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National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Shark Fisheries in India

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National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Shark Fisheries in India ii BOBLME-2015-Ecology-65 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal and development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The BOBLME Project encourages the use of this report for study, research, news reporting, criticism or review. Selected passages, tables or diagrams may be reproduced for such purposes provided acknowledgment of the source is included. Major extracts or the entire document may not be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the BOBLME Project Regional Coordinator. BOBLME contract: LOA/RAP/2012/70 For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: BOBLME (2015) National Plan of Action for conservation and management of shark fisheries in India. BOBLME-2015-Ecology-65 ii 1 National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Shark Fisheries in India 2 Preface 4 The development of the ‘National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Shark Fisheries in India’ or in short ‘NPOA-Sharks India’ has gone through a long and arduous process, at times frustrating but on the whole a very satisfying and useful journey for the Bay of Bengal Programme Inter- Governmental Organisation (BOBP-IGO). The seeds of the NPOA-Sharks were sown in the Third Meeting of the Governing Council of the BOBP-IGO, held in Malé, Maldives in May 2007. As directed by the Governing Council, the BOBP-IGO Secretariat initiated discussions involving the BOBP-IGO member-countries (Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka) and organized two regional consultations- the first in Beruwala, Sri Lanka in March 2008 and the second in Kulhudhuffushi in Maldives in August 2009. These two consultations helped in better understanding the national scenarios as also in building a regional picture of shark fisheries in the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem. The second regional consultation brought in the newly established Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) Project as a partner in the initiative. This partnership also allowed the BOBLME Project to partially fund the preparation of NPOA-Sharks India, which is duly acknowledged. Sharks occupy an important place in the marine fisheries sector of India. The exalted position that tigers occupy on land, sharks have it in the seas. Fishers consider them with awe. Shark fishing has historical roots and the fishery has served both as a source of food and livelihoods for a large section of the coastal population in the country. In many places shark meat, both fresh and dried/salted is considered a delicacy. Indian cusine books contain many such preparations. The pivotal role of sharks in the marine ecosystem and food web is also well-recognized and acknowledged by the fisher community and other concerned stakeholders. As evident from this document, except the Thoothoor fishers from Kanyakumari district of southern Tamil Nadu and fishers from Veraval, Gujarat, shark landings by and large take place as by-catches and not through targeted fishing. The aforementioned two groups of dedicated shark fishers have also in the recent years changed their strategy. The Thoothoor fishers are now targeting tunas and tuna-like species. In Veraval, after the ban on catching of whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the focus has moved from sharks to other commercial species. Consequently, shark landings have also drastically reduced in Veraval and its neighbouring areas. However, in certain other areas, particularly in Andhra Pradesh, shark landings as by-catch are increasing, which is becoming a matter of concern. Addressing the multi-dimensional requirements of an NPOA, especially bearing in mind the sub-continental proportions of India and a gigantic fisheries sector set in a tropical multi-gear, multi-species fisheries, necessitated involvement and cooperation of a large number of stakeholders, ranging from government agencies to non-governmental and community-based organizations and fisher associations/cooperatives. Their engagement in the process also took this exercise to a series of stakeholder consultations, field-level assessments and personal discussions. The underlying objective of this extensive engagement was first to give the stakeholders a sense of ‘ownership’ of the NPOA, as and when it 5 was ready for implementation, and second to make the fishers active partners and a part of the solution of this complex task. The NPOA-Sharks India has been attempted as a comprehensive document providing if not all, most of the relevant information to the practitioners of marine fisheries in the country. In other words, our attempt has been to provide a ‘wholesale’ coverage to the issues concerning the plan of action. The report provides a succinct description of the Indian marine fisheries sector, which is essential in the context of sharks being predominantly caught as ‘by-catch’ and not through targeted fishery. This section then flows into the ‘Assessment of Shark Fisheries in India’, which can also be considered as the backbone of the NPOA-Sharks. This section assiduously analyses the various facets of shark fisheries in the country and inter alia covers the global and national context; biological attributes and status of shark fisheries; international binding and non- binding legal frameworks applicable to migratory and straddling fish stocks and the soft laws that profess responsible fisheries; the national legal framework and applicable policies; trade and related economic aspects; stakeholder dimensions and their viewpoints; research and developmental inputs; and a ‘Bibliography’ of publications on various aspects of shark fisheries in India. The concluding section is the ‘operational’ part of the report - the National Plan of Action - Sharks, which also includes the ‘Implementation Plan’ for consideration of the Government. On the whole, the report makes a humble attempt to enhance our understanding and knowledge on shark fisheries in India and also on those who derive their livelihoods from this resource. We are confident that this report will allow the Government of India to take considered decisions with regard to shark fisheries and conservation in the country. The making of this document enlisted support from a range of organizations/ agencies, fisher associations/cooperatives and individuals. To begin with, we made extensive use of published data of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) and the Fishery Survey of India (FSI). In this regard, FSI deserves special thanks. The Institute made available its raw data on hooking rates and catch per unit effort from the longlining and trawling exploratory surveys, covering the period 1985 – 2014. This valuable data has helped in locating the hotspots of shark fishery in the Indian EEZ, which would be useful in implementing many management measures in the times to come. The Thoothoor-based Association of Deep Sea Going Artisanal Fishermen (ADSGAF) has been a strong collaborator of the BOBP-IGO and provided unstinted support at all stages of this interesting journey. The Association spearheaded the State-level Consultations, bringing in a range of stakeholders – from fishers to politicians to sadhus and priests – offering their unequivocal support towards conservation of shark fisheries in the Indian waters. Many individuals also joined hands with us in this work, the list is long and thus the names are not being mentioned here. The NPOA-Sharks India is largely based on secondary data/information. Due care has been exercised while quoting facts and figures from published sources. Text or data borrowed from such documents has also been cited and duly acknowledged. However, omissions if any, would be solely on account of oversight or would have crept in inadvertently. 6 The NPOA-Sharks India is a living document, a dynamic plan that can be re- visited and revised as and when need arises. It is suggested that after five years of its implementation life, the NPOA-Sharks India may be subjected to a formal revision, after reviewing the progress of implementation against the agreed performance indicators, and also taking into account the other developments in the sector. As the long process has now reached its concluding phase and as I write this Preface, it can be said with great satisfaction that the NPOA-Sharks India has been developed in a participatory mode, with the active engagement of a range of stakeholders. It charts a road map for the country to begin implementing the various components of the Plan, and in the process ensuring sustainability of shark populations in the Indian EEZ. Chennai, India Yugraj Singh Yadava 09 December 2015 Director, BOBP-IGO 7 Executive Summary 8 The NPOA-Sharks India is the first step towards ensuring continuity of ecological services supported by sharks and also its economic services. It is also a step towards meeting India’s commitment to the 1973 Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS); the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement relating to Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA); the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF); the 1999 International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks); and the resolutions of the regional fisheries bodies, the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC); BOBP-IGO and BOBLME. India is one of the largest marine fishing nations with 8,118 km of coastline and 2.02 sq. km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The marine fisheries potential of the country is 4.41 million metric tonnes (mmt), against which the current production level (2012) is estimated at 3.94 mmt.
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