Body Length Estimation of Neogene Macrophagous Lamniform Sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) Derived from Associated Fossil Dentitions
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Vertebral Morphology, Dentition, Age, Growth, and Ecology of the Large Lamniform Shark Cardabiodon Ricki
Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki MICHAEL G. NEWBREY, MIKAEL SIVERSSON, TODD D. COOK, ALLISON M. FOTHERINGHAM, and REBECCA L. SANCHEZ Newbrey, M.G., Siversson, M., Cook, T.D., Fotheringham, A.M., and Sanchez, R.L. 2015. Vertebral morphology, denti- tion, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60 (4): 877–897. Cardabiodon ricki and Cardabiodon venator were large lamniform sharks with a patchy but global distribution in the Cenomanian and Turonian. Their teeth are generally rare and skeletal elements are less common. The centra of Cardabiodon ricki can be distinguished from those of other lamniforms by their unique combination of characteristics: medium length, round articulating outline with a very thick corpus calcareum, a corpus calcareum with a laterally flat rim, robust radial lamellae, thick radial lamellae that occur in low density, concentric lamellae absent, small circular or subovate pores concentrated next to each corpus calcareum, and papillose circular ridges on the surface of the corpus calcareum. The large diameter and robustness of the centra of two examined specimens suggest that Cardabiodon was large, had a rigid vertebral column, and was a fast swimmer. The sectioned corpora calcarea show both individuals deposited 13 bands (assumed to represent annual increments) after the birth ring. The identification of the birth ring is supported in the holotype of Cardabiodon ricki as the back-calculated tooth size at age 0 is nearly equal to the size of the smallest known isolated tooth of this species. The birth ring size (5–6.6 mm radial distance [RD]) overlaps with that of Archaeolamna kopingensis (5.4 mm RD) and the range of variation of Cretoxyrhina mantelli (6–11.6 mm RD) from the Smoky Hill Chalk, Niobrara Formation. -
Bolletí De La Societat D'història Natural De Les Balears Està Integrat Pels Següents Membres, a Tots Els Quals La Junta De Publicacions Agraeix La Seva Col·Laboració
Bolletí de la Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears ISSN 0212-260X Volum 53 (2010) Palma de Mallorca BSHN (Scopoli, 1772), fotografia d’Aurora M. de Castilla Argiope bruennichi 53 Bolletí de la Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears Revista editada per la Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears amb l’esperit de contribuir a l’increment del coneixement de la naturalesa preferentment dins de l’àmbit de les Illes Balears i la Mediterrània, encara que també publica treballs originals de qualsevol àrea del món. Se publica en la modalitat d’un volum anual. Junta de Publicacions Editor: Guillem X. Pons i Buades Miquel A. Conesa i Muñoz Joan J. Fornós i Astó Lluís Gómez-Pujol Amàlia Grau i Jofre Natàlia Llorente Nosti Junta Directiva President: Antoni M. Grau i Jofre Vice-President: Francesc Gràcia i Lladó Secretari: Damià Vicens Xamena Tresorera: Maria Vidal Rigo Bibliotecari: Martí Llobera O’Brien Editor: Guillem X. Pons i Buades Vocal 1er: Antelm Ginard Fullana Vocal 2on: Francesca Mir Socies Vocal 3er: Damià Ramis i Bernad Direcció Postal i Administració del Bolletí Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears Carrer Margalida Xirgu, 16 baixos 07011 Palma de Mallorca http: //www.shnb.org E-mail: [email protected] BOLLETÍ de la SOCIETAT D’HISTÒRIA NATURAL DE LES BALEARS 53 (2010) El present bolletí ha estat editat per la Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears no ha comptat amb cap subvenció. Vol. 53 (2010) SOCIETAT D’HISTÒRIA NATURAL DE LES BALEARS Bolletí de la Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears Data de publicació: desembre 2010 Palma de Mallorca ISSN 0212-260X Depòsit legal, PM 56-1959 ISSN 0212 – 260 X Impressió: GBR produccions Gràfiques c/ Porto 4 07014 Palma Telf. -
Shark Cartilage, Cancer and the Growing Threat of Pseudoscience
[CANCER RESEARCH 64, 8485–8491, December 1, 2004] Review Shark Cartilage, Cancer and the Growing Threat of Pseudoscience Gary K. Ostrander,1 Keith C. Cheng,2 Jeffrey C. Wolf,3 and Marilyn J. Wolfe3 1Department of Biology and Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; 2Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and 3Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals, Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia Abstract primary justification for using crude shark cartilage extracts to treat cancer is based on the misconception that sharks do not, or infre- The promotion of crude shark cartilage extracts as a cure for cancer quently, develop cancer. Other justifications represent overextensions has contributed to at least