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THÈSE Présentée Par : Elie MAMBOU Soutenue Le 21 Octobre 2008 LA DIASPORA AFRICAINE AUX ÉTATS

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THÈSE Présentée Par : Elie MAMBOU Soutenue Le 21 Octobre 2008 LA DIASPORA AFRICAINE AUX ÉTATS UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS-RABELAIS - TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE L’HOMME ET DE LA SOCIETE GROUPE DE RECHERCHE ANGLO-AMERICAINE DE TOURS (GRAAT) THÈSE présentée par : Elie MAMBOU soutenue le 21 octobre 2008 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’Université François-Rabelais Discipline/ Spécialité : Anglais/ Civilisation LA DIASPORA AFRICAINE AUX ÉTATS -UNIS DE 1960 À NOS JOURS : INTÉGRATION ET/ OU ASSIMILATION ? THÈSE dirigée par : M. GUILBERT, Georges-Claude Professeur des Universités, Université François-Rabelais - Tours RAPPORTEURS : Mme CHRISTOL, Hélène Professeur des Universités, Université de Provence Mme DESSENS, Nathalie Professeur des Universités, Université de Toulouse II – Le Mirail JURY : M. MENÉNDEZ, Mario Professeur des Universités, Institut d’Études Politiques de Rennes (Président) Mme COQUET-MOKOKO, Cécile Maître de Conférences, Université François-Rabelais - Tours M. GUILBERT, Georges-Claude Professeur des Universités, Université François-Rabelais Mme CHRISTOL, Hélène Professeur des Universités, Université de Provence Mme DESSENS, Nathalie Professeur des Universités, Université de Toulouse II – Le Mirail 1 Remerciements Cette recherche n’aurait pas pu être menée à son terme sans l’aide et le soutien d’un grand nombre de personnes. Nous leur exprimons ici notre profonde gratitude. Nous témoignons une reconnaissance toute particulière à Monsieur Georges-Claude Guilbert dont la disponibilité et le soutien ont été déterminants pour la réalisation de ce travail. Nous lui rendons un vibrant hommage pour la patience et la perspicacité dont il a fait preuve durant nos moments d’angoisse. Notre gratitude va aussi à Corinne Planchon qui nous a aidé pour la réalisation matérielle de ce travail, aux documentalistes de la bibliothèque américaine de Paris (7e) qui nous ont aidé dans nos recherches, ainsi qu’à ceux de la Countee Cullen Public Library (136th St. Harlem) et la Mid-Manhattan Library (455 5th Avenue) à New York qui nous ont beaucoup aidé dans nos recherches de documents lors de notre récent séjour aux États-Unis. Nous remercions également Agyemang Konadu, enseignant à l’Université d’Akron (OHIO) et à Yanyi Djamba, Associate Professor à l’Université de Louisiane, pour les documents qu’ils nous ont faits parvenir. Ils nous ont à la fois fourni de précieuses informations et grandement facilité le contact avec les familles africaines résidant aux États-Unis. La richesse de leur contribution et la pertinence de leurs informations nous ont donné le désir de poursuivre dans la voie d’une meilleure compréhension de cette population migrante. Nous tenons à remercier toutes les familles de migrants africains qui ont bien voulu se prêter au jeu des entretiens et accepter de répondre à notre questionnaire, et sans qui ce travail n’aurait pas été possible. Enfin, bien sûr, nous remercions les membres du jury qui ont bien voulu accepter de lire ce travail. 2 Résumé La Diaspora africaine aux États-Unis de 1960 à nos jours : intégration et/ ou assimilation ? Les migrants africains aux États-Unis sont-ils intégrés ? Sont-ils assimilés ? Les deux ? Quelle est leur place dans la société américaine, notamment par rapport aux WASPs ? Pour répondre à ces questions ce travail tente de définir les notions d’intégration et d’assimilation et se penche pour commencer sur la genèse et le contexte sociohistorique de l’immigration africaine aux États-Unis. A l’aide de la bibliographie disponible, de statistiques officielles, d’un questionnaire inédit et d’entretiens il observe les causes de l’immigration et les différentes catégories de migrants, selon leurs origines géographiques, sociales, religieuses, etc. puis selon leurs activités aux États-Unis (prenant en compte la fuite des cerveaux, le business ethnique, etc.). Les degrés et stratégies d’intégration économique, sociale, politique, culturelle sont étudiés ainsi que les degrés et stratégies d’assimilation. Pour finir les perspectives d’avenir des migrants étudiés sont examinées. Mots clés. Intégration, assimilation, Diaspora, migrants, religion, identité, multiculturalisme, perspectives, États-Unis, WASPs. Abstract The African Diaspora in the US from 1960 to nowadays: integration and / or assimilation ? Are African migrants to the United States integrated? Are they assimilated? Both? What is their place exactly in American society, notably in regards to WASPs? To answer those questions this research work attempts to define the notions of integration and assimilation and looks at the birth and the sociohistorical context of African immigration to the U.S. With the help of the available bibliography, official statistics, an original poll and personal interviews it observes the causes of immigration and the different categories of African migrants, according to geographical, social, religious, etc. origins, then according to their activities in the U.S. (notably taking into account the “brain drain,” ethnic business…). The extent and strategies of economic, social, political then cultural integration are studied, as well as the extent and strategies of linguistic and cultural assimilation. To conclude, the perspectives of African migrants in the U.S. are examined. Key words. Integration, assimilation, Diaspora, migrants, religion, identity, multiculturalism, perspectives, United States, WASPs. 3 Table des matières Remerciements …………………………………………………………….. … p. 2 Résumé………………………………………………………………………… p. 3 Résumé en anglais……………………………………………………………… p. 3 Table des matières………………………………………………………………. p. 4 Introduction………………………………………………………………………p. 9 Première partie : Genèse et contexte sociohistorique de l’immigration africaine aux États-Unis. Chapitre I 1. Le contexte économique et sociopolitique de l’émigration des Africains vers les États-Unis d’Amérique dans les années 1960………………………… …………p.40 1.1. Les facteurs géopolitiques…….………………………….. p.42 1.2. Les facteurs religieux et politiques……………………….. p.59 1.3. Les facteurs socioéconomiques…………………………... p.63 1.4. Stratégies migratoires………………………….................. p.80 Chapitre II 2. Les rapports sociaux dans l’Amérique des années 1960……………...p.83 2.1. De l’espoir au désarroi ou la désillusion d’un groupe social………………………………..…………………………...…….. p.83 Chapitre III 3. La loi des « Frères et sœurs » et son impact sur les flux migratoires en provenance des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne………………………………..…p.94 3.1. La loi de 1990 : l’immigration des travailleurs qualifiés et le regroupement familial favorisés…………………………………………………………………p.97 3.1.2. Les cadres et intellectuels africains aux États-Unis………………p.98 3.1.3. La fuite des cerveaux……………………………………………...p.98 3.2. Le système d’attribution des visas…………………………………...p.114 4 Chapitre IV 4. Les catégories de migrants africains aux États-Unis…………….…p.116 4.1. Leur profil socioculturel…………………………………p.116 4.2. Les migrants de l’Afrique de l’Ouest établis aux États-Unis ………………………………………………………………………...p.123 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………..p.125 Deuxième partie : L’intégration économique, sociale, politique et culturelle des migrants africains au États-Unis. Chapitre I 1. L’intégration économique……………………………………………..p.134 1. 1. Migrants africains face au marché du travail……………………..p.134 1.1.2. Le business ethnique……………………………………p.142 1.1.3. Les entrepreneurs africains de Washington, DC. : une intégration économique réussie…………………………………………………….p.145 1.1.4. Les Cap-Verdiens du Massachusetts : une affirmation économique et culturelle……………………………………………...........................p.152 1.1.5. Les migrants ouest-africains à New York : une Diaspora de commerçants……………………………………………………………p.158 1.1.5.1. Échec de l’intégration des camelots ouest-africains à New York………………………………………………………p.159 1.1.5.2. Les relations conflictuelles entre les commerçants africains et l’association des marchands de la Cinquième Avenue….....................................................................................p.162 1.1.5.3. Leurs conditions de travail……………………p.164 1.1.5.4. Leurs conditions de vie……………………….p.166 1.1.5.5. L’organisation du commerce : revenus, épargne et transferts d’économies des migrants ouest-africains à New York……………………………………………………..………p.171 1.2. L’intégration économique des femmes de la Diaspora africaine et leur rôle dans la vie associative………………………………………………………………p.179 1.2.1. La mobilité géographique et professionnelle des femmes commerçantes originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne………………………………………………p.182 5 1.2.2. Des femmes d’affaires extrêmement dynamiques et mobiles......p.184 Chapitre II 2. L’intégration sociale………………………………………...p.187 2.1. Sociabilité et pratiques sociales. …………………p.187 2.2. Logement et intégration…………………………..p.195 2.3. La couverture médicale. ………………………p.202 2.4. Les relations inter et intra-ethniques……………...p.204 2.4.1. L’identité africaine et les relations sociales avec les autres groupes du pays………………………………....p.204 2.4.2. Les relations intra-ethniques……………p.219 2.4.3. Le réseau associatif des migrants africains aux États-Unis. ……………………………………………..p.229 Chapitre III 3. L’intégration culturelle……………………………………..p.235 3.1. Pratiques culturelles : l’intégration dans le domaine de l’art……………………………………………………..p.235 3.2. L’identité culturelle africaine……………………..p.239 3.2.1. La spécificité culturelle africaine……….p.239 3.3. Dans le domaine de la musique……………………p.246 3.4. Le cinéma………………………………………….p.252 4. Religion et intégration…………………………………...…..p.255 4.1. L’apport des migrants ghanéens à l’église catholique américaine………………………………………………..p.257 4.2. La pratique de l’islam chez les migrants africains aux États- Unis……………………………………………...…………p.259
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