower than in the comparison group (Table 2). with the social sphere (r = 0.195; p <0.003) and mental The first four scales allow to test the physical health (r = 0.186; p <0.005) of experienced athletes. condition, determine its level in the presence of pain, The overall quality of life has the closest links with and identify the general health of the subject. The social functioning (r = 0.179; p <0.004), mental health obtained data indicate that the physical condition of (r = 0.177; p <0.011) and with vital activity (r = 0.176; p experienced athletes, compared with inexperienced, <0.012). beginners, is at a higher level (t = 2.3; p <0.05). And this Consequently, the factors related to the means that experienced athletes, despite the presence psychological sphere depend on the social sphere, of years of influence on the psyche of extreme situations social functioning and vital activity, while the spiritual of sports activity, significantly worsening their mental sphere is also the closest correlated with social and psychological health, are able to endure maximum functioning and general health. This means that physical and mental stress in competition conditions. the above-mentioned factors are most relevant to Although the level of physical functioning in them psychological health, and their testing allows us to could be much higher if it were possible to exclude judge its condition. the influence of psychopathological factors on their psyche. Findings: The obtained data on the following four scales 1. Due to the complexity of understanding the related to the psychosocial component of health, “psychological health” system and the lack of a indicate a decrease in their experienced athletes, generally accepted method of diagnosing it, in compared with beginners. Apparently, it is precisely world practice questionnaires are used to measure the negative changes in the psyche of the first that its various structural and functional components, the determine the deterioration of their social functioning evaluation of which allows to confirm its changes as (t = 2.1, p <0.05), vital activity (t = 2.1, p <0.05) and, an integral system, judging by the transformation of especially, role-playing emotional functioning (t = 3,3; its parts. p <0,001), which is caused by the frequently occurring 2. Empirical evidence suggests that the use of and long-term affective emotional state. That is questionnaires designed to assess the quality of why professional athletes have lower mental health life (WHO QOL-100 and SF-36) is possible with the indicators than beginner athletes (t = 2.4; p <0.05). aim of obtaining additional data for diagnosing the The questions of this scale are constructed so that psychological health of an individual.

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Literature Литература 1. Zelenova, M.E. Burnout and stress as factors of 1. Зеленова, М.Е. Выгорание и стресс как факто- psychological health of servicemen / M.E. Zelenova ры психологического здоровья военнослужащих / // Psihologicheskoe zdorov’e lichnosti i duhovno- М.Е. Зеленова // Психологическое здоровье лично- nravstvennye problemy sovremennogo rossijskogo сти и духовно-нравственные проблемы современ- obshchestva. – M.: In-t psihologii RAN, 2014. – P. ного российского общества. – М.: Ин-т психологии 208-213. РАН, 2014. – С. 208-213. 2. Kulikov, L.V. Identification and analysis of the 2. Куликов, Л.В. Выявление и анализ причины causes of emotional discomfort / L.V. Kulikov // эмоционального дискомфорта / Л.В. Куликов // Praktikum po psihologii zdorov’ya; pod red. G.S. Практикум по психологии здоровья; под ред. Г.С. Nikiforova. – SPb.: Piter, 2005. – P. 76-82. Никифорова. – СПб.: Питер, 2005. – С. 76-82. 3. Kulikov, L.V. Diagnosis of the dominant state / JI.B. 3. Куликов, Л.В. Диагностика доминирующего со- Kulikov // Praktikum po psihologii zdorov’ya; pod red. стояния / JI.B. Куликов // Практикум по психологии G.S. Nikiforova. – SPb.: Piter, 2005. – P. 44-60. здоровья; под ред. Г.С. Никифорова. – СПб.: Питер, 4. Nikiforov, G.S. Workshop on health psychology / 2005. – С. 44-60. G.S. Nikiforov. – SPb.: Piter, 2005. – 351 p. 4. Никифоров, Г.С. Практикум по психологии здо- 5. Shmelev, N. Spiritual health of a person / N. ровья / Г.С. Никифоров. – СПб.: Питер, 2005. – 351 с. Shmelev // Nauka v Sibiri. – 2003. – № 47-48. – P. 6. 5. Шмелев, Н. Духовное здоровье человека / Н. 6. Brymer E. The search for freedom in extreme Шмелев // Наука в Сибири. – 2003. – № 47-48. – С. 6. sports: A phenomenological exploration / Brymer 6. Brymer Е. The search for freedom in extreme E., Schweitzer R. // Psychology of Sport and Exercise. sports: A phenomenological exploration / Brymer – 2013. – Volume 14, Issue 6, November 2013. – P. E., Schweitzer R. // Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 865– 873. – 2013. – Volume 14, Issue 6, November 2013. – P. 7. Gouttebarge, V. Mental and psychosocial health 865– 873. among current and former professional footballers / 7. Gouttebarge, V. Mental and psychosocial health V. Gouttebarge, M. H. W. Frings-Dresen, J. K. Sluiter // among current and former professional footballers / Occupational Medicine. – Apr, 2015. – Vol. 65, Issue 3. V. Gouttebarge, М. H. W. Frings-Dresen, J. K. Sluiter // – P. 190-196. Occupational Medicine. – Apr, 2015. – Vol. 65, Issue 3. 8. Medical Outcomes Study: 36-Item Short Form – P. 190-196. Survey [EHlektronnyj resurs]. -Rezhim dostupa: http 8. Medical Outcomes Study: 36-Item Short Form ://www.rand.org/health/surveys_Jools/mos/3 6-item- Survey [Электронный ресурс]. -Режим доступа: short-form.html http ://www.rand.org/health/surveys_Jools/mos/3 9. Portz, I. Vigorous physical activity, sports 6-itemshort-form.html participation, and athletic identity: Implications for 9. Portz, I. Vigorous physical activity, sports mental and physical health in college students / Portz, participation, and athletic identity: Implications for // Journal of Youth Ministry. – 2012. – Vol. 10 Issue mental and physical health in college students / Portz, 2. – P. 101-104. // Journal of Youth Ministry. – 2012. – Vol. 10 Issue 2. – P. 10. Simon, J.E. Current health-related quality of life 101-104. is lower in former division I collegiate athletes than in 10. Simon, J.E. Current health-related quality of life non-collegiate athletes / J.E. Simon, C.L. Docherty // is lower in former division I collegiate athletes than in Am J. Sports Med. – 2014. – № 42. – P. 423-429. non-collegiate athletes / J.E. Simon, C.L. Docherty // 11. Stanescu, M. Using Physical Exercises to Improve Am J. Sports Med. – 2014. – № 42. – P. 423-429. Mental Health / M. Stanescu, L, Vasile // Procedia-Social 11. Stanescu, M. Using Physical Exercises to Improve and Behavioral Sciences, – September 2014, – Volume Mental Health / M. Stanescu, L, Vasile // Procedia-Social 149, № 5. – P. 921-926. and Behavioral Sciences, – September 2014, – Volume 12. Stiller-Ostrowski J.L, An evaluation of an 149, № 5. – P. 921-926. educational intervention in psychology of injury for 12. Stiller-Ostrowski J.L, An evaluation of an educational athletic training students / Stiller-Ostrowski J.L., Gould intervention in psychology of injury for athletic training D.R., Covassin T. // Journal Athl Train. – 2009. – 44. – P. students / Stiller-Ostrowski J.L., Gould D.R., Covassin T. // 482-489. Journal Athl Train. – 2009. – 44. – P. 482-489.