two significant negative outcomes: a dramatic of experimental observations: concentrated extracts of cartilage can decline in shark populations and a diversion of patients from effective cancer treatments. An alleged lack of cancer in sharks constitutes a key inhibit tumor vessel formation and tumor invasions (e.g., refs. 2–5). justification for its use. Herein, both malignant and benign neoplasms of No available data or arguments support the medicinal use of crude sharks and their relatives are described, including previously unreported shark extracts to treat cancer (6). cases from the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals, and two sharks with The claims that sharks do not, or rarely, get cancer was originally two cancers each. Additional justifications for using shark cartilage are argued by I. William Lane in a book entitled “Sharks Don’t Get illogical extensions of the finding of antiangiogenic and anti-invasive Cancer” in 1992 (7), publicized in “60 Minutes” television segments substances in cartilage. -
Luís M.D. Barcelos1, 2*, José M.N. Azevedo1, 3, Jürgen Pollerspöck4, and João P
ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA (2018) 48 (2): 189–194 DOI: 10.3750/AIEP/02436 REVIEW OF THE RECORDS OF THE SMALLTOOTH SAND TIGER SHARK, ODONTASPIS FEROX (ELASMOBRANCHII: LAMNIFORMES: ODONTASPIDIDAE), IN THE AZORES Luís M.D. Barcelos1, 2*, José M.N. Azevedo1, 3, Jürgen Pollerspöck4, and João P. Barreiros1, 2 1Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal 2Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal 3Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal 4Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany Barcelos L.M.D., Azevedo J.M.N., Pollerspöck J., Barreiros J.P. 2018. Review of the records of the smalltooth sand tiger shark, Odontaspis ferox (Elasmobranchii: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), in the Azores. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 48 (2): 189–194. Abstract. In recent years Azorean fishermen reported the presence of the smalltooth sand tiger shark,Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810), a very rare demersal shark species, associated with insular shelves and slopes, with occasional incursions into shallow waters and of poorly known biology and ecology. There are fourteen new records of this species, between 1996 and 2014, captured by spearfishing, harpoons, hand lines, or entangled in fishing gear in the Azores. These records were analysed and complemented with fishermen interviews, providing new locations and new biological data for this species. Also, specimens photographs were studied and post-mortem analysis were carefully carried out in one individual. This species is rare and captured only as bycatch in shallow waters. More detailed information on this species is critically needed in order to assess its conservation status and implement management guidelines. -
Record of Carcharocles Megalodon in the Eastern
Estudios Geológicos julio-diciembre 2015, 71(2), e032 ISSN-L: 0367-0449 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/egeol.41828.342 Record of Carcharocles megalodon in the Eastern Guadalquivir Basin (Upper Miocene, South Spain) Registro de Carcharocles megalodon en el sector oriental de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir (Mioceno superior, Sur de España) M. Reolid, J.M. Molina Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas sn, 23071 Jaén, Spain. Email: [email protected] / [email protected] ABSTRACT Tortonian diatomites of the San Felix Quarry (Porcuna), in the Eastern Guadalquivir Basin, have given isolated marine vertebrate remains that include a large shark tooth (123.96 mm from apex to the baseline of the root). The large size of the crown height (92.2 mm), the triangular shape, the broad serrated crown, the convex lingual face and flat labial face, and the robust, thick angled root determine that this specimen corresponds to Carcharocles megalodon. The symmetry with low slant shows it to be an upper anterior tooth. The total length estimated from the tooth crown height is calculated by means of different methods, and comparison is made with Carcharodon carcharias. The final inferred total length of around 11 m classifies this specimen in the upper size range of the known C. megalodon specimens. The palaeogeography of the Guadalquivir Basin close to the North Betic Strait, which connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, favoured the interaction of the cold nutrient-rich Atlantic waters with warmer Mediterranean waters. The presence of diatomites indicates potential upwelling currents in this context, as well as high productivity favouring the presence of large vertebrates such as mysticetid whales, pinnipeds and small sharks (Isurus). -
Can Threshold Foraging Responses of Basking Sharks Be Used to Estimate Their Metabolic Rate?
