MASARYK UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

Department of English language and literature

The Screwtape Letters: Translation and analysis

Bachelor thesis

Brno 2014

Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Němec Written by: Dagmar Kostelníková Declaration

I declare that I wrote the thesis by myself and that I used only the sources listed in the bibliography.

I agree with the deposition of the thesis in the library of the Faculty of Education at Masaryk

University in Brno to make it accessible for further study purposes.

Prohlášení

Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, s použitím pouze citovaných literárních pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty

Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy Univerzity a ze zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších přepisů.

Souhlasím, aby práce byla uložena na Masarykově Univerzitě v Brně v knihovně Pedagogické fakulty a zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům.

Brno, 5th April 2014 Dagmar Kostelníková

2 Bibliography

Kostelníková, Dagmar. The Screwtape Letters: Translation and analysis: bachelor thesis. Brno:

Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, Department of English language and literature. 2014.

59 pages. The supervisor of the bachelor thesis: Mgr. Martin Němec.

Abstract

This bachelor thesis focuses on the translation and analysis of the first three chapters of the novel The Screwtape Letters written by a popular author C.S. Lewis. The thesis is divided into three parts – the introduction, the practical part and the theoretical part. In the introduction is to be found a brief biography, Lewis's literary legacy, the description of The Screwtape Letters itself and last but not least Lewis's conversion to Christianity, which highly influenced his work.

The practical part deals with the translation of the first three chapters and the theoretical part deals with the analysis of the translation that is compared to the official Czech version with respect to the lexicology and the pragmatics, there is also to be found mentions of etymological aspects of some discussed cases.

Key words

Translation, analysis, comparison, equivalence, The Screwtape Letters, Christianity, proper names, vocative, loanword.

3 Bibliografický záznam

KOSTELNÍKOVÁ, Dagmar. The Screwtape Letters: Translation and Analysis: bakalářská práce. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury. 2014. 59 stran. Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Mgr. Martin Němec.

Anotace

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá překladem a analýzou prvních třech kapitol knihy

Rady zkušeného ďábla od čtenářsky oblíbeného autora C.S. Lewise. Práce je rozdělena do třech oddílů – úvodu, praktické části a části teoretické. V úvodu je krátce popsán životopis autora, jeho literární odkaz, je zde představena samotná kniha a v neposlední řadě také Lewisovo obrácení ke křesťanství, které se ve velkém projevuje právě v jeho pracech. V praktické části je zpracován překlad prvních třech kapitol a část teoretická se zabývá analýzou překladu ve srovnání s oficiálním českým překladem z hlediska lexikálního a pragmatického, dále se práce zmiňuje o etymologických aspektech některých analyzovaných příkladů.

Klíčová slova

Překlad, analýza, srovnání, ekvivalence, Rady zkušeného ďábla, křesťanství, vlastní jména, vokativ, přejatá slova.

4 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my supervisor, Mgr. Martin Němec, for his valuable advise, help and guidance that he provided during my work on the thesis.

5 Table of Contents

1 Introduction...... 7 1.1 About the book and the author...... 8 1.1.1 Clive Staples Lewis's life...... 9 1.1.2 Lewis's works and legacy...... 10 1.1.3 About The Screwtape Letters ...... 11 1.1.4 Lewis as a Christian...... 12 2 Practical part...... 13 2.1 Chapter I...... 13 2.2 Chapter II...... 20 2.3 Chapter III...... 26 3 Theoretical part...... 32 3.1 Principles of translation...... 32 3.2 My translation compared to the original Czech version...... 34 3.2.1 Analysis of proper names...... 35 3.2.1.1 Screwtape...... 36 3.2.1.2 Wormwood...... 37 3.2.1.3 Glubose...... 39 3.2.2 Analysis of vocatives...... 40 3.2.2.1 The Patient...... 41 3.2.2.2 The Mother...... 42 3.2.3 The use of loanwords...... 44 3.2.4 The analysis of idioms, slang and collocations...... 48 4 Conclusion ...... 53 5 Bibliography...... 56

6 I have no intention of explaining how the correspondence which I now offer to the public fell

into my hands. There are two equal and opposite errors into which our race can fall about the

devils. One is to disbelieve in their existence. The other is to believe, and to feel an excessive

and unhealthy interest in them. They themselves are equally pleased by both errors and hail a materialist or a magician with the same delight. The sort of script which is used in this book can

be very easily obtained by anyone who has once learned the knack; but disposed or excitable

people who might make a bad use of it shall not learn it from me. Readers are advised to

remember that the devil is a liar. Not everything that Screwtape says should be assumed to be

true even from his own angle. I have made no attempt to identify any of the human beings

mentioned in the letters; but I think it very unlikely that the portraits, say, of Fr. Spike or the

patient's mother, are wholly just. There is wishful thinking in Hell as well as on Earth.

~C. S. Lewis, Preface of The Screwtape Letters

7 1 Introduction

C.S. Lewis, the Irish author known predominantly for his top-class septology The

Chronicles of Narnia, dedicated mostly to children, but widely read among adult readers, was not only a great fantasy writer but also an enthusiastic Christian apologist. Lewis's Christian belief is reflected into the majority of his writings and therefore he offers an absolutely different dimension of thinking than other popular writers of his time. The reason why I chose to analyze

The Screwtape Letters is plain – Lewis simply enthralled me not only by his genius and faithful plot-line, but also by his life convictions and values.

