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Bioprospecting the Renewable Forest Resources: an Overview

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Bioprospecting the Renewable Forest Resources: an Overview Current Biotica 5(4): 522-540, 2012 ISSN 0973-4031 Bioprospecting the renewable forest resources: An overview N. Senthilkumar* and S. Murugesan Institute of Forest Genetics & Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore-641 002, Tamil Nadu, India *E-mail:[email protected] Tropical deforestation is considered the convention on Biological diversity, and an essential factor in global biodiversity, in today this has manifested as the potential for view of the vast majority of terrestrial major benefits in terms of commercially species occurring in tropical moist forests. valuable and useful biochemical resources. The challenge of biodiversity management and conservation is to sustain ecosystem The exploration of wild plants and functions that generate ecosystem services animals for commercially valuable and enabling maintenance of resilience of biochemical resources is "Bioprospecting" = ecosystem to change. By ecological Biodiversity prospecting. The main focus of functioning we mean those basic processes Bioprospecting was developed in late 1980’s of ecosystem such as nutrient cycling, further strengthened by Convention on biological productivity, as well as ability of Biological Diversity (CBD). This has ecosystem to recover from external stresses. manifested itself globally as the potential for Although substantial biodiversity loss occur major benefits which has caused substantial due to forest clearing and degradation, such growth in the industry. practices as establishment of plantation and secondary forests can restore a significant Terrestrial and marine animals, plants, amount of biodiversity. Large scale losses of insects and microorganisms produce tropical forests have caused increasing numerous secondary metabolites. Some are concern, besides the ecological and for self-defense, symbiosis, sexual attraction, economic implication of these changes. In or to fulfill a variety of other purpose. this connection bioprospecting tends to be Bioassay-directed isolation, purification and an effective process enabling a better structure elucidation resulted in several appreciation of the availability of wild plants natural products from plants and microbe with and animals as commercials vulnerable and potential agricultural, forestry and other important biochemical resources. Needless biological application. India is one of 12- therefore to emphasize that in human mega biodiversity centers having about 10% welfare, biodiversity conservation, of the world’s biodiversity wealth, which is ecological sustainability and economic distributed across 16 agro-climatic zones. Out viability are intricately linked. In view of the of 17,000 species of higher plants reported to ecological impacts of overall biodiversity occur within India, 7500 are known to have loss the need for bioprospecting has become medicinal uses (Shiva, 1996). Today, natural essential resulting in the manifestation of products (and their derivatives and analogs) global biodiversity in terms of exploration of still represent over 50% of all drugs in wild plants and animals for their utilitarian clinical use, with higher plant-derived value. Needless to indicate that the main natural products representing 25% of the focus on bioprospecting was developed in total. The World Health Organization the late 1980’s and further strengthened by estimates that 80% of the people in ___________________________________________________________________________ 522 www.currentbiotica.com Current Biotica 5(4): 522-540, 2012 ISSN 0973-4031 developing countries of the world rely on Indonesia (Ohashi et al ., 1994). The traditional medicine for their primary health presence of a new constituent, p-Menth-1- care, and about 85% of traditional medicine en-3beta, 5beta-diol and anthraquinones involves the use of plant extracts. This from leaf oil and heartwood of A. marmelos means that about 3.5 to 4 billion people in respectively were detected (Garg et al ., the world rely on plants as sources of drugs. 1995). The chemical transformation and 13 This proportion of medicinal plants is the –C NMR isolation of three alkaloidal amides highest known in any other country against belonging to Cinnamide class from the the existing flora of that country (Kala et al ., leaves of bael were reported (Shweta et al ., 2006). The Charak Samhita , an age-old 2005). written document on herbal therapy, reports on the production of 340 herbal drugs for Natural Resources in India are curing various diseases (Prajapati, 2003). already recognized as a leader and an Currently, about 25% of drugs are derived important contributor to world’s from plants and many others are synthetic bioeconomy with its research in the area of analogues built on prototype compounds forest bioproducts (e.g. antioxidants and isolated from plant species in modern therapeutics). Naturally-occurring chemicals pharmacopoeia (Rao et al ., 2004). A. (antioxidants) extracted from forest plants marmelos Corr. (Rutaceae) commonly (trees, herbs, shrub, etc.) form the known as bael, is one of the most useful foundation for a broad range of forest medicinal plants in Indian Ayurvedic bioproducts and are required in large Medicine. Different parts of the plant have volumes for commercial production of been used in the treatment of diarrhea, bioproducts. dysenteries and diabetes mellitus (Nadkarni, 1976). In fact, as per document (1500 B.C.), Bioprospecting associated with forest no drug has been longer or better known by resources the inhabitants of India than the bael (Chemexcil, 1992). A. marmelos is used in The focus of bioprospecting in India indigenous systems of medicine in India, will be on discovering antioxidants because China, Burma and Srilanka (Kirtikar et al ., of their ability to help prevent, halt and 1935). On this account the plant is considered repair damage from diseases that are to be extremely auspicious. The leaves in triggered by overactive internal defense particular are venerated highly and have been reactions in our bodies. Antioxidants used in indigenous systems of medicine and naturally occurring in many plants found in are found to possess many medicinal qualities Indian forests could form the basis of new (Dymock et al ., 1890). A.marmelos is therapies for many diseases. variously reported to possess analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory properties, Renewable forest resources and pharmacological, and phytochemical studies renewableness on roots of A. marmelos have been carried out (Pitre et al ., 1987).The roots are used in A wide range of renewable resources ethnomedicine as an anti-diarrhoeitic, and as such as timber and fibre from trees, lac from an antidote to snake venom. Four isomeric lac-producing insects, starch and other lignan-glucosides were isolated from the polysaccharides from the plants are bark of A. marmelos. The bark of A. available from the forest. There is a constant marmelos has been used to treat diabetes in availability of resources such as grasses, ___________________________________________________________________________ 523 www.currentbiotica.com Current Biotica 5(4): 522-540, 2012 ISSN 0973-4031 seeds, shrubs and other plants with find uses in medicine, industry, and medicinal value for our use. These resources agriculture. Some of the compounds that we are replenished in the next season by the have discovered in endophytic microbes are quick propagation of the plant species by taxol, cryptocin, cryptocandin, and ambuic vegetative growth or from the seeds and are acid (Strobel, 2002). hence available for use in the following year. Bioprospecting the renewable forest resources Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are plants or plant parts that have perceived Currently, the commercial source of economic or consumption value sufficient to podophyllotoxin is the rhizomes and roots of encourage their collection and removal from Podophyllum emodi Wall., Berberidaceae the forest for utilization within the (syn. P. hexandrum Royle), an endangered household or marketed or have social, species from the Himalayas (Foster, 1993). cultural or religious significance. These Recent findings concluded that the leaf include plants and plant materials used for blades of the North American mayapple ( P. food, fuel, storage and fodder, medicine, peltatum L.) may serve as an alternative cottage and wrapping materials, source of podophyllotoxin production, since biochemical, as well as animals, birds, leaves are renewable organs that store reptiles and fishes, for food and feather. lignans as glucopyranosides (Canel et al ., NTFPs which are harvested from within and 2001; Moraes et al ., 2002). on the edges of natural and disturbed forest, may be all or part of living or dead plants, Endophytic microbial products lichens, fungi, or other forest organisms. NTFPs come from a large variety of plant Cryptosporiopsis quercina is the parts and are formed into a diverse set of imperfect stage of Peziculacinnamomea , a products: leaves & twigs that may be fungus commonly associated with hardwood component of decorative arrangements, food species in was isolated as an endophyte from items such as fruits, fungi and juices, wood Tripterigeum wilfordii , a medicinal plant. carved or woven into pieces of art or C. quercina demonstrated excellent utilitarian objects and roots, leaves and bark antifungal activity against some important processed into herbal remedies or medicines human fungal pathogens - Candida albicans (Adepoju et al ., 2007). and Trichophyton spp causing diseases of skin and nails because of the presence of
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