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UDC 316.454.4 CONFLICT ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS IN THE TEAM OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED HANDBALL PLAYERS КОНФЛИКТОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В КОМАНДЕ ГАНДБОЛИСТОК ВЫСОКОЙ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ

Gillard Marina – Doctor of Boussaha Amir – PhD Student Pedagogy Science, Director of of the Handball Theory and the Institute of Scientific and Methodology Department at the Pedagogical Education, Associate Russian State University of Physical Professor of the Handball Theory Education, Sport, Youth and and Methodology Department Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow, Russia at the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth Буссаха Амир – аспирант and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow, кафедры теории и методики Russia гандбола Российского государственного университета Жийяр физической культуры, спорта, Марина Владимировна – д-р молодежи и туризма (ГЦОЛИФК), пед. наук, директор Института научно-педагогического Москва, Россия образования, доцент кафедры теории и методики гандбола Российского государственного университета физической культуры, спорта, молодежи и туризма (ГЦОЛИФК), Москва, Россия

Keywords: the level of interpersonal conflicts, the coefficient of group and individual conflict, interpersonal conflict, handballers of high qualification. Abstract. Cohesion and a favorable socio-psychological climate is conducive to the growth of sports in the team. In this work, we have looked levels of conflict in interpersonal relations of handballers for an adequate analysis of the psychosocial climate and in the woman’s team.

Ключевые слова: уровень межличностной конфликтности, коэффициент групповой и индивидуальной кон- фликтности, межличностные конфликты, гандболистки высокой квалификации. Аннотация. Сплочённость и благоприятный социально-психологический климат способствуют повы- шению спортивного результата в команде. В данной работе был изучен уровень конфликтности в меж- личностных отношениях спортсменок для адекватного анализа психосоциального климата в женской команде по гандболу.

The relevance of research. Associated with the phenomenon that includes competitive activity itself, fact that conflicts are an integral part of vital human preparation for it, and specific interpersonal relations activity, it is necessary to give it as full attention as and behavioral norms arising in the process of this ac- other psychological aspects of everyday life. Realizing tivity. Accordingly, in essence, sports activities are in- that a conflict can lead to undesirable consequences, evitably associated with special relationships, includ- it is necessary to minimize possible damage, cause this ing conflicts. Modern sport places high demands on phenomenon and benefit from it [5]. the physical and mental abilities of a person. Training According to the definition of the concept gener- and competitive process is often accompanied by the ally accepted for sociology of sport, sport is a social emergence of conflict situations, passing either into

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direct, open, conflicting interaction, or into a hidden and interpersonal relations of highly skilled handball or intrapersonal conflict [2]. players will help identify the level of cohesion and The close and effective interaction of teammates in well-being in a team as a basis for the formation of an sports and gaming activities is impossible in the context optimal psychological climate. of a destructively pronounced conflict interaction [3,4]. The purpose of the study was to identify the Acute long-term conflicts between athletes destroy the characteristics of the level of cohesion and well-being system of business and personal relationships, negative- of relationships, as well as the nature of interpersonal ly color the interactions between group members, and and informal relationships in the women’s handball ultimately lead to a decrease in athletic performance. team. The object of the study was informal and interper- Objectives of the study: sonal relations in the team of highly qualified handball 1. To determine the level of interpersonal conflict in players. a team of highly qualified handball players; The subject of the study was the nature of informal 2. To identify the nature and characteristics of in- and interpersonal relations in the level of cohesion and terpersonal and informal relationships in the women’s well-being of relationships in the women’s handball team. handball team; Hypothesis of the study: we proceeded from the 3. To determine the level of cohesion and well-be- assumption that the diagnosis and analysis of informal ing of relationships in the women’s handball team.

Table 1 – Group Conflict Level Indicators

The frequency of conflict in group Very often Often Rarely No J ( IC.) ∑ Р1(%) ∑ Р2 (%) ∑ Р3(%) ∑ Р4(%) 0 0,00 3 16,67 9 50,00 0 0,00 -0,28 Note: JCI - is a conflict frequency index; P1, P2, P3, P4 are the percentages of answers according to the first, second, third and fourth answer variants. Table 2 – Indicators of individual conflict handball players

The frequency of the player’s conflict according to the group Subgr. № Very often Often Rarely No By confl. J(CI) ∑ Р1(%) ∑ Р2 (%) ∑ Р3(%) ∑ Р4(%) level (К) 1 5 27,78 8 44,44 5 27,78 0 0,00 -0,66 2 1 5,56 7 38,89 10 55,56 0 0,00 -0,50 К1 3 0 0,00 9 50,00 7 38,89 2 11,11 -0,35 4 0 0,00 0 0,00 16 88,89 2 11,11 -0,18 5 0 0,00 2 11,11 13 72,22 3 16,67 -0,15 6 0 0,00 5 27,78 8 44,44 5 27,78 -0,05 7 0 0,00 4 22,22 9 50,00 5 27,78 -0,03 8 0 0,00 3 16,67 9 50,00 6 33,33 0,06 К2 9 0 0,00 1 5,56 10 55,56 7 38,89 0,17 10 0 0,00 0 0,00 11 61,11 7 38,89 0,19 11 0 0,00 0 0,00 10 55,56 8 44,44 0,26 12 0 0,00 0 0,00 8 44,44 10 55,56 0,41 13 0 0,00 1 5,56 5 27,78 12 66,67 0,54 14 0 0,00 0 0,00 4 22,22 14 77,78 0,70 15 0 0,00 1 5,56 2 11,11 15 83,33 0,76 16 0 0,00 0 0,00 3 16,67 15 83,33 0,78 К3 17 0 0,00 0 0,00 2 11,11 16 88,89 0,85 18 0 0,00 0 0,00 2 11,11 16 88,89 0,85

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Table 3 – Conflictogram

Research methods. To solve the tasks we used the However, among team players, the coefficient of following research methods: individual conflict (Table 2) ranges from -0.66 to 0.85, • Analysis and synthesis of literary sources hence the conflict between players varies considerably • Pedagogical observation within the same group. • Questioning In this regard, we divided the players by the level • Socio-psychological methods for determining of individual conflict into 3 subgroups: the first (ath- interpersonal conflict (in particular: “Methods for de- letes with conflicts are slightly above the average) – 3 termining the level of interpersonal conflict” (B. A. athletes (16.66% of all group members); the second Babayan), (sportswomen with conflicts of a considerably aver- • Methods of mathematical statistics (conflict indi- age level) – 10 players (55.55% of the members of the ces, median (Me), scope of variation (R); conflict fre- whole group); the third (athletes with low conflicts) – 5 quency index (J CI) for the team as a whole and for players (27.77%) from members of the whole group. each player separately). To determine the nature of interpersonal rela- The results of the study and their discussion. tionships in the women’s handball team, we used One of the most important characteristics of relation- the method of conflict measurement developed by ships in a sports team is the level (or degree) of conflict, I.Suleimanov and A.P.Dmitriev. as an individual athlete, and in the sports group as a In accordance with the requirements for the imple- whole. mentation of this methodology, we have developed The index of group conflict (J CI) of the women’s conflict-resolution selection criteria (questions) for handball team (calculated by the method of B. A. athletes of the group: Babayan) was -0,42 (with a range of JCI from -1.0 to 1.0), 1) “Who do you prefer to live in one room at a train- which indicates the level of group conflict is above av- ing camp? erage. The average Conflict Indicator of each player of 2) “With whom you do not want to live in the same the group Me (J CI) = 0.2 indicates that the values of room at the training camp? the coefficient of individual conflict among the players Based on the presented selection criteria, conflict as a whole are at the level of the average value (which matrices were compiled (Table 3). does not coincide with the value of the group coeffi- On the conflict matrix, two groups are strong- cient (-0.42) of the conflict given above). ly pronounced. The first one is stable (marked on

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the conflictogram with different colors, players The second group undergoes a stage of formation No. 8,9,11,13,14,15,16,17 and 18) and is ahead of the between veterans and young people, and at the mo- second group in terms of formation (marked with ment there is no desire to establish new informal ties. yellow color on the conflictogram, players No. 1, 2, In the first grouping we observe mutual and posi- 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 12), since there are ten mutual tive unidirectional elections between its members. elections in the first grouping, but not in the second Then, on the basis of the conflict matrix, the group grouping. (Table 4) and individual (Table 5) conflict indices were Based on the conflict matrices, conflictograms were calculated. compiled, reflecting these two groups and their inter- The reciprocity index (RI) for the whole team, re- personal and informal relationship handball players in flecting the level of cohesion in the informal sphere of the team. relations, was 0.036 – a low figure. Group Conflict Index We see a clash between the two factions; where the (GCI) is the “reverse” reciprocity index. Throughout the players of the first group belonged to other teams be- whole group, it is equal to 0, which suggests that the fore, and the players of the second group belonged to desire of the group members to establish informal re- this team. This is explained by the number of negative lations with each other is low. unidirectional choices by the athletes of the first group The reciprocity index in the first group was 0.14, to the athletes of the second group. and the reciprocity index in the second group is 0.

Picture 1 – Concentric Conflictogram informal Picture 2 – Concentric Conflictogram informal relations in the second subgroup relations in the first subgroup Type codes

– team members belonging to this team in the past

– team members belonging to other teams in the past

– team member, with the highest rate of conflict

– team member, with the lowest rate of conflict – conflict levels of group members

– mutual positive relationship of members of one group – positive and unidirectional choice of a member of one group – mutual negative relationship between members of different groupings – negative unidirectional relationships between members of different groupings

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Table 4 – Group conflict indexes

К1 К2 К3 № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 GCEI 1 2,1 6,6 3,17 RI 0,00 0,055 0,045 0,036 GCI 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00

Table 5 – Personal Conflict Indices

К1 К2 К3 № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 GCS 0,29 0,12 0,18 0,24 0,18 0,24 0,12 0,12 0,29 0,18 0,24 0,06 0,24 0,18 0,18 0,24 0,18 0,12 PCS 0,00 0,00 0,06 0,18 0,12 0,12 0,06 0,12 0,29 0,18 0,24 0,00 0,24 0,18 0,18 0,24 0,18 0,12 NCS 0,29 0,12 0,12 0,06 0,06 0,12 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 CEI 0,18 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,18 0,00 0,00 0,24 0,24 0,00 0,24 0,00 0,35 0,24 0,41 0,47 0,41 0,41 IPCE 0,18 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,18 0,00 0,00 0,24 0,24 0,00 0,24 0,00 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,24 NCEI 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,12 0,00 0,18 0,24 0,18 0,18 GCRI 0,47 0,12 0,18 0,24 0,35 0,24 0,12 0,35 0,53 0,18 0,47 0,06 0,59 0,41 0,59 0,71 0,59 0,53

Table 6 – Conflict Status of Team Members

Group name Number of choices № players Stars PCS ≥ m + 2σ = 0,31 – Preffered PCS > m + 1σ = 0,22 16,13,11,9 Accepted PCS = m – 1σ = 0,052 18,17,15,14,12,6,5,4,3 Isolated (unaccepted) PCS < m – 1σ = 0,052 1,2,12 Neglected PCS < m – 2σ = -0,03 – Sigma (σ) – quadratic deviation. The findings suggest that the informal cohesion of other members, shows that the most conflicting mem- the first group is three times higher than the general bers of a group, to a lesser extent than less conflicted group and significantly higher than the cohesion of athletes, tend to establish new informal relationships. the second group. The index of positive conflict expansiveness (IPCE), The Group Conflict Expansiveness Index (GCEI) char- characterizes the positive attitude of a member of the acterizes the desire of group members to establish infor- group to its other members. He also confirms that mal relationships with other group members. IGCE of the sportswomen in the first group are more inclined to first group was 5.7, and the second group – 0.75. This in- support positive informal relations than sportswomen dicates that the athletes of the first group are more eager in the second grouping. to establish informal relations than the second group. It can also be noted that the IPCE indicator for all GCEI for the group as a whole is equal to 3.17, for players of the first subgroup is equal to 0.24, which is the first subgroup it is 1, for the second – 2.1, for the higher than the index of the second subgroup equal third – 6.6 (subgroups on the level of individual con- to 0. Thus, there is a high level of group cohesion flict). These results also show that the most conflict- in the first subgroup and a low level in the second ing members of the group, to a lesser extent than less subgroup. conflicted athletes, tend to establish new informal con- It should be noted that handball players with low nections. Such connections are most important for the levels of conflict have the highest indices of the neg- third, least conflicting subgroup in terms of the level of ative conflict expansiveness index (NCEI). And at the individual conflict. same time, handball players with high levels of con- The Conflict Expansiveness Index (CEI), which char- flict have the highest rates of negative conflict status acterizes the attitude of a member of a group to its (NCS), determined according to the “negative” conflict

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criteria. Therefore, we can talk about the existence of Literature low cohesion in the team. 1. Antsupov, A.Y. Conflict in the diagrams and com- The positive conflict status (PCS), which is deter- ments: tutorial. 2nd ed. / A.Y. Antsupov, S.V. Baklanovskij. mined according to the conflict measurement criteria – SPb.: Peter, 2009. – 304 p.: ill. with a positive orientation, makes it possible to iden- 2. Gorbunov, G.D. Psychopedagogy of sports. 3rd tify certain status positions (conflict status status) of ed., Spanish. / G.D. Gorbunov. – M.: Soviet sport, 2007. the members of the group: “stars”, preferred, adopted, – 296 p. isolated and neglected. 3. Suleymanov, I.I. Fundamentals of sports conflict The identified status groups allow us to determine resolution: a Monograph. / I.I.Suleymanov. – Omsk: the level of well-being of relationships (LWBR). This con- SibGAFK, 1997. – 344 p. cept was introduced by J.L. Kolominsky, who proposed Kiseleva, E.V. Management of interpersonal to distinguish three grades of LWBR: high, medium, low. conflicts in sports and pedagogical interaction / I gradation – “stars” (Table 6), II gradation – “pre- E.V. Kiseleva // Proceedings of the V Int. scientific – ferred”, III gradation – “accepted”, IV gradation – “iso- practical conf. psychologists nat. cult. and sports “ lated”, and V gradation – “neglected”. Rudikovskie chteniya “ (2-5 June 2009). – M .: “Anita Thus, the number of athletes in status groups, Press”, 2009. – P.116-122 where the index (PCS) is lower, exceeds the number of 4. Platonov, J.P. Psychology of conflict behavior / J.P. athletes in status groups with a relatively high index. Platonov. – SPb.: Rech, 2009. – 544 p. I + II

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UDC 316.454.3 THE TEAM «SPIRIT»: ABOUT THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF SPORTS INTERACTION

«ДУХ КОМАНДЫ»: О ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИИ СПОРТИВНОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ

Lozhkin George – Doctor Kolosov Andriy – PhD, Senior of Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher, Head of the Laboratory Researcher of the Institute of of Current and Operative Control Psychology named after G.S. of National Team Preparation Kostiuk APS, Kyiv, Ukraine, SSRIPCS, Kyiv, Ukraine, andriy_ [email protected] [email protected]

Ложкин Георгий Колосов Андрей Борисович – Владимирович – д-р. психол. канд. психол. наук, старший наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, заведующий научный сотрудник института лаборатории оперативного психологии им. Г.С.Костюка АПН, и текущего контроля Киев, Украина подготовленности спортсменов сборных команд ГНИИФКС, Киев, Украина

Nepopalov Vladimir – PhD, Keywords: «team spirit», collective subject, psychological Professor of the Department of resource, role space, group identity, fencing. Psychology at the Russian State University of Physical Education, Abstract. There formed thesaurus of the notion «team Sport, Youth and Tourism spirit», it analyzed psychological essence of the group (SCOLIPE), Moscow, Russia experience arising beside athlete in combined activity, it brought results of the empirical studies, which increase Непопалов Владимир conceptions about «team spirit» phenomenon, with Николаевич – канд. психол. athletes of fencing team of the Ukraine. наук, профессор кафедры психологии Российского государственного университета физической культуры, спорта, молодежи и туризма (ГЦОЛИФК), Москва, Россия

Ключевые слова: «дух команды», коллективный субъект деятельности, психологический ресурс, ролевое про- странство, групповая идентификация, фехтование. Аннотация. Составлен тезаурус понятия «командный дух», проанализирована психологическая сущ- ность возникновения групповых переживаний у спортсменов в процессе совместной деятельности, приведены результаты эмпирических исследований, которые расширяют представление о феномене «командного духа» на примере спортсменов сборных команд Украины по фехтованию.

The relevance of research. The attention of unconscious” in the psychodynamic works [17], researchers to the psychological aspects of inter- to the emergence and development of subjective personal interaction is traditional [7, 11, 15]. Its sci- signs of joint activity [1]. In sports and psychologi- entific ontology can be traced from the “collective cal studies, scientists are currently shifting the focus

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of attention from modeling and conceptualization, group processes and states, unique mechanisms of which are characteristic of studying the problems of functioning and interaction. “psychological preparation” in sports, and later on Therefore, the development of sources of activity the “psychological support” of sports activities to an of individual subjects and the team as a whole im- ideographic, possibly more individualized descrip- plies a special form of organization of people, based tion of the subject’s “psychological support” sports on thoughtful positioning of participants who have a or sports-pedagogical activity, reflecting the increas- common vision of the situation (training, competitive), ing degree of conditionality of the achieved person- strategic goals and have developed interaction proce- al results (subjective) categories. This justifies the dures [5]. interest of researchers to the problems of searching, One of the resource sources of sports results is the forming, expanding the means of mental activity, its spirituality of the subject of sports and educational ac- resources and their evaluation. tivities, that is, that which inspires “spirit”, inspires. This The purpose of the study is to analyze and sum- is evidenced by the wide use in the literature of such marize the phenomenological formations of sublime concepts as “inspiration”, “courage”, “dedication”, “re- states arising in the joint activity of sports teams and source condition”, “cohesion”, “partner feeling”, “team establish empirical referents of their research. sense”, “feeling” we “,” fighting spirit “,” Winning spir- Methods. Theoretical analysis of the problem, the it “,” hard spirit “,” morale “,” team spirit “, etc., which questionnaire of M. Belbin for assessing roles in a team experts often use to explain the success or failure of (Belbin team roles assessment), modification of the or- sports performances. ganizational identification scale of J. Cheng (adapta- The concepts of “spirit” and “resource” cannot yet tion by AV Lovakov), assessment of the psychological be attributed to the formed psychological categories, readiness of an athlete, variational analysis (ANOVA), however, interest in these subject attributes is obvi- nonparametric analysis of variance Kruskal-Wales ous, as evidenced by the increasing number of scien- (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by ranks H-test). tific papers on this problem, both methodological and The results of the study and their discussion. applied. The study of the problem of spirituality of the The use of the term “sports team” initially provides for subject, develops in four directions: religious, cultural, a certain level of development of the group. In the so- philosophical and psychological. Within the frame- cio-psychological context, a team is a kind of a new work of the latter, a study of situational and personal growth of a small group, which has already formed factors is carried out that contribute to the emergence

Sports Team Cohesion Factors

Environment Team • contractual liability; • group task; • organizational orientation. • the desire to achieve team success; • group orientation; • group norms of productivity; Personal • team opportunities; • individual orientation; • the stability of the team. • satisfaction; • individual differences.

Managerial • the behavior of the head; • management style; • the identity of the coach.

Figure 1-Conceptual model of cohesion in team sports [19]

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Table 1 - Criteria characteristics of a group subject of activity (according to A.L. Zhuravlev)

Kind Characteristic Type Level 1. Interconnectedness Potential subjectivity or and interdependence of Group state of preactivity Interconnected presubjectivity individuals in a group

2. Quality (ability) to manifest Group activity Interconnected-active Real Subjectivity various forms of joint activity

3. The quality (ability) of the Group self-reflection, self- Interconnected-active- Reflective subjectivity or group to self-reflection knowledge reflexive developed subjectivity

of spiritual (elevated) states in a person associated such cases, the coaches, and the athletes themselves, with the awareness and experience of higher values, speak of the absence of an important, sometimes nec- the formation of spiritual abilities, the formation of essary condition – “team spirit”. While less successful spiritual intelligence [3, 10]. A potential consequence in individual types of athletes can demonstrate out- of this process is the fullness of the involvement of the standing ability in a coherent team interaction subject of the regulatory agents of the psyche, for the In general, the scientific view of the nature of the organization of mental activity, which leads to the real- team “spirit”, its emergence and development became ization of new opportunities for self-regulation. possible thanks to the development of a number of One of the possible reasons for the scientific inter- psychological and socio-psychological phenomena, est of sports psychologists to this topic is the aware- among which are the subjectivity in professional ac- ness of the limited development of an athlete or team tivities [4], non-equilibrium mental states [13], the flow purely activity framework, when the conditions of their state [20], spirituality of a professional [12, 16], as well formation and implementation, is a constant going be- as the psychological climate of the team [6], joint activ- yond the “limits of yourself”, the search for additional ities [1], team cohesion [19], collective subject of activ- means of activating the psyche [9]. The source of edu- ity [1], group roles [ 18] and others cation of mental resources, according to the concept of In accordance with modern ideas about the dy- Tolochek V.A. [14], in addition to internal or intrsubjec- namics of the mental activity of the group, a number of tive inherent qualities of individual subjects) there may criteria characteristics determine the level of its devel- be external ones, among which are intersubject or sys- opment. In other words, the development of a collec- temic qualities arising from the interaction and perfor- tive subject of activity is characterized by correspond- mance of joint group activities, as well as extra-subject, ing properties, characteristics, types that determine, in manifested as in the process of “live” interaction, and turn, its level (Table 1). broadcast by means of culture, for example, command The latter level “closes” the integrity of the group, (corporate, organizational). forms a reflexive environment [8], in which the ability Such views are consistent with the ideas about of the group (team) to make intuitive or rational de- the development of cohesiveness of sports teams, cisions is manifested. This process determines the ac- the conceptual model of which was developed by A. tivation of “intragroup consciousness”, thus forming Carron [19] (Figure 1) and includes four categories: en- a group image of its potential, which reflects group vironmental factors, personal factors, management needs, aspirations, goals, and also resources for the factors, and team factors. A. Carron was the last to play regulation of group activity. a significant role, since the total contribution of these The formation of a team need is associated not only factors may to some extent compensate for the lack of with the ability to satisfy individual desires, but also development of others, including the level of individ- with the appearance, within the framework of achiev- ual skill of the group members. That is why a team of ing a common goal, a feeling that was previously not well-functionally trained athletes focused exclusively typical for an individual athlete, which in social psy- on the realization of individual capabilities, in other chology has been called the “we” feeling associated words, search-oriented intrsubjective resources, is not with team spirit and team success [4]. The content side always able to realize their potentially high level. In of this phenomenon is:

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– collective experience of success and failure (team Phenomenologically, this characteristic is close to euphoria, depression); the “flow state” described by M. Csikszentmihalyi [20], – the pride of each team member for the fact that i.e. a state of complete unity of activity with a situa- the whole team goes to a common goal together; tion characterized by optimal inner motivation, when – the ability of each team member to take risks in a person is completely immersed in what she does, but extreme situations in order to achieve team victory; at the same time characterized by freedom, joy, a feel- – confidence that, if obstacles and barriers of a ing of complete satisfaction and excellence. According sporting and psychological nature arise, the team can to the author, clear goals, balance between the level of unite and mobilize; abilities of the performer (group) and the complexity – the realization that sports training and com- of the task, for example, a competitive program, direct petition given part of life, health and human values and fast feedback, a high degree of concentration of by all. attention on a relatively limited subject, fusion of ac- It is the real experience of being involved in group tions and consciousness (“I am the action!”). processes, the mutual experience of a sublime senso- Essential for understanding the phenomenon of ry mental state arising in the process of joint activity, personal interaction are the participants’ own ideas leads to the formation of a sense and at the same time about the team, which determine the field of possible sensory category – “spirit” [12]. This is facilitated by the communications, values or ideas presented in group “expansion of consciousness”, the strengthening of all thinking, which regulate and guide the desired behav- human capabilities occurring due to the maximum ior. Thus, a certain energy space can be formed, which “openness” and hypersensitivity both to external in- has its own perimeter and configuration with its own formation and energy messages, and to individual synergistic specific autonomous response, configured and collective contents of the subconscious, which is place and time. This space, according to the convic- accompanied by “a sharp expansion of the information tion of A. Manegetti, outlines the perceptual “semantic base of understanding”[16] actual, for example, com- field”, which is information that is capable of transmit- petitive situation. In such a state, athletes often note ting any phenomenon or event in an emotional image, an extraordinary intimacy, rallying, mutual experience, altering the psycho-emotional or organic status of the which is one of the conditions for mutual understand- recipient of this information, i.e. the subject who comes ing, preceding interpenetration into the inner world in contact with this field. The interaction or interaction of another person. Own experience “expands” by the of two or more subjects can occur not only through addition of someone else, as a result of which the ho- verbal and interactive activities, but also with their rizon of understanding expands. Experience and un- complete or partial absence, subject to a complimen- derstanding constitute the phenomenon of mutual tary attitude or propensity to exchange information. connection – empathy [2], thanks to which the team In itself, the achievement of an inspired state in a can acquire some kind of unity, forming a group sub- tense joint activity of a sports team leads to the for- ject of activity. mation of a qualitatively new integrity – experiencing The intensity of the mutual experience of the sub- a “resource inspired state”, which is achieved through lime sthenic state arising in the process of performing energy-information saturation of the situation, in- meaningful joint activities obviously determines the creasing the activity of the group subject and simulta- strength of the command “spirit”, while the subject’s neously setting the spatial and temporal boundaries of emotions shift from the “information blocking mode its implementation. Such an act of experience makes to the energetic mode” [16], as a result of which such adjustments in the worldview of the personality of ath- “peak” emotional experiences as” inspiration “,” de- letes, the team as a whole, causing irreversible chang- light “that color the resolution of a complex, tense es in its formation. At the same time, a group sense and even extreme situation [13]. At the same time, of the adequacy of funds is formed to demonstrate a spiritual states are characterized by harmonization of high result. In this understanding, the formation and personality, concentration on the problem, internal implementation of a resource is carried out by an ath- balance, high concentration of consciousness on rele- lete (team) in a certain situation within a specific event vant objects, full of self-feeling and clarity of mind. This (training, competitive). mental state is often accompanied by specific sports The described experiences play an ambiguous role sensations (projectile, water, rival, distance, support, for the team. Once having felt the state of team inspi- movement, etc.) and is characterized by the greatest ration, athletes make it normative, to a certain extent, sports performance. planned, expected, using experience gained in the

62 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES IN SPORT PSYCHOLOGIST past. Such expectations are sometimes able to influ- respectively. Whereas the socio-psychological compo- ence the individual image of competitive interaction, nent of readiness, which included indicators team at- change the usual pattern of sensations of motor ac- mosphere, mutual support, satisfaction, psychological tions; the athlete as if is guided not by the procedural distance, and character within the team was the high- (technical) side of the performance of the motor ac- est (78.1 ± 11.2%), while remaining unchanged within tion, which is important “here and now”, but by the the normative values (V = 0.14). It was the presence of expected resultant phase. At the same time control mutual “spirit” that, in the opinion of the athletes and over execution of action can decrease. the coach, created the atmosphere, against the back- Team expectations relate not only to individual ground which occurred a qualitative transformation of experiences, but also to the team role-playing reper- the mental state of athletes. toire. The skill level of each team member is fixed in Another informative indicator that demonstrates the minds of all athletes. A role stereotype of expected the peculiarities of intra-group interaction and ac- behavior arises, which, depending on the skill level of cordingly affects the peculiarities of intra-team ex- the team, may cause over-activity of its other repre- periences in training and competitive activity is the sentatives, if necessary, compensate for “role losses”, distribution of roles within the team and the level of for example, in the fight against a relatively weak op- team identification. Analysis of role spaces suggests ponent, or, conversely, lead to significant oppression of both the qualitative side, that is, the severity of cer- competitive activity in the absence of a sense of suffi- tain roles, their combination, and the ratio of the set cient resources for this, which often takes place in the of role spaces of all team members: dubbing, absorp- struggle with a strong opponent. tion, distribution, the presence of free role zones, At the same time, closeness of relationships and the uniqueness / stereotype of role-playing status, commonality of experiences are capable of perform- and others. on the reliability of differences in teams ing a stabilizing function against the background by two indicators, namely the role of a “collectivist” of a significant reduction in various components of (“team worker”) (H = 4.04; p = 0.11; c = 2; n = 12), the mental readiness, which occurs under the influence highest average index (17, 25 ± 4.7 points) was regis- of external and internal factors. An illustration of the tered in sable fencers, whereas the smallest average manifestation of the “team spirit” is the results of mon- (10 ± 4.6 points) is in the team of epee fencer, the av- itoring the psychological readiness of the women’ na- erage value for the team of foils women (11.75 ± 3.2 tional combined sable fencing team of the Ukraine in points), and also the role of “finishing up” (“complet- preparation for their performance at the Games of the er”) ( H = 5.6; p = 0.07; c = 2; n = 12), where the situa- XXII Olympiad. In the process of temporal and climat- tion looked opposite with the corresponding average ic-geographical adaptation, 4 out of 5 components of values of the indices in the teams – 7.25 ± 2.4; 8.25 ± readiness (neuropsychic tension, functional, motiva- 4.6 and 11.4 ± 3.2 points. tional and executive were characterized by dynamics Among the eight diagnosed role positions, the of various intensity with values (±S) 66 ± 11.1%; 57.9 highest indicator was registered for the role of a “team ± 11.8%; 65, 5 ± 15.5%; 63.7 ± 15.2% and the general- worker” in the women’ saber team of the Ukraine, ized coefficients of variation (V) 0.17; 0.2; 0.22 and 0.24, who performed most successfully at the World

Table 2 - Ratio of individual role status and group identification of athletes

Group Identification Components Team roles Self– Identification Emotional Separation of Summative categorization valence Affection goals and values assessment rs= – 0,787; rs= – 0,764; rs= – 0,650; Leader – – p=0,02 p=0,03 p=0,08 rs= – 0,720; Explorer – – – – p=0,04 rs= 0,606; Scientist – – – – p=0,10 rs= 0,560; rs= 0,720; rs= 0,740; Team worker – – p=0,09 p=0,04 p=0,03

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Championships. The obtained data are coordinated level, that is, its sensual attractiveness is taken into with the robots of a number of authors, regarding the account first of all. In men, emotional categories are importance of team orientation in the distribution of confirmed through personal (sometimes rational) group roles [5, 18, 19, etc.]. The total area of intersection persuasion, as well as the joint separation of means of “role spaces” in women’ fencing teams for sabers, ra- to achieve goals and an orientation toward shared piers and epee is 90.49%, 91% and 92.5%, respectively, values. the intersection-free personal role zone was the larg- It is remarkable that the leadership roles are large- est among sable fencers (9.51%), the smallest in epee ly negatively correlated with the indicators of group fencers (7.5%) and intermediate values were found in identification, while the collectivist roles are positive the team of foils women (9.0%). (Table 2). The data obtained give us reason to believe Decomposition of the team athletes’ role space in- that the team’s role-playing repertoire configuration dicates the homogeneity of the role positions in the depends on the specifics of team identification, but team (homo / heterogeneity) and the potential possi- at the same time affects the intragroup redistribu- bility of changing the roles of female athletes, if nec- tion of activity, which is significant for regulating essary. At the same time, the presence of an individual competitive actions and determining optimal tacti- free role zone underlines the functional individuality cal schemes. of an athlete, the uniqueness of his role in the team, which characterizes the value of the personal style re- Findings. The formation of the “team spirit” occurs alized in competitive activities. through a change in the actual mental state of the in- The analysis of the configuration of the roles of dividual subject, which is expressed in the sense of the athletes of the men’s national team of the Ukraine belonging to a group, the formation of the integrity of on fencing with different types of weapons showed mutual experiences, understanding and interpenetra- the reliability of differences in the teams also in two tion with the formation of a group subject of activity. indicators. However, unlike women, the roles of the Participation in joint actions naturally affect the per- “chair” (“implementator”) were significantly different son, extrapolating to follow-up. (H = 4.27; p = 0.09; c = 2; n = 12), the highest average Empirical references of “team spirit” can be indica- (12.0 ± 5.2 points) was registered in the team of sa- tors of a comprehensive study of such psychological ble fencers, the smallest (4.75 ± 4.3 points) – in the and socio-psychological phenomena as individual team of epee fencers, the average value in the team and group subjectivity, non-equilibrium mental states, of foilsmen (8.00 ± 6.2 points), as well as the role of group states of “flow”, spiritual experiences, team co- “disturber” (“shaper “) (H = 3.63; p = 0.12; c = 2; n = 12), hesion factors, group roles, group identification, etc. where the situation was different from the previous Two the latter are characterized within the team regu- one with the corresponding average values of the in- latory aspect, which is able to influence the increased dices in the teams – 10.0 ± 6.8; 8.50 ± 2.6 and 13.25 ± mental activity of all team members. 2.6 points respectively. The subject area of studying the nature of the It is also necessary to note the tangible superiority “team spirit” properties in sports psychology, along of the men’s sable team in the manifestation of such a with the expansion of the analysis of the content and role as a “thinker” (“creator”) with an average of 10.0 ± structural relationships of the phenomenon itself, can 8.3 points, whereas among the rapiers and rapiers 6.0 be supplemented by studies of the resource properties ± 4.9 that 6, 0 ± 5.0 points, respectively. of an individual subject of sports activity, its regulato- The total area of intersection of role spaces in men’s ry capabilities, energy-information parameters of per- fencing teams on sabers, rapiers and swords differs sonal characteristics, processes, states together with from the women’s and, respectively, is 95.36%, 92.5% the space-time conditions for their implementation. and 91.43%. 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UDC 378.178 THE STUDY OF PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY COACHES AND ATHLETES WHEN INTERACTING WITH THE MEDIA

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГРУПП ПРОБЛЕМ, ВОЗНИКАЮЩИХ У ТРЕНЕРОВ И СПОРТСМЕНОВ ПРИ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИИ СО СМИ

Shtukkert Alisa – lecturer in the Keywords: communicative competence, coach, athlete, sports psychology department at the P.F. journalist, interview, problem interaction. Lesgaft National State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Abstract. Communicative competence is one of the Health, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, important factors of professionalism of a specialist [email protected] in the field of «Physical culture and sport». Personal characteristics of the coach and / or athlete, inconsistency Штуккерт Алиса Львовна – of information and external adverse factors can create старший преподаватель кафедры problems in the interviewing situation. Sports journalists психологии Национального themselves can also complicate communication, showing Государственного Университета their unprofessionalism and superficial approach to their физической культуры, спорта и здоровья имени П.Ф. Лесгафта, г. work, as well as in the pursuit of scandalous material. Санкт-Петербург, Россия

Ключевые слова: коммуникативная компетентность, тренер, спортсмен, спортивный журналист, интервью, проблемное взаимодействие. Аннотация. Коммуникативная компетентность является одним из важных факторов профессиона- лизма специалиста отрасли «Физическая культура и спорт». Личностные особенности тренера и/ или спортсмена, несогласованность информации и внешние неблагоприятные факторы могут создавать проблемы в ситуации интервьюирования. Затруднять коммуникации могут и сами спортивные журна- листы, проявляя свой непрофессионализм и поверхностный подход к своей работе, а также в погоне за скандальным материалом.

The relevance of research. The value of commu- out in the process of communication and competitive nicative competence in professional training of future interaction of athletes [3, p. 84]. specialists of physical culture and sports is determined So, the relevance of studying the possibility of the by the content of the State educational standard of formation of communicative competence of physical higher professional education, which contains require- culture and sports specialists is determined by sever- ments for professional and pedagogical communica- al aspects: the specifics of the very activity of physi- tion and speech training, indicated in the block of gen- cal culture and sports specialists; and the fact that a eral professional and special disciplines. At the same coach, an athlete, a sports journalist work in the “per- time, we should not forget that the communicative po- son-to-person” system, where communication is one tential of an individual is the leading internal force that of the significant categories. feeds the motivation to achieve success in selected ac- The results of the study and their discussion. tivities of not only coaches, captains and team leaders, The aim of our study was to highlight the problems but also each athlete individually, since the implemen- that arise or may arise in a situation of interaction with tation of all components of sports activities is carried the media among athletes and / or coaches.

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Using the brainstorming method with two groups Block A – athlete’s personal characteristics of respondents (1 group of respondents consisted of 1. Culture of speech acts of athletes; qualified athletes of various sports studying at the NSU 2. Expressive characteristics of the athlete’s speech; of physical culture, sport and health named after P.F. 3. Emotions experienced by an athlete; Lesgaft, n = 227; 2 group consisted of students – journal- 4. Psychophysiological conditions of the athlete; ists, studying at the NSU of physical culture (n = 57) we Block B – the quality of interpersonal interaction prepared an empirical classification of problems that an between the coach and the athlete athlete or a trainer may encounter during interaction 5. Disagreement in the opinions of the coach and with media representatives, for example: with the par- the athlete; ticipation of in a press conference, television / radio / Block C – professional sports journalist training internet meeting, interviewing, etc. The data were sum- 6. Features of the questions asked by journalists; marized, divided into groups within the meaning and 7. Non-professionalism of a sports; tabulated for systematization of the material obtained 8. Interviewing conditions. and visibility (Table 1). Due to a significantly extended We can state that Block A, which includes the first sample, clarifications were made and 2 more groups four groups of problems, can be created by the athlete of problems were added to the empirical classification himself in connection with the existing mental pro- previously compiled by the author [2, p. 35-40.] file of the person, providing a certain level of activity During respondents’ answers processing using the and his behavior. Block B “Disagreement in the opin- method of content analysis, 8 groups of problems were ions of the coach and the athlete” affects the inter- identified that may arise in situations of interaction be- nal relationships in sports teams, between the coach tween coaches and athletes with the media: and the athlete. These problems may be evidence of

Table 1 – Empirical classification of problems that both coaches and athletes may encounter in a situation of interaction with the media (n = 284)

Groups of problems that may encounter when Content: interacting with the media: Emotions experienced by an Anger; irritation; unwillingness to be interviewed; embarrassment; euphoria; inability to control athlete yourself; aggression; fear not to answer the question; fear of the crowd and cameras; excessive emotionality; diffidence; nervousness; excitement; confusion, etc. Features of the questions Personal questions; incorrect questions; issues related to the relationship with the coach; a large asked by journalists number of questions at the same time; ordinary questions; questions about the organization of training and conditions of preparation for competitions; ambiguous issues; censorship; ignorance of the athlete’s full name; obsession, etc. Expressive characteristics of The use of foul language; problems with diction; stuttering; use of words – «parasites»; confused the athlete’s speech speech; speech confusion; muscle spasm of the vocal cords (psychological moment), etc. Culture of speech acts of The inability to correctly and clearly articulate his thought; violation of the sequence of athletes presentation; incompetence in the answers; ignorance of the topic raised; lack of eloquence; ignorance of sports terminology; loss of conversation thread; many unnecessary words; forgetfulness; vivid imagination; inaccuracy in the responses; ethical behavior; outright nonsense; language barrier, etc. Psychophysiological Thirst; fatigue; injury; stupor; spasm of the vocal cords; redness; cough or dry mouth; sweating; conditions of the athlete stiffness in gestures, etc. Terms of press conference, There is no opportunity to fully answer questions; hardware problems; lack of time for an television / radio meeting or interview; blurry timeframes; injuries received during the interviewing process; distracting interview external factors; rude actions of guards; organizational rules, etc. Non-professionalism of a Ignorance of sports terminology; does not know the features of interviewing; inability to create sports journalist a favorable environment, to establish contact; inability to keep up the conversation; does not understand sports; lack of understanding of the athlete’s response; infringement of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, etc. Disagreement in the opinions Disagreements between the coach and the athlete in the views; disagreements in a sports team; of the coach and the athlete inconsistency of information, etc.

68 №4 (51) 2018 SPORTS SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES IN SPORT PSYCHOLOGIST inefficient communication and low level of commu- between a coach and an athlete”. That says about the nication skills of all participants of communication. desire of domination of men in the sports team, de- Block B, which includes such groups of problems as fending their own point of view. This fact indicates the “Features of questions asked by journalists”, “Non- presence of formed gender stereotypes regarding the professionalism of a sports journalist” and partly the behavior of men in modern society [1]. 8th group “Conditions in which they conduct inter- At the same time, there were few statements re- viewing” depend on professional experience and garding the factors associated with external difficul- preliminary preparedness of sports journalists, their ties (the habit of effectively acting in unusual, often level of awareness in this sport and a well-thought extreme situations – what any sporting competition safety net in case something goes wrong as originally is), psychophysiological processes (the habit of con- planned. The annoying accidents, man-made contin- trolling your body as a matter of course, natural pro- gencies and technical problems were included in the cess) oral speech (which indicates a normal perception 8th group of problems, since this type of problems is of oneself, the presence of self-irony and adequate the most difficult to predict and may not depend en- self-esteem among respondents). That is, in fact, ath- tirely on the athlete or the journalist. letes rely only on themselves and are look for means to When processing the empirical material, significant overcome the arising obstacles in themselves. This cor- differences were found in the content of the answers responds to the predominance of one of the “spaces” of athletes and students – journalists when answering of a person as “ARENA”, by reducing the “UNKNOWN the author’s questionnaire. (Table 2). ZONE” and “BLIND SPOTS” according to the concept The respondents of group 1, consisting of qualified of Joseph Laft and Harry Ingram’s personal space [4, athletes, overwhelmingly pointed out problems asso- p. 47-50]. ciated with the ineffective management of their emo- The third conclusion concerns the fact that we can tional states (46.7%) and the lack of knowledge of the see the absence of a significant difference in the re- interviewing process (45.4%). According to the results sponses of athletes – men and athletes – women in of the survey, positive personal contact with media almost all categories, which confirms the presence of representatives, the possibility of exchanging opinions a process of smoothing gender differences in some on any issues or events, etc., is important for both girls personality characteristics between men and women – athletes and young men – athletes. Therefore, one during sports (Vorozhbitova A. L., 2011). third of the respondents’ answers indicated problems In the second group, the subjects also most often poor quality or provocative work of sports journalists pointed out such problems as: the inadequacy of the (34.4%). athlete, his excessive emotionality (63.2%), inability Only in the group of male athletes, several re- to answer the questions asked, confusion of speech, spondents named such a problem as “Disagreements etc. (61.4%). Which, in their opinion, may complicate

Table 2 – Results of the study of problems encountering from the interaction with the media, using the content analysis of the respondents’ answers (n = 284)

1 group 2 group Groups of problems that may encounter when interacting with the media F М Total group F М Total group (n=111) (n=116) averages (n=37) (n=20) averages Emotions experienced by an athlete 52,3 % 41,4 % 46,7 % 64,9 % 60 % 63,2 % Culture of speech acts of athletes 50,5 % 40,5 % 45,4 % 67,6 % 50 % 61,4 % Psychophysiological conditions of the athlete 4,5 % 3,4 % 4 % 2,7 % 15 % 7 % Expressive characteristics of the athlete’s speech 9,9 % 6 % 7,9 % 8,1 % 5 % 7 % Disagreement in the opinions of the coach and the athlete 0 % 3,5 % 4 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Features of the questions asked by journalists 34,2 % 34,5 % 34,4 % 43,2 % 45 % 43,9 % Non-professionalism of a journalist 25,2 % 17,2 % 21,1 % 32,4 % 55 % 40,4 % Terms of press conference, television / radio meeting or 9 % 9,5 % 9,3 % 10,8 % 5 % 8,8 % interview

*type codes: F – female, М – male

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the interviewing process. That is, basically problems, 3. A difference was found in taking responsibility according to future sports journalists, arise because for the situation between the two groups of respond- of the mental properties of athletes. Tricky and pro- ents. If athletes rely mainly on themselves, then a quar- vocative questions confusing athletes are recognized ter of the respondents of the second group, to which as an ineffective mechanism for obtaining valuable we attributed the student journalists, tend to disclaim information (43.9%). But at the same time they remain responsibility and transfer it to those around them. one of the leading mechanisms for creating sensa- tions and forming their own popularity in journalism. Literature More than a third called the lack of professionalism of 1. Vorozhbitova, A.L. Gender in sports activities: a sports journalist as a salutary ground for reducing a tutorial / A.L. Vorozhbitova // Pub. 1 st. – M.: FLINT: the effectiveness or completely stopping interaction Science. – 2011. – 216 p. with athletes. This was expected, since any well-per- 2. Shtukkert, A.L. Psychological preparation of elite formed activity at times reduces the possibility of the athletes for interviews with media representatives working process getting out of the control of a spe- / A.L. Shtukkert // Bulletin of the Baltic Pedagogical cialist. Large values of this indicator (40.4%) indicate Academy. – Vol. 109. – 2013. – p. 35–40. that the interviewed students – journalists more of- 3. Serova, L.K. Professionally important qualities of ten justify their failures by their lack of professional- the personality of athletes / LK Serova, A.S. Martynov. ism, illiteracy or lack of experience, rely more on the – SPb .: SPbGAU. – 2010. – 137 p. help of others (that is, they hope for the indulgence of 4. Luft, J. Group processes: An introduction to group athletes and coaches), they don’t know all their capa- dynamics / J. Luft. Palo Alto, Calif .: National Press. – bilities (which may indicate a low self-esteem among 1970. – p. 47–50. respondents and a lack of proper experience). All this indicates that the students-journalists are dominated Литература by such “spaces” of the personality as “UNKNOWN 1. Ворожбитова, А.Л. Гендер в спортивной ZONE” and “BLINDLY” according to the presented деятельности: учебное пособие / А.Л. Ворожбитова model of the personal space of Joseph Laft and Harry // Изд-е 1-е. – М.: ФЛИНТА: Наука. – 2011. – 216 с. Ingram [4, p.47-50]. 2. Штуккерт, А.Л. Психологическая подготовка элитных спортсменов к интервью с представителями Findings: СМИ / А.Л. Штуккерт // Вестник Балтийской 1. In a situation of interviewing both sides of the Педагогической Академии. – Вып. 109. – 2013. – С. interaction can create problem situations. And only 35–40. experience, a positive attitude and a willingness 3. Серова, Л.К. Профессионально важные to make contact help to overcome difficulties in качества личности спортсменов / Л.К. Серова, А.С. communication. Мартынов. – СПб.: СПбГАУ. – 2010. – 137 с. 2. We have confirmed the fact of smoothing the 4. Luft, J. Group processes: An introduction to group gender characteristics of athletes, due to their involve- dynamics / J. Luft. Palo Alto, Calif.: National Press. – ment in sports activities. 1970. – P. 47–50.

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The journal «Sports psychologist» publishes original numbering in the list of references. In the list of theoretical, experimental and applied research papers, references the sources are given in alphabetical as well as reviews in the following areas (and sections) order. of sports psychology: • sport psychology issues and history; The article should contain: • psychology of a team, athlete, coach; 1. Title of the article (in capital letters); • preparation, training and competition 2. Information about the author(s): psychology; • Full name of all authors; • socio-psychological issues in sport; • the academic title and academic degree; • psychology of extreme sports; • position, department and full name of the • correction, psychodiagnostics and research organization, city, country; methods; • e-mail address or phone number for contacts • practical and experimental studies in sport and with the authors; physical culture; 3. Keywords; • to help a coach and athlete. 4. Abstract (5-10 lines). 5. The text of the experimental study must neces- FORMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS: sarily contain the following items: introduction; pur- The editorial office accepts the materials in elec- pose; materials and methods (organization of the study, tronic form in one copy in Microsoft Word format (.doc, subjects, research methods); results; discussion; con- .docx or .rtf). clusions; practical recommendations (optional); biblio- Requirements for articles sent to the journal editorial graphic references. office: The article is accompanied by information about the 1. The volume of the manuscript, including author(s) (date of birth, full name, home postal address references, figures and tables, should not exceed with the index, phone number, specialty, academic rank, 5 pages; place of work and position, e-mail address), photo(s) of 2. Forced hyphenation are not recommended; each author(s) in format .jpg. 3. Font in the document – Times New Roman; size – 1) Articles that do not meet these requirements are 14 pt. Line spacing – single; alignment on width not published automatically. of page. 2) Articles sent to authors for revision and not re- 4. Margins: left, right, top, bottom – 2.0 cm. turned to the editorial office by the deadline are exclud- 5. The text of a document in Word is not highlighted ed from the editorial portfolio. by figured elements such as circles, squares, 3) Editors get acquainted with the letters of readers, arrows, and so on. but does not enter into correspondence. 6. In the text of the document in italics or bold, only the keywords are highlighted. Materials are sent to the editorial office by 7. Images are inserted into the text of the article, e-mail [email protected] or to the e-mail as well as provided in separate files in the format address of the Department of psychology .jpg or .tiff with a resolution of at least 300 dpi. [email protected] marked «to the journal 8. Tables in the text of the article are typed in Word, Sports psychologist». but not inserted like picture. Phones / Fax: +7 (495) 961-31-11, ext. 14-86 (11- 9. Titles highlighted in the article text using CAPS 22 – main editor), +7 (495) 166-56-95 LOCK are not welcome. 105122, Moscow, Sirenevy Boulevard, 4, 10. Bibliographic references in the text should be SCOLIPE. given in square brackets in accordance with the Department of psychology, cab. 454.

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ПСИХОЛОГИЯ Николаев А.Н. ПОДГОТОВКИ, АЛГОРИТМ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ УСПЕШНОСТИ ТРЕНИРОВКИ ВЫСТУПЛЕНИЙ СПОРТСМЕНОВ 4 И СОРЕВНОВАНИЯ Сохликова В.А., Романина Е.В. СООТНОШЕНИЕ САМООЦЕНКИ И УРОВНЯ ПРИТЯЗАНИЙ КАК ВАЖНАЯ ПЕРЕМЕННАЯ УСПЕШНОГО ВЫСТУПЛЕНИЯ НА СОРЕВНОВАНИЯХ 8 Палий В.И. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЗОН КОМФОРТА В СПОРТИВНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ 12 ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ИСТОРИЯ Толочек В.А. ПСИХОЛОГИИ СПОРТА ФЕНОМЕН СТИЛЯ В СПОРТЕ: ИСТОРИЯ, РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ 16 Лукичев В.В., Афанасьев В.Г., Косс В.В. К ВОПРОСУ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ SOMATIC EXPERIENCE КАК МЕТОДА ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ И ПСИХОСОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ СОСТОЯНИЯ СПОРТСМЕНОВ ВЫСОКОЙ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ 23 ПСИХОЛОГИЯ ЛИЧНОСТИ Шумова Н.С., Шурочкина М.В. СПОРТСМЕНА, ТРЕНЕРА САМОПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ В СИНХРОННОМ ПЛАВАНИИ 33 Блеер А.Н., Москвин В.А., Москвина Н.В. ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПРОИЗВОЛЬНОЙ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ У МОЛОДЫХ СПОРТСМЕНОВ С УЧЕТОМ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ АСИММЕТРИИ 39 МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, Байковский Ю.В., Савинкина А.О., Ковалева А.В. ПСИХОДИАГНОСТИКИ МЕТОДЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ПРЕДСТАРТОВЫХ СОСТОЯНИЙ СПОРТСМЕНОВ И КОРРЕКЦИИ 42 Алёшичева А.В., Самойлов Н.Г. ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МЕТОДОВ ОЦЕНКИ КАЧЕСТВА ЖИЗНИ ДЛЯ ДИАГНОСТИКИ СОСТОЯНИЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ СПОРТСМЕНОВ 48 СОЦИАЛЬНО- Жийяр М.В., Буссаха А. ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ КОНФЛИКТОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ ПРОБЛЕМЫ В СПОРТЕ В КОМАНДЕ ГАНДБОЛИСТОК ВЫСОКОЙ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ 53 И ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ Ложкин Г.В., Колосов А.Б., Непопалов В.Н. КУЛЬТУРЕ «ДУХ КОМАНДЫ»: О ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИИ СПОРТИВНОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ 59 Штуккерт А.Л. ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГРУПП ПРОБЛЕМ, ВОЗНИКАЮЩИХ У ТРЕНЕРОВ И СПОРТСМЕНОВ ПРИ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИИ СО СМИ 67

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