In The Screwtape Letters, Lewis creates a cruel but trustworthy world in which all people are highly controlled by devils, and the mere fact is emphasized by the grey and everyday reality, which makes the whole book more serious. I believe that this brilliant fantasy will not leave the reader indifferent to this pervasive spiritual mortal combat.

Even though The Screwtape Letters is a very popular publication, there exists only one official Czech version, translated by Pavel Vachek. Since I have read this novel about five-times and each time I was dissatisfied and distracted by Vachek's clumsy translation in some passages,

I decided to focus on inventing of the creative and more fluent translation.

The thesis is divided into three main parts – introduction, where I concentrate on the author himself, his legacy and Christianity, and, of course, I present the main plot of the novel. The practical part deals with my own translation of the first three chapters and finally the theoretical part focuses on the analysis of the translation and the comparison between

Vachek's and my version.

8 1.1 About the book and the author

The following sub-chapters focus briefly on C.S. Lewis's biography, his literal legacy, there is also to be found a short plot summary of The Screwtape Letters. The last chapter of this section deals with Lewis's Christianity, which is very important, for it has widely influenced his writing.

1.1.1 Clive Staples Lewis's life

Clive Staples Lewis was born on November 29, 1898 in the city of Belfast in Ireland.

His father, Albert Lewis established a thriving solicitor's practice and his mother, Flora Lewis came from highly protestant background, therefore Lewis grew up in a very believer family.

For instance, Lewis's great grandfather had worked as a bishop and his grandfather as a clergyman. During the childhood, Clive, who, for the unknown reason, wished to be called

"Jack", was very close to his elder brother, Warren, who later moved to England to finish his studies. Lewis, was greatly influenced by reading, because both his parents were passionate readers, and so he was free to read to his heart's content. When his mother died, in 1908, the father determined to send Clive to England to be educated at a boarding school. In the course of the years 1908 and 1913, he enrolled at the Wynyard school, the Campbell College and later at the Malverne college. (McGrath 4).

In 1916, Lewis gained the scholarship at the Oxford University, but the political situation in the beginning of the 20th century was not indifferent to him and that is why he enlisted as a volunteer for the British Army in 1917. Lewis was sent at the front line in France, where he sustained severe injuries and suffered from depression and shortly after his recovery in 1918 he

9 was demobilized and returned to the university. He finished his studies and in 1925 and he became a tutor at the department of English language and literature at the Oxford University and he worked there until 1954. Thanks to his membership at the university, Lewis met one of his best friends, J.R.R. Tolkien, who was also employed at the same faculty. (McGrath 5).

During the Second World War Lewis achieved a high popularity in the United Kingdom and the United States. His glory was mostly caused by publishing the world-famous septology

Chronicles of Narnia (1950), which was widely read not even in the 20th century, but it is also very favoured up to now. In 1965, Lewis terminated the employment at the Oxford University and he moved to teach at the Cambridge University. Shortly afterwards, his wife, Joy Davidman, died from bone cancer and Lewis himself was seriously ill. He died in Oxford on November 22,

1963 and is buried in the graveyard of Holy Trinity Church in Oxford. (Edwards 109; McGrath

7-8).

1.1.2 Lewis's works and legacy

Lewis was not only a novelist, essayist, academic and poet, but also a theologian. He had a great imagination and so by reading his books the reader enter into the fantasy world of this creative genius. Lewis's literary work provide about thirty books and many essays, but for the purpose of outlining his importance, I will introduce only the most interesting and well-known books. From the novels, it is worthy of notice his first novel The Pilgrim's regress

(1933), then his three-volume work Space Trilogy (1938-1945) and Lewis's masterpiece

The Chronicles of Narnia (1950-1956). Lewis, having been influenced by his conversion to Christianity, wrote many books about God, Heaven or Hell. Therefore, more or less, in many

10 of his writings the reader observe his interest in Christianity and belief. The most evident mentions about this topic appear in novels The Screwtape Letters (1942), The Great Divorce

(1945) and in Surprised by Joy (1955). He also loved poetry and wrote several poems, probably the most famous was a narrative poem Dymer (1926). (C.S. Lewis "About C.S. Lewis")

Already during his life, Lewis reached a high popularity, and for that reason, he achieved a lot of appreciation and certificate of merit. In 1946, Lewis was awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity by the University of St. Andrews, in 1947 he was elected as a member of the Royal

Society of Literature and in 1954 he becomes a chair of Medieval and Renaissance Literature at the Cambridge University. (C.S. Lewis "About C.S. Lewis")

1.1.3 About The Screwtape Letters

The Screwtape Letters is a Christian apologetic epistolary novel, which was first published in 1942, but already in 1941 the letters were published in installments in

The Guardian. The novel consists of thirty three letters written by an experienced devil

Screwtape. Those letters, which are dedicated to his young and unseasoned nephew Wormwood, are supposed to be advices, recommendation and guidance how to trick and seduce humans.

Wormwood, being a novice tempter, is in charge of one man, who is called "the patient".