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 200: 289-296,2000 Published July 14 Mar Ecol Prog Ser ~ NOTE Can threshold foraging responses of basking sharks be used to estimate their metabolic rate? David W. Sims* Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen. Tillydrone Avenue. Aberdeen AB24 2TZ. United Kingdom ABSTRACT: Empirical and theoretical determinations of There are 3 species of filter-feeding shark, the whale minimum threshold prey densities for filter-feeding basking shark ~hi~~~d~~typus of warm-temperate and tropical sharks Cetorhinus maximus were used to test the idea that threshold foraging behaviour could provide a means for esti- seas worldwide, the basking shark Cetorhinus max- mating oxygen consumption (a proxy for metabolic rate). The im~~that inhabits warm-temperate to boreal waters threshold feeding levelrepres&nts the prey density at which circumglobally, and the megamouth shark Mega- there will be no net energy gain (energy intake equals expen- chasms pelagjos occurs in the Pacific and At- diture). Basking sharks were observed to cease feeding at lantic, primarily in deep water (Compagno 1984, Yano their theoretical threshold; thus, the assumption underpin- ning the concept presented here was that over the narrow et They are the largest marine verte- range of zooplankton prey densities that induce 'switching' brates attaining body lengths of up to 14, 10 and 6 m re- between feeding and non-feeding in basking sharks, the spectively. Comparatively little is known about the bi- energetic value of the minimum threshold prey density is ology of planktivorous sharks despite the fact that they equivalent to the shark's instantaneous level of energy expen- diture. -
Papers in Press
Papers in Press “Papers in Press” includes peer-reviewed, accepted manuscripts of research articles, reviews, and short notes to be published in Paleontological Research. They have not yet been copy edited and/or formatted in the publication style of Paleontological Research. As soon as they are printed, they will be removed from this website. Please note they can be cited using the year of online publication and the DOI, as follows: Humblet, M. and Iryu, Y. 2014: Pleistocene coral assemblages on Irabu-jima, South Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Paleontological Research, doi: 10.2517/2014PR020. doi:10.2517/2018PR013 Features and paleoecological significance of the shark fauna from the Upper Cretaceous Hinoshima Formation, Himenoura Group, Southwest Japan Accepted Naoshi Kitamura 4-8-7 Motoyama, Chuo-ku Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0821, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. The shark fauna of the Upper Cretaceous Hinoshima Formation (Santonian: 86.3–83.6 Ma) of the manuscriptHimenoura Group (Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan) was investigated based on fossil shark teeth found at five localities: Himedo Park, Kugushima, Wadanohana, Higashiura, and Kotorigoe. A detailed geological survey and taxonomic analysis was undertaken, and the habitat, depositional environment, and associated mollusks of each locality were considered in the context of previous studies. Twenty-one species, 15 genera, 11 families, and 6 orders of fossil sharks are recognized from the localities. This assemblage is more diverse than has previously been reported for Japan, and Lamniformes and Hexanchiformes were abundant. Three categories of shark fauna are recognized: a coastal region (Himedo Park; probably a breeding site), the coast to the open sea (Kugushima and Wadanohana), and bottom-dwelling or near-seafloor fauna (Kugushima, Wadanohana, Higashiura, and Kotorigoe). -
Ecological Impact of the End-Cretaceous Extinction on Lamniform Sharks
RESEARCH ARTICLE Ecological impact of the end-Cretaceous extinction on lamniform sharks Rachel A. Belben1*, Charlie J. Underwood2, Zerina Johanson1, Richard J. Twitchett1 1 Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom * [email protected] Abstract a1111111111 Lamniform sharks are apex marine predators undergoing dramatic local and regional a1111111111 a1111111111 decline worldwide, with consequences for marine ecosystems that are difficult to predict. a1111111111 Through their long history, lamniform sharks have faced widespread extinction, and under- a1111111111 standing those `natural experiments' may help constrain predictions, placing the current cri- sis in evolutionary context. Here we show, using novel morphometric analyses of fossil shark teeth, that the end-Cretaceous extinction of many sharks had major ecological conse- quences. Post-extinction ecosystems supported lower diversity and disparity of lamniforms, OPEN ACCESS and were dominated by significantly smaller sharks with slimmer, smoother and less robust Citation: Belben RA, Underwood CJ, Johanson Z, teeth. Tooth shape is intimately associated with ecology, feeding and prey type, and by inte- Twitchett RJ (2017) Ecological impact of the end- grating data from extant sharks we show that latest Cretaceous sharks occupied similar Cretaceous extinction on lamniform sharks. PLoS niches to modern lamniforms, implying similar ecosystem structure and function. By com- ONE 12(6): e0178294. https://doi.org/10.1371/ parison, species in the depauperate post-extinction community occupied niches most simi- journal.pone.0178294 lar to those of juvenile sand tigers (Carcharias taurus). Our data show that quantitative tooth Editor: Matt Friedman, University of Michigan, morphometrics can distinguish lamniform sharks due to dietary differences, providing critical UNITED STATES insights into ecological consequences of past extinction episodes. -
Lamna Nasus) Inferred from a Data Mining in the Spanish Longline Fishery Targeting Swordfish (Xiphias Gladius) in the Atlantic for the 1987-2017 Period
SCRS/2020/073 Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 77(6): 89-117 (2020) SIZE AND AREA DISTRIBUTION OF PORBEAGLE (LAMNA NASUS) INFERRED FROM A DATA MINING IN THE SPANISH LONGLINE FISHERY TARGETING SWORDFISH (XIPHIAS GLADIUS) IN THE ATLANTIC FOR THE 1987-2017 PERIOD J. Mejuto1, A. Ramos-Cartelle1, B. García-Cortés1 and J. Fernández-Costa1 SUMMARY A total of 5,136 size observations of porbeagle were recovered for the period 1987-2017. The GLM results explained very moderately the variability of the sizes considering three main factors, suggesting minor but significant differences in some cases especially for the year factor and non-significant differences in other factors depending on the analysis. The greatest differences in the standardized mean length between some zones were caused by some large fish of unidentified sex. The standardized mean length data for the northern zones showed stability throughout the time series, very stable range of mean values and very few differences between sexes. The size distribution for northern areas indicated an FL-overall mean of 158 cm. The size showed a normal distribution confirming that a small fraction of individuals of this stock/s is available in the oceanic areas where the North Atlantic fleet is regularly fishing and the fishes are not fully recruited to those areas and / or this fishing gear up to 160 cm. The data suggests that some individuals could sporadically reach some intertropical areas of the eastern Atlantic. RÉSUMÉ Un total de 5.136 observations de taille de requins-taupes communs ont été récupérées pour la période 1987-2017. Les résultats du GLM expliquent très modérément la variabilité des tailles en tenant compte de trois facteurs principaux, ce qui suggère des différences mineures mais significatives dans certains cas, notamment pour le facteur année et des différences non significatives pour d'autres facteurs selon le type d’analyse. -
Evolution of White and Megatooth Sharks, and Evidence for Early Predation on Seals, Sirenians, and Whales
Vol.5, No.11, 1203-1218 (2013) Natural Science http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2013.511148 Evolution of white and megatooth sharks, and evidence for early predation on seals, sirenians, and whales Cajus G. Diedrich Paleologic, Petra Bezruce 96, Zdice, Czech Republic; [email protected], www.paleologic.eu Received 6 April 2013; revised 6 May 2013; accepted 13 May 2013 Copyright © 2013 Cajus G. Diedrich. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT ments were generally first attributed to “white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linné, 1758) ancestors”. Con- The early white shark Carcharodon Smith, 1838 troversy has subsequently arisen whether they should be with the fossil Carcharodon auriculatus (Blain- ascribed to the megatooth shark (“Carcharocles”—he- ville, 1818) and the extinct megatooth shark Oto- rein Otodus), or to the white shark (Carcharodon) line- dus Agassiz, 1843 with species Otodus sokolovi age [1]. This controversy is partly a result of non-sys- (Jaeckel, 1895) were both present in the Euro- tematic excavation of single serrated similar looking pean proto North Sea Basin about 47.8 - 41.3 m.y. teeth from many localities around the world, and from ago (Lutetian, early Middle Eocene), as well as in horizons of different ages. DNA studies have at least the Tethys realm around the Afican-Eurasian resolved the general position of the extant form of Car- shallow marine habitats. Both top predators deve- charodon carcharias, placing it between the Isurus and loped to be polyphyletic, with possible two dif- Lamna genera [2,3], without taking into account a revi- ferent lamnid shark ancestors within the Early sion and including of extinct fossil species such as Oto- Paleocene to Early Eocene timespan with Car- dus. -
