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Caribou Trails, 2011 Caribou trails Tuttut tumai (Inupiaq) bedzeyh tene (Koyukon Athabaskan) tuntut tumait (Yup’ik) News from The Western Arctic Caribou Herd working group Spring 2011 Issue 11 2011 Working Group Western Arctic Representatives: Caribou Herd Anchorage Steve Flory Sr, Working Group Anchorage Buckland, The Western Arctic Caribou Herd Working Deering & Selawik Group ( WACH WG) includes subsistence Ron Moto, Deering users, other Alaskan hunters, reindeer Anaktuvuk herders, hunting guides, transporters, & Nuiqsut Isaac Kaigelak, Nuiqsut conservationists, biologists, and natural resources managers. The group meets Elim, Golovin & White Mountain once or twice a year, with additional Charles Saccheus, Elim sub-committee meetings throughout the year, as specific needs arise. During meetings, biologists Fairbanks Hunters report on the current health and population status, range condition, and other biological factors Larry Bartlett, Fairbanks affecting the herd. Invited specialists present information on topics that may impact the herd, such as climate, statewide transportation, and public land use planning. Elders address the group, sharing Hunting Guides Phil Driver (V Chair), Anchorage knowledge passed down for generations. The group identifies concerns, requests information, and advocates for actions that will conserve and benefit the herd, including habitat studies or Kivalina & Noatak Raymond Hawley, Kivalina protections from the impacts of development. The group provides public information through this newsletter, Caribou Trails, and welcomes comments from the public. Kotzebue Willie Goodwin, Kotzebue The Working Group (WG) encourages you to involve yourself in issues surrounding the future of Koyukuk River WAH Pollock Simon Sr, Allakaket Western Arctic Herd ( ) caribou. It is important to be involved and have an active voice in how caribou are managed to ensure long term conservation of this precious resource. Contact your local Lower Kobuk River representative to see how you can voice your opinion, share your perspectives, or volunteer your Verne Cleveland Sr, Noorvik time as a representative or alternate to your region. Middle Yukon River Benedict Jones, Koyukuk WAH 2009 Census Revised Point Hope & Point Lay Caribou biologists at the Alaska Department declined 4-6% annually since its peak of 490,000 Ted Frankson, Point Hope of Fish and Game (ADF&G) recently revised caribou in 2003. The revised estimate will not Nome the July 2009 census count of the WAH. The result in any immediate changes to management Roy Ashenfelter (Chair), Nome corrected 2009 WAH population estimate is activities or hunting opportunities. Over the past Conservationists 348,000 caribou. few years, biologists have intensified monitoring Wendy Loya (acting), Anchorage of this herd after the 2007 census suggested the Caribou herds fluctuate naturally due to a onset of a decline. Northern Seward variety of factors. The WAH numbered 243,000 Peninsula Elmer Seetot Jr, Brevig Mission caribou in 1970 and then declined to 75,000 by “The herd is still very large, individual caribou 1976. The herd steadily increased until peaking Southern Seward appear to be healthy, the rate of decline is still Peninsula at 490,000 animals around 2003, then fell to modest, and harvests are not thought to be Frank Kavairlook, Koyuk 377,000 caribou in 2007 which indicated the affecting its status,” Dau stated. “After exceeding Reindeer Herders onset of a decline after more than 25 years of a population size of 400,000 caribou for over Association growth. Tom Gray, Nome 20 years, a period of slow decline is normal and probably preferable to continued growth and the Transporters “Though our previously-announced 2009 Jared Cummings (nominated), possibility of an eventual, abrupt decline.” Kotzebue estimate of 401,000 animals indicated a slight Upper Kobuk River increase since 2007, we interpreted that as within Biologists will continue monitoring of the WAH, Sally Custer, Shungnak the range of our ability to accurately count a herd with the next census to occur in early July, 2011. Atqasuk, Barrow of this size, and we judged the herd to be stable” & Wainwright said biologist Jim Enoch Oktollik, Wainwright Dau. 500,000 490,000 400,000 The revised 2009 348,000 count of 348,000 300,000 caribou suggests ECRWSS PRSRT-STD the WAH was 200,000 U.S. Postage PAID Anchorage not stable from 100,000 Printing, Inc. 2007 to 2009 _________________ 0 POSTAL CUSTOMER as originally ‘70 ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘93 ‘96 ‘99 ‘03 ‘07 ‘09 reported, but has Caribou Trails Issue 11 Spring 2011 Mildred Black, Shungnak Elder Invited Guest Elder at the December 2010 Caribou Working Group Meeting in Anchorage, Mildred shared stories of life and caribou. Mildred skinning caribou legs for mukluks (right), demonstrating use of an skin scraper (bottom left), drying caribou meat in her home (bottom right). Photos by M. Nedwick Growing up on the Kobuk people prepared caribou in other ways. Whole caribou were Mildred Black has lived in the Kobuk River village of placed under the snow and the meat would ‘cook’ inside the Shungnak since she was small. Mildred comes from a caribou body, this method of preparing meat was so good that traditional family, and maintains a strong link to the Inupiaq Mildred compared the taste to that of sugar. Caribou blood culture by sharing and living a traditional life. She knows the was also eaten and used to make a delicious ice cream dish. Inupiat language and lifestyle of the past, and whether at the The second stomach sack was also used to ‘cook’ meat. Little local school, sewing group, or in her home, spends much of pieces of muscle were placed inside the sack and the process her time teaching others. of fermentation would also cook and tenderize the meat. Caribou were and still are important to the Inupiaq people, Fat from the caribou bones was also a delicious treat. She not only for food and warmth, but also in stories passed down remembers boiling bones slowly for 2-3 days, then smashing through the generations. the bones with a “rock-hammer”, this was a delicacy that the elders would eat and share amongst themselves. Hard Times, Missing Caribou When Mildred was young, caribou were scarce. She heard Caribou Stories elders talk about caribou and tell stories about hunting, but After the meat is eaten off the head, you can see “tears” on the she doesn’t remember seeing any until she was about 6. When side of the skull. These “tears” are there for a reason. Mildred caribou started to come back, she remembers one of her remembers hearing this story from Robert Cleveland... sisters seeing a lone caribou, grabbing the family .22 rifle and finding just one shell, “That’s how poor we were, she killed the caribou with one shot from the .22. We hadn’t had meat in so long, we ate until we were really full.” Learning to Sew Sometime in the late 1940s caribou returned to the Kobuk. The girls learned how to skin caribou properly and how to sew well. Mildred remembers her mother teaching her to care for the sinew. Sinew from caribou was essential to use as thread in mukluks because sinew was waterproof. They were too poor to buy shoes from the store, and even if they had money, there weren’t any shoes available in Shungnak to purchase. “At Christmas children would get mukluks, this was a lot of “A long time ago caribou were carnivores and ate people. shoe sewing. If caribou were either unavailable or skins not Once, a little old lady and her son were living in the tundra cared for properly, shoes couldn’t be made and lives depended by themselves. Her son went out hunting and was attacked on proper footwear.” by caribou. She saw the caribou eat her son. She was so saddened and full of mourning that she decided to get back Eating at the caribou. She went cranberry picking and knew that Caribou the caribou would take her too, so she took her cranberries When harvesting and smashed them over her body. The caribou ate her and caribou, virtually the bitterness of the cranberries caused the caribou teeth to nothing went to fall out making the “tear” pockets on each side of their nose. waste. Every part Someday the caribou will get all of their teeth back.” of the caribou was eaten. Along with To Alaska’s subsistence users caribou remain an essential common methods component of life. Whether it is through sustenance or of eating dried or stories, caribou provide much of the cultural backbone for cooked caribou meat, Inupiaq people of the Northwest. 2 Caribou Trails Issue 11 Spring 2011 Benedict Jones, Koyukuk A Working Group member, caribou hunter, and respected village leader shares information on snaring wolves. Benedict demonstrating setting technique (left), snare setting diagram and a snare set in the willows (below). Photos ADF&G and B. Jones Snare Use Tips for Snaring Success Before people had access to traps, guns, and ammunition, Locate a moose or caribou that died of natural snaring animals was common. Benedict has been hunting causes. and trapping in Alaska all his life, and shares pointers for how to successfully snare animals. Snaring wolves is At the kill site, use number 9 wire with locks, a often done in areas where the population is high or they number 2 wire is too small. Number 9 wire will are threatening people, domestic animals, and subsistence result in an instant kill where number 2 might cause an animal to struggle unnecessarily. resources. A snare, set appropriately, can kill a wolf almost instantly and will avoid accidental taking of caribou and Avoid using a Thompson snare because the wolves moose. can smell the oil in the snares and avoid it. It is important to use clean gloves that do not have dog or human scent on them as well as to store the snaring materials in a clean garbage bag.
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