His task is to prevent him from God (in the novel he is described as "the Enemy") and from converting to Christianity. Screwtape mentors Wormwood and teaches him various methods which should help Wormwood to keep the patient outside of the Church. (Adey 141)

The plot is not tangled or intricate, so that the theological background could excel in the novel. In the second letter the reader finds out that the patient has become a Christian.

11 From that time on, Wormwood, led by Screwtape, tries to change the patient's mind. Later in the book, Screwtape discovers that the patient is engaged with a Christian girl and he is very infuriated. The novel ends by patient's death, who is killed during the war and his soul eventually has gone to Heaven. Wormwood is punished for his fatal mistake and his devilish essence is to be swollen by the other demons.

1.1.4 Lewis as a Christian

The complicated journey that led Lewis to Christianity is best described in his autobiography Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life (1955). Lewis in detail depicts his childhood, years spent in England, where he was captured by deep pessimism, which caused in him a rooted atheism. In next chapters he explains how confused he was by all the spiritual and fantasy thoughts that surrounded him and that he started to search the truth. Lewis converted in

1931 and this change was accompanied with the arrival of joy into his life:

"I call it Joy, which is here a technical term and must be sharply distinguished

both from Happiness and Pleasure. Joy (in my sense) has indeed one

characteristic, and one only, in common with them; the fact that anyone who has

experienced it will want it again... I doubt whether anyone who has tasted it

would ever, if both were in his power, exchange it for all the pleasures in the

world. But then Joy is never in our power and Pleasure often is." (Lewis,

"Surprised by Joy" 18)

Lewis's Christianity is very important for understanding his writing, because the reader should take a cautious approach to his opinions and beliefs. His theological books and essays are not

12 unbiased, but they are strictly favourable to Christianity. Very obvious example is The Screwtape

Letters, even though the author does not directly say that the Christianity is the only right way, but the atheist reader must not only notice the bitter-sweat satire of the spiritual world, but he will be probably also frightened that this all could be truth. And a believer, who reads this genius

Christian apologetics, must just agree that all the devilish world influence us in every possible way. In my opinion, this is exactly what Lewis wanted to provoke in his readers. He does not push them to become Christians, but, I think, that at least, the Screwtape Letters makes the readers speculate about the mission of life.

13 2 Practical part

The practical part deals with my own translation of the first three chapters of

The Screwtape Letters. In the translation I wanted to outline the possibilities of the text, which are to be analyzed in detail in the theoretical part.

2.1 Chapter I

MY DEAR WORMWOOD, Drahý Ničemníku, I note what you say about guiding our přemýšlel jsem o tvém záměru vést našeho

patient's reading and taking care that he sees klienta k četbě a postarat se o to, aby si

a good deal of his materialist friend. liboval v setkávání se svým materialistickým

přítelem. But are you not being a trifle naïf? Ale nejednáš tak trochu naivně? It sounds as if you supposed that argument Zní to, jako bys předpokládal, že jen díky

was the way to keep him out of the Enemy's argumentům ho udržíš mimo Nepřítelův vliv.

clutches. That might have been so if he had lived a To by bylo možné leda tak před stovkami let.

few centuries earlier.

At that time the humans still knew pretty Tehdy lidé ještě moc dobře věděli, že něco je

well when a thing was proved and when it nebo není prokázáno a také tomu podle toho

was not; and if it was proved they really věřili.

believed it. They still connected thinking with doing and V té době ještě dokázali propojit myšlení se

14 were prepared to alter their way of life as the skutky a když jim to rozum radil, byli result of a chain of reasoning. ochotní změnit svůj styl života.

But what with the weekly press and other Ale i to už jsme díky novinám, časopisům a such weapons we have largely altered that. podobným zbraním dokázali omezit. Your man has been accustomed, ever since Už jako malý chlapec si ten tvůj člověk he was a boy, to have a dozen incompatible zvykl, že se mu v hlavě točí asi tucet philosophies dancing about together inside navzájem se vylučujících filosofií. his head.

He doesn't think of doctrines as primarily O učeních nepřemýšlí jako o primárně

"true" of "false", but as "academic" or „pravdivých“ nebo „lživých“, ale jako o

"practical", "outworn" or "contemporary", „teoretických“ či „praktických“, „přežitých“

"conventional" or "ruthless". nebo „moderních“, o „obecně uznávaných“

či „nepřijatelných“. Jargon, not argument, is your best ally in Působivé klišé, a ne argumenty, je tvým keeping him from the Church. nejlepším spojencem, abys ho udržel mimo

církev. Don't waste time trying to make him think Neztrácej čas tím, že ho budeš přesvědčovat that materialism is true! o pravdivosti materialismu. Make him think it is strong, or stark, or Musí si myslet, že je silný, neúprosný nebo courageous - that it is the philosophy of the odvážný – to je hudbou budoucnosti. future. That's the sort of thing he cares about. O takové věci se přece zajímá.