A Rhinopristiform Sawfish (Genus Pristis) from the Middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Southern Peru and Its Regional Implications
Carnets Geol. 20 (5) E-ISSN 1634-0744 DOI 10.4267/2042/70759 A rhinopristiform sawfish (genus Pristis) from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of southern Peru and its regional implications Alberto COLLARETA 1, 2 Luz TEJADA-MEDINA 3, 4 César CHACALTANA-BUDIEL 3, 5 Walter LANDINI 1, 6 Alí ALTAMIRANO-SIERRA 7, 8 Mario URBINA-SCHMITT 7, 9 Giovanni BIANUCCI 1, 10 Abstract: Modern sawfishes (Rhinopristiformes: Pristidae) are circumglobally distributed in warm wa- ters and are common in proximal marine and even freshwater habitats. The fossil record of modern pristid genera (i.e., Pristis and Anoxypristis) dates back to the early Eocene and is mostly represented by isolated rostral spines and oral teeth, with phosphatised rostra representing exceptional occurren- ces. Here, we report on a partial pristid rostrum, exhibiting several articulated rostral spines, from middle Eocene strata of the Paracas Formation (Yumaque Member) exposed in the southern Peruvian East Pisco Basin. This finely preserved specimen shows anatomical structures that are unlikely to leave a fossil record, e.g., the paracentral grooves that extend along the ventral surface of the rostrum. Ba- sed on the morphology of the rostral spines, this fossil sawfish is here identified as belonging to Pristis. To our knowledge, this discovery represents the geologically oldest known occurrence of Pristidae from the Pacific Coast of South America. Although the fossil record of pristids from the East Pisco Basin spans from the middle Eocene to the late Miocene, sawfishes are no longer present in the modern cool, upwelling-influenced coastal waters of southern Peru. Given the ecological preferences of the extant members of Pristis, the occurrence of this genus in the Paracas deposits suggests that middle Eocene nearshore waters in southern Peru were warmer than today. -
Order LAMNIFORMES ODONTASPIDIDAE Sand Tiger Sharks Iagnostic Characters: Large Sharks
click for previous page Lamniformes: Odontaspididae 419 Order LAMNIFORMES ODONTASPIDIDAE Sand tiger sharks iagnostic characters: Large sharks. Head with 5 medium-sized gill slits, all in front of pectoral-fin bases, Dtheir upper ends not extending onto dorsal surface of head; eyes small or moderately large, with- out nictitating eyelids; no nasal barbels or nasoral grooves; snout conical or moderately depressed, not blade-like;mouth very long and angular, extending well behind eyes when jaws are not protruded;lower labial furrows present at mouth corners; anterior teeth enlarged, with long, narrow, sharp-edged but unserrated cusps and small basal cusplets (absent in young of at least 1 species), the upper anteriors separated from the laterals by a gap and tiny intermediate teeth; gill arches without rakers; spiracles present but very small. Two moderately large high dorsal fins, the first dorsal fin originating well in advance of the pelvic fins, the second dorsal fin as large as or somewhat smaller than the first dorsal fin;anal fin as large as second dorsal fin or slightly smaller; caudal fin short, asymmetrical, with a strong subterminal notch and a short but well marked ventral lobe. Caudal peduncle not depressed, without keels; a deep upper precaudal pit present but no lower pit. Intestinal valve of ring type, with turns closely packed like a stack of washers. Colour: grey or grey-brown to blackish above, blackish to light grey or white, with round or oval dark spots and blotches vari- ably present on 2 species. high dorsal fins upper precaudal eyes without pit present nictitating eyelids intestinal valve of ring type Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Wide-ranging, tropical to cool-temperate sharks, found inshore and down to moderate depths on the edge of the continental shelves and around some oceanic islands, and in the open ocean.