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Regional Overview of Food Security in Latin America and the Caribbean

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Regional Overview of Food Security in Latin America and the Caribbean REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN TOWARDS HEALTHIER FOOD ENVIRONMENTS THAT ADDRESS ALL FORMS OF MALNUTRITION CITATION: FAO, PAHO, WFP and UNICEF. 2019. Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Latin America and the Caribbean 2019. Santiago. 135. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca6979en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) or of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of particular companies or manufactured products, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, PAHO, WFP or UNICEF in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO, PAHO, WFP or UNICEF. ISBN 978-92-5-132446-2 (FAO) © FAO, PAHO, WFP and UNICEF, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental organizations; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ In accordance with the conditions of the license, copying, redistribution and adaptation of the work is allowed for non-commercial purposes, provided it is correctly cited, as indicated below. No use of this work should imply that FAO, PAHO, WFP and UNICEF endorse a specific organization, product or services. 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Queries about rights and licenses should be sent to: [email protected] Cover photo: ©istockphoto PANORAMA DE LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA Y NUTRICIONAL EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE 2018 2019 REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION TOWARDS HEALTHIER FOOD ENVIRONMENTS THAT ADDRESS ALL FORMS OF MALNUTRITION Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Food Program (WFP) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Santiago, Chile, 2019 CONTENTS TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES iv CHAPTER 2 41 FOREWORD viii POLICIES TO PROMOTE APPROPRIATE DIET IN FOOD ENVIRONMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xi 2.1 AVAILABILITY AND PHYSICAL ACCEss TO FOOD 44 GEOGRAPHICAL SUBREGIONS OF LATIN AMERICA xii Evolution of food systems and increased availability 47 AND THE CARIBBEAN AND COUNTRY CODES of ultra-processed products PRESENTATION xiii Changes in food distribution channels and in the 50 consumption of ultra-processed products CHAPTER 1 1 Food deserts and food swamps. 52 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS RELATED Case studies in the Region and around the world TO FOOD SDG 2: END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND 4 POLICIES TO PROMOTE AVAILABILITY AND PHYSICAL ACCESS TO 53 IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE FOOD AGRICULTURE Public food supply and marketing systems 53 Target 2.1: End hunger and ensure access for all 4 School meals programs 55 people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food Target 2.2: End all forms of malnutrition 17 2.2 ECONOMIC ACCEss TO FOOD 62 Deterioration in economic access to food in the 62 ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL 29 Region BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES Differences in economic access to food according 64 Target 3.1: Reduce maternal mortality 29 to household income level Target 3.2: End preventable deaths of newborns 29 Evolution of food patterns and income level of 67 and children under 5 countries in the Region Target 3.4: Reduce premature mortality from 32 noncommunicable diseases POLICIES TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC ACCESS TO HEALTHY DIETS 68 Fiscal policy to promote appropriate diet 68 OTHER INDICATOrs 37 Social protection systems 72 | ii | 2.3 PrOMOTION, ADVERTISING AND INFORMATION 76 RELATING TO FOOD PRODUCTS Effect of advertising and promotion on children and 76 adolescents Composition of ultra-processed products and 77 available information PROMOTION, ADVERTISING AND INFORMATION POLICIES FOR 79 HEALTHIER DIETS Regulation of advertising and marketing of food and 79 beverages Front-of-package nutritional warning labeling 82 2.4 FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 84 Health risks of eating contaminated food 85 Role of safety and quality in the food trade 85 SAFETY AND QUALITY POLICIES FOR HEALTHIER DIETS 87 APPENDICES 92 REFERENCES 104 | iii | TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES Figure 1. Undernourishment trends in Latin Box 3. Integrated Food Security Phase America and the Caribbean by subregions, in Classification millions of people, 2000-2018 Figure 5. Evolution of stunting in children under 5 Figure 2. Evolution of the prevalence of years old in Latin America and the Caribbean and undernourishment in Latin America and the subregions, prevalence as a percentage, 1990- Caribbean by percentage, 2000-2018 2018 Figure 3. Prevalence of undernourishment in Figure 6. Stunting in children under 5 in several different countries of Latin America and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, Caribbean, prevalence as a percentage, 2013- prevalence as percentages, most recent data from 2015 and 2016-2018 the 2000s and 2010s Table 1. Undernourishment in countries of Latin Figure 7. Wasting in children under 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean, prevalence as a America and the Caribbean, prevalence as a percentage and in millions of people, in trienniums percentage, 2018 from 2000-02 to 2016-2018* Figure 8. Wasting in children under 5 in several Figure 4. Severity levels of food insecurity countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, quantified by the Food Insecurity Experience Scale prevalence as a percentage, most recent data from the 2000s and 2010s Table 2. Severe and moderate or severe insecurity in Latin American and Caribbean countries with Box 4. Reactive social protection against information from the FIES, prevalence as a emergencies: Policies, strategies and programs percentage and in millions of people, 2014-2016 Figure 9. Evolution of overweight in children and 2016-2018* under 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean, Table 3. Severe and moderate or severe food prevalence as a percentage, 1990-2018 insecurity in adults (18 years and older) in several Figure 10. Overweight in children under 5 in Latin American countries according to sex, various countries of Latin America and the prevalence as a percentage and in millions of Caribbean, prevalence as a percentage, most people, 2016-2018* recent data from the 2000s and 2010s Box 1. “Leave no one behind.” Survey of Figure 11. Trend of overweight in adults (18 intercultural statistical data for the indigenous years and older) in Latin America and the peoples of El Salvador and Panama Caribbean and the world, prevalence as a Box 2. Policies to address hunger and food percentage, 1975-2016 insecurity in the face of the economic slowdown | iv | Figure 12. Trend of obesity in adults (18 years Table 5. Evidence supporting causality between and older) in Latin America and the Caribbean and food risk factors and their outcomes in terms of the world, prevalence as a percentage, 1975- noncommunicable diseases 2016 Figure 20. Deaths attributable to unhealthy diets Figure 13. Changes in obesity in adults (18 years in adults, by total and principal noncommunicable and older) in Latin America and the Caribbean and disease, as percentages, 2017 the world, prevalence as a percentage, 1980- Figure 21.
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