15 The trouble about argument is that it moves Potíž s argumenty je, že celou záležitost the whole struggle onto the Enemy's own přesouvají na Nepřítelovu půdu. ground. He can argue too; whereas in really practical On má také své argumenty, jenže v tom propaganda of the kind I am suggesting He praktickém přesvědčování, o kterém mluvím has been shown for centuries to be greatly já, je za Naším Otcem v temnotách pozadu the inferior of Our Father Below. už celá století. By the very act of arguing, you awake the Klientův rozum probudíš pouhou debatou a patient's reason; and once it is awake, who nikdo nemůže předpokládat, co nastane, can foresee the result? když začně uvažovat. Even if a particular train of thought can be I když můžeme některé myšlenkové pochody twisted so as to end in our favour, you will překroutit podle libosti, mohl bys tím ve find that you have been strengthening in your svém klientovi posilovat nebezpečný zvyk, patient the fatal habit of attending to že by se staral o všeobecně platné záležitosti universal issues and withdrawing his a nevěnoval by pozornost proudu attention from the stream of immediate sense přirozených smyslových zážitků. experiences.

Your business is to fix his attention on the Tvůj úkol je udržovat jeho pozornost právě stream. na nich. Teach him to call it "real life" and don't let Jen ať si myslí, že právě tak vypadá him ask what he means by "real". „opravdový život“ a dbej na to, aby

nezjišťoval skutečný význam slova

„opravdový“.

16 Remember, he is not, like you, a pure spirit. Pamatuj na skutečnost, že není jednoznačně

duchovní stvoření jako jsi ty. Never having been a human (Oh that Protože jsi nikdy nebyl člověkem (jak abominable advantage of the Enemy's!) you odporná výhoda Nepřítele!), neuvědomuješ don't realise how enslaved they are to the si, do jaké míry otročí náporům všedních dní. pressure of the ordinary.

I once had a patient, a sound atheist, who Měl jsem jednoho klienta, naprostého ateistu, used to read in the British Museum. který si čítával v Brtiském Muzeu.

One day, as he sat reading, I saw a train of Jednoho dne, když se posadil nad knihami, thought in his mind beginning to go the sledoval jsem, jak se jeho myšlenky ubírají wrong way. špatným směrem. The Enemy, of course, was at his elbow in a Nepřítel byl samozřejmě hned po jeho boku. moment. Before I knew where I was I saw my twenty Začínal jsem chápat, že se mé dvacetileté years' work beginning to totter. snažení začíná hroutit. If I had lost my head and begun to attempt a Kdybych ztratil hlavu a zahájil protiútok defence by argument I should have been svými argumenty, skončilo by to fiaskem. undone. But I was not such a fool. Ale já jsem nebyl takový hlupák. I struck instantly at the part of the man which Zaměřil jsem se na tu část jeho osobnosti,

I had best under my control and suggested kterou jsem ovládal nejvíce a navrhl jsem that it was just about time he had some mu, že je právě čas na oběd.

17 lunch. The Enemy presumably made the counter- Nepřítel nejspíše namítl (víš, že nikdy suggestion (you know how one can never pořádně neslyšíme, co jim říká?), že tato quite overhear What He says to them?) that záležitost je snad důležitější než nějaký oběd. this was more important than lunch. At least I think that must have been His line Tedy alespoň myslím, že řekl něco takového. for when I said "Quite. In fact much too A já povídám: „Přesně. Dokonce je to příliš important to tackle it the end of a morning", důležité, aby jsi se tím zabýval před the patient brightened up considerably; and obědem.“ To mého klienta značně potěšilo. by the time I had added "Much better come A jakmile jsem dodal: „Bude lepší se do toho back after lunch and go into it with a fresh pustit po jídle s čistou hlavou“, byl už na půl mind", he was already half way to the door. cesty ke dveřím. Once he was in the street the battle was won. Jakmile vyšel na ulici, bylo vyhráno.

I showed him a newsboy shouting the Rozptýlil jsem ho pohledem na chlapce, midday paper, and a No. 73 bus going past, který lákal ke koupi poledního vydání a and before he reached the bottom of the steps právě projíždějící linku 73. Když scházel po

I had got into him an unalterable conviction schodech a sledoval ten „skutečný život“ that, whatever odd ideas might come into a kolem sebe, byl převědčený, že přestože ho man's head when he was shut up alone with při čtení svých knih napadají různé his books, a healthy dose of "real life" (by myšlenky, tak že „něco takového“ jednoduše which he meant the bus and the newsboy) nemůže být pravda. was enough to show him that all "that sort of

18 thing" just couldn't be true. He knew he'd had a narrow escape and in Uvědomoval si, že uniknul jen o vlásek a later years was fond of talking about "that později s oblibou mluvil o „tom inarticulate sense for actuality which is our nevyslovitelném smyslu pro skutečnost“, ultimate safeguard against the aberrations of který je zárověň naší jedinou pojistkou před mere logic". úchylkami čisté logiky. He is now safe in Our Father's house. Teď už je bezpěčně v domě Našeho Otce.

You begin to see the point? Začínáš to chápat? Thanks to processes which we set at work in Díky procesu, který jsme v nich zahájili před them centuries ago, they find it all but stovkami let, už téměř nedokážou věřit impossible to believe in the unfamiliar while ničemu neznámému, když mají před očima the familiar is before their eyes. důvěrně známé. Keep pressing home on him the ordinariness Nepřestávej mu podsouvat jak je všechno of things. všední. Above all, do not attempt to use science (I Ne, aby jsi se proti křesťanství hájil pomocí mean, the real sciences) as a defence against vědy (myslím skutečné vědy).

Christianity. They will positively encourage him to think Mohl by se totiž začít zajímat o nehmatatelné about realities he can't touch and see. a neviditelné věci. There have been sad cases among the Mezi současnými fyziky najdeme několik modern physicists. žalostných případů. If he must dabble in science, keep him on Když už se musí šťourat do vědy, drž ho u economics and sociology; don't let him get ekonomie a sociologie, nenech ho uniknout z away from that invaluable "real life". toho neocenitelného „opravdového života“.

19 But the best of all is to let him read no Úplně nejlepší by bylo, kdyby si nečetl nic science but to give him a grand general idea věděckého, aby si myslel, že všemu rozumí, that he knows it all and that everything he a že všechno, co pochytil při rozhovorech happens to have picked up in casual talk and nebo čtení je výsledkem „moderního reading is "the results of modem bádání“. investigation". Do remember you are there to fuddle him. Pamatuj, že jsi tam od toho, abys ho mátl. From the way some of you young fiends talk, Podle toho, jak někteří z vás – mladých anyone would suppose it was our job to ďáblů – mluvíte, to vypadá, jako byste si teach! mysleli, že to my je máme vzdělávat! Your affectionate uncle Tvůj milující strýc, SCREWTAPE Krutopich

2.2 Chapter II

MY DEAR WORMWOOD, Drahý Ničemníku, I note with grave displeasure that your s velkým znechucením jsem zjistil, že se tvůj patient has become a Christian. klient stal křesťanem. Do not indulge the hope that you will escape Ani nedoufej, že se vyhneš odpovídajícím the usual penalties; indeed, in your better trestům, to by sis snad ani ve svých moments, I trust you would hardly even wish světlejších chvilkách nepřál. to do so.

In the meantime we must make the best of Teď musíme napravit, co se dá.

20 the situation.

There is no need to despair; hundreds of Není třeba zoufat, stovky takových these adult converts have been reclaimed dospělých přeběhlíků jsme po krátkém after a I brief sojourn in the Enemy's camp pobytu v Nepřítelově táboře opět získali na and are now with us. svou stranu. All the habits of the patient, both mental and Navíc všechny klientovy dušení i tělesné bodily,are still in our favour. návyky nám hrají do karet.

One of our great allies at present is the V současné době je církev sama jedním z

Church itself. našich velkých spojenců. Do not misunderstand me. Abys mě pochopil správně, I do riot mean the Church as we see her tím nemyslím církev časově neomezenou a spread but through all time and space and všudypřítomnou, hluboce ukotvenou ve rooted in eternity, terrible as an army with věčnosti jako hrozivá armáda s roztaženými banners. prapory. That, I confess, is a spectacle which makes I Musím uznat, že takový pohled není hezký our boldest tempters uneasy. ani pro naše netroufalejší pokušitele. But fortunately it is quite invisible to these Ale tohle naštěstí lidé celkem přehlížejí. humans. All your patient sees is the half-finished, Tvůj klient vidí pouze jakousi rozestavěnou, sham Gothic erection on the new building rádoby gotickou budovu stojící na novém estate. stavebním pozemku. When he goes inside, he sees the local grocer Hned u vstupu k němu se strojeným with rather in oily expression on his face úsměvem přiskočí místní hokynář a

21 bustling up to offer him one shiny little book podstrkuje mu nějakou lesklou knížečku containing a liturgy which neither of them liturgie, které ani jeden z nich nerozumí, a understands, and one shabby little book k tomu ochmataný kancionál, obsahující containing corrupt texts of a number of většinou špatné a mizerně natištěné pobožné religious lyrics, mostly bad, and in very písně. small print. When he gets to his pew and looks round Když se posadí do lavice a bloudí očima po him he sees just that selection of his místnosti, vidí všechny své sousedy, kterým neighbours whom he has hitherto avoided. se dosud úspěšně vyhýbal. You want to lean pretty heavily on those Právě na tyto sousedy se zaměř nejvíce. neighbours. Make his mind flit to and fro between an Ať jeho mysl uvízne mezi frázemi typu: expression like "the body of Christ" and the „Tělo Kristovo“ a pohledem na ty skutečné actual faces in the next pew. tváře ve vedlejší lavici. It matters very little, of course, what kind of Samozřejmě, že je úplně jedno, jací lidé tam people that next pew really contains. sedí, You may know one of them to be a great i když někteří z nich mohou být zkušenými warrior on the Enemy's side. bojovníky Nepřítelovy armády. No matter. Co se dá dělat. Your patient, thanks to Our Father below, is a Tvůj klient je hlupák, jen díky Našemu Otci fool. v Temnotách. Provided that any of those neighbours sing Pokud některý ze sousedů zpívá falešně, out of tune, or have boots that squeak, or vržou mu boty, má podbradek nebo podivné double chins, or odd clothes, the patient will oblečení, tvůj klient snadno nabyde dojmu,

22 quite easily believe that their religion must že i to jejich náboženství musí být nečím therefore be somehow ridiculous. směšné.

At his present stage, you see, he has an idea Abys chápal, v této fázi má o křesťanech of "Christians" in his mind which he představu, kterou vydává za duchovní, ve supposes to be spiritual but which, in fact, is skutečnosti je ale velice zkreslená. largely pictorial. His mind is full of togas and sandals and Hlavu má plnou tóg, opánek, zbroje a bosých armour and bare legs and the mere fact that nohou a skutečnosti, že lidé v církvi nosí the other people in church wear modern moderní oblečení, moc nerozumí (ale ani se clothes is a real - though of course an tím moc nezabývá). unconscious - difficulty to him. Never let it come to the surface; never let Hlavně nedovol, aby se tím více zabýval, ať him ask what he expected them to look like. mu vůbec nepřijde na mysl, jak si je vlastně

představoval. Keep everything hazy in his mind now, and Celou věčnost se budeš bavit, když mu teď you will have all eternity wherein to amuse všechno zamlžíš a budeš s ním jednat tím yourself by producing in him the peculiar zvláštním nesrozumitelným způsobem, který kind of clarity which Hell affords. známe z Pekla.

Work hard, then, on the disappointment or Potom v něm trpělivě povzbuzuj zklamání a anticlimax which is certainly coming to the rozčarování, které na něj zcela jistě dolehne patient during his first few weeks as a během několika prvních týdnů křesťanského churchman. života.

23 The Enemy allows this disappointment to Nepřítel totiž dovolí, aby k takovému occur on the threshold of every human zklamání došlo na počátcích každého endeavour. lidského snažení. It occurs when the boy who has been Třeba když se malý klučina už ve školních enchanted in the nursery by Stories from the lavicích tak nadchne do příběhů Odysey, až

Odyssey buckles down to really learning se horlivě vrhne do studia řečtiny.

Greek.

It occurs when lovers have got married and Nebo když se dva zamilovaní vezmou a begin the real task of learning to live snaží se vydat na společnou cestu životem. together. In every department of life it marks the V každém životním milníku to znamená transition from dreaming aspiration to přeměnu snu na tvrdou realitu. laborious doing. The Enemy takes this risk because He has a Nepřítel riskuje kvůli své podivné touze curious fantasy of making all these přetvořit tu odpornou lidskou chamraď na disgusting little human vermin into what He oddané a milující služebníky – nazývá je calls His "free" lovers and servants - "sons" „syny“, a s touto silně zakořeněnou láskou a is the word He uses, with His inveterate love nepřirozeným poutem s těmi dvounohými of degrading the whole spiritual world by živočichy, rozkládá celý duchovní svět. unnatural liaisons with the two-legged animals. Desiring their freedom, He therefore refuses Protože prahne po tom, aby byli svobodní,

24 to carry them, by their mere affections and nepřenáší je přes zkoušky, do kterých je habits, to any of the goals which He sets postaví, ani za pomoci jejich zvyků nebo before them: He leaves them to "do it on náklonnosti, ale nechá je, ať se s tím their own". vypořádají sami. And there lies our opportunity. Pamatuj, že v tom spočívá naše šance, But also, remember, there lies our danger. ale stejne tak i riziko. If once they get through this initial dryness Jakmile se jednou dostanou přes toto successfully, they become much less počáteční období sucha, stanou se méně dependent on emotion and therefore much závislými na pocitech a tím pádem bude harder to tempt. mnohem obtížnější je jakkoliv pokoušet. I have been writing hitherto on the To, co jsem ti doposud napsal, zakládám na assumption that the people in the next pew předpokladu, že lidé sedící v okolních afford no rational ground for disappointment. lavicích mu zatím nedali žádný opodstatněný

důvod ke zklamání. Of course if they do - if the patient knows Samozřejmě, že kdyby na to došlo, kdyby that the woman with the absurd hat is a klient věděl, že ta ženská s tou nemožnou fanatical bridge-player or the man with čapkou je zarytou hráčkou bridže, nebo že squeaky boots a miser and an extortioner - ten s vrzavýma botama je skrblík a then your task is so much the easier. vydřiduch, měl bys to mnohem snažší. All you then have to do is to keep out of his Proto se musíš snažit, aby si nepokládal mind the question "If I, being what I am, can otázky typu: „Pokud se i já, se vším co jsem, consider that I am in some sense a Christian, mohu v určitém smyslu považovat za why should the different vices of those křesťana, proč by hned víra těch ostatních people in the next pew prove that their měla být pokrytecká nebo konvenční, jen

25 religion is mere hypocrisy and convention?" kvůli jejich libůstkám“? You may ask whether it is possible to keep Můžeš si říkat, jestli je vůbec možné udržet such an obvious thought from occurring even člověka od takové jasné úvahy. to a human mind. It is, Wormwood, it is! Ano, Ničemníku, je! Handle him properly and it simply won't Zacházej s ním opatrně a ani mu to na mysl come into his head. nepřijde. He has not been anything like long enough Na to, aby byl skutečně pokorný, je u with the Enemy to have any real humility Nepřítele příliš krátkou dobu. yet. What he says, even on his knees, about his Co říká o své hříšnosti, byť na kolenou, je own sinfulness is all parrot talk. jen papouškování něčeho, co slyšel jinde.

At bottom, he still believes he has run up a Nakonec, pořád si myslí, že jen pouhým very favourable credit-balance in the souhlasem k obrácení, se drží na předních

Enemy's ledger by allowing himself to be příčkách v Nepřítelově měřítku. A fakt, že converted, and thinks that he is showing navštevuje kostel společně s těmi „burany“ great humility and condescension in going to sousedy, jen potvrzuje jak dokonale se naučil church with these "smug", commonplace pokoře. neighbours at all.

Keep him in that state of mind as long as you Snaž se, aby žil v tomto přesvědčení co can. nejdéle. Your affectionate uncle Tvůj milující strýc,

26 SCREWTAPE Krutopich

2.3 Chapter III

MY DEAR WORMWOOD, Drahý Ničemníku, I am very pleased by what you tell me about velmi mě potěšilo, jak jsi mi popsal vztah this man's relations with his mother. tvého klienta s matkou. But you must press your advantage. Ze svých výhod musíš vyždímat, co se dá. The Enemy will be working from the centre Nepřítel bude zpracovávat klientovo nitro, outwards, gradually bringing more and more aby se čím dál více měnil k novému obrazu a of the patient's conduct under the new každou chvíli může dosáhnout změny v jeho standard, and may reach his behaviour to the chování vůči té dámě. old lady at any moment.

You want to get in first. Ty ho musíš zpracovat dříve. Keep in close touch with our colleague Spolči se s naším kolegou Hnusákem, matka

Glubose who is in charge of the mother, and tvého člověka je totiž jeho klientkou, a build up between you in that house a good snažte se, aby si co nejvíce lezli na nervy a settled habit of mutual annoyance; daily společnými silami je udržujte ve stavu pinpricks. stálého popichování. The following methods are useful. Následující metody by ti mohly přijít vhod.

1. Keep his mind on the inner life. 1. Ať přemýšlí hlavně o vnitřním životě. He thinks his conversion is something inside Protože se domnívá, že obrácení se týká jeho

27 him and his attention is therefore chiefly vnitřního života a tudíž všechnu svou turned at present to the states of his own pozornost upírá na stavy své mysli – nebo mind - or rather to that very expurgated spíše na jejich zcenzurovanou verzi, nedovol version of them which is all you should mu, aby za tím viděl neco jiného a hezky ho allow him to see. Encourage this. v tom podporuj. Keep his mind off the most elementary duties Snaž se, aby zapomínal na základní by directing it to the most advanced and povinnosti a veď ho, aby se staral jen o ty spiritual ones. pokrokové a duchovní. Aggravate that most useful human Protože má hrůzu ze zřejmých faktů, zaměř characteristic, the horror and neglect of the se na tuto báječnou lidskou vlastnost, jen ať obvious. se jim vyhýbá. You must bring him to a condition in which Musíš ho dostat do stavu, kdy i při he can practise self-examination for an hour hodinovém zkoumání sebe sama, nebude without discovering any of those facts about schopen zahlédnout ani střípek toho, co jasně himself ,which are perfectly clear to anyone vidí někdo, kdo s ním sdílel domácnost nebo who has over lived in the same house with kancelář. him or worked the same office. 2. It is, no doubt, impossible to prevent his 2. Bez pochyby nemůžeme zabránit, aby se praying for his mother, but we have means of modlil za svou matku, můžeme ale zařídit, rendering the prayers innocuous. aby byly jeho modlitby neškodné. Make sure that they are always very Ujisti se, že jsou vždy natolik duchovní, aby

"spiritual", that he is always concerned with měl obavy jen o stav její duše, ne o její the state of her soul and never with her revmatismus. rheumatism.

28 Two advantages follow. Z toho vyplynou dvě výhody. In the first place, his attention will be kept on Za prvé, bude se soustředit na vše, co what he regards as her sins, by which, with a považuje za hříšné a pod tvým vedením to little guidance from you, he can be induced budou věci, které ho obtěžují nebo rozčilují. to mean any of her actions which are inconvenient or irritating to himself.

Thus you can keep rubbing the wounds of Navíc se mu tím můžeš šťourat v the day a little sorer even while he is on his každodenních ranách, i když bude stále na knees; the operation is not at all difficult and kolenou, není to nic obtížného a ještě se u you will find it very entertaining. toho dobře pobavíš. In the second place, since his ideas about her Za druhé, protože jeho názory na její duši soul will be very crude and often erroneous, budou velmi hrubé a často mylné, bude se v he will, in some degree, be praying for an určitém míře modlit za osobu, která vlastně imaginary person, and it will be your task to neexistuje. Tvým úkolem bude tuto make that imaginary person daily less and představu neznámé osoby co nejvíce oddělit less like the real mother - the sharp-tongued od jeho skutečné matky – té madam, která si old lady at the breakfast table. ani u snídaně neodpustí jedovaté poznámky. In time, you may get the cleavage so wide V tu dobu bude rozkol už tak velký, že žádná that no thought or feeling from his prayers přímluva nebo záchvěv citu pro tu for the imagined mother will ever flow over imaginární matku neovlivní chování k té into his treatment of the real one. skutečné. I have had patients of my own so well in Sám jsem měl kdysi některé klienty tak v hand that they could be turned at a moment's hrsti, že v minutě dokázali přejít od horlivé

29 notice from impassioned prayer for a wife's modlitby za manželčinu nebo synovu duši k or son's "soul" to beating or insulting the real urážkám a třeba i bez mrknutí oka vlastní wife or son without a qualm. ženu nebo syna zbili. 3. When two humans have lived together for 3. Když spolu dva lidé žijí už hodně dlouho, many years it usually happens that each has zcela jistě se najdou určité grimasy nebo tón tones of voice and expressions of face which hlasu, které toho druhého zaručeně vytočí. are almost unendurably irritating to the other. Work on that. Na tom pracuj. Bring fully into the consciousness of your Pozornost svého klienta zaměř na způsob, patient that particular lift of his mother's jakým jeho matka zvedá obočí, a který už od eyebrows which he learned to dislike in the dětství nemůže ani vystát. Ať přemýšlí o nursery, and let him think how much he tom, jak moc to nesnáší. dislikes it. Let him assume that she knows how Vnukni mu myšlenku, že jeho matka ví, jak annoying it is and does it to annoy - if you ho to vytáčí, a že to dělá naschvál, jen aby ho know your job he will not notice the rozčílila. Když se budeš snažit, ani ho immense improbability of the assumption. nenapadne, jak je to nepravděpodobné.

And, of course, never let him suspect that he A samozřejmě nesmíš dopustit, aby se has tones and looks which similarly annoy zamyslel nad tím, že on také vrhá pohledy a her. používá výrazy, které naopak vadí jeho

matce. As he cannot see or hear himself, this is Nebude to nic těžkého, vždyť on sám sebe easily managed. nevidí ani neslyší.

30 4. In civilised life domestic hatred usually 4. V běžné domácnosti jsou slovní přestřelky expresses itself by saying things which lepší cestou, protože za pomoci určitého tónu would appear quite harmless on paper (the hlasu nebo v určitém okamžiku může i words are not offensive) but in such a voice, obyčejné neškodné slovo (které není samo o or at such a moment, that they are not far sobě hrubé) způsobit bolest. short of a blow in the face. To keep this game up you and Glubose must Jestli chceš udržet tuhle hru na úrovni, see to it that each of these two fools has a musíte s Hnusákem ty dva blázny přinutit, sort of double standard. aby měli jakousi dvojí perspektivu. Your patient must demand that all his own Ať tvůj klient vyžaduje, aby jeho věty byly utterances are to be taken at their face value pochopeny v pravém smyslu slova, zatímco and judged simply on the actual words, while on bude citlivý na všechny matčiny odstíny at the same time judging all his mother's hlasu a bude zkoumat souvislosti a její utterances with the fullest and most potutelné záměry. oversensitive interpretation of the tone and the context and the suspected intention. She must be encouraged to do the same to A ona by měla dělat to samé. him. Hence from every quarrel they can both go Díky tomu budou oba o každé hádce away convinced, or very nearly convinced, přesvědčeni (nebo téměř přesvědčeni), že that they are quite innocent. jsou v tom úplně nevinně. You know the kind of thing: "I simply ask Znáš to: „Já se jí normálně ptám, kdy bude her what time dinner will be and she flies večeře a ona na mě hned vystartuje.“ into a temper."

31 Once this habit is well established you have Jakmile v nich tohle zakořeníte, naskytne se the delightful situation of a human saying ta roztomilá situace, kdy lidé úmyslně říkají things with the express purpose of offending něco urážlivého a pak jsou sami ukřivdění, and yet having a grievance when offence is že se to toho druhého dotklo. taken. Finally, tell me something about the old Nakonec bych chtěl vědět, jak je na tom s lady's religious position. vírou ta stařena. Is she at all jealous of the new factor in her Žárlí na nedávné změny v životě svého syna? son's life? - at all piqued that he should have Vadí jí, že na to přišel až teď, a to ještě za learned from others, and so late, what she pomoci cizích lidí, i když ona je skálopevně considers she gave him such good přesvědčená, že mu už v dětství poskytla opportunity of learning in childhood? dostatek příležitostí? Does she feel he is making a great deal of Myslí si, že je do toho až moc „zažraný“

"fuss" about it - or that he's getting in on very nebo že to naopak bere na lehkou váhu? easy terms?

Remember the elder brother in the Enemy's Vzpomeň si na toho staršího bratra story, v Nepřítelově příběhu... Your affectionate uncle Tvůj milující strýc, SCREWTAPE Krutopich

32 3 Theoretical part

The theoretical part deals with the analysis of the translation. It is divided into a chapter that discuss the principles of translation and the chapters that analyze concrete cases of the corpus, compared to the original Lewis's text and Vachek's version.

3.1 Principles of translation

"Má-li být překlad adekvátní výchozímu textu, musí splňovat řadu

požadavků. (…) Dobrý překlad by neměl být vnímán jako překlad, nýbrž jako

původní dílo vytvořené v daném jazyce. Kvalitní překlad tedy musí splňovat

nejméně tři základní kritéria:

a) jazykový projev v cílovém jazyce působí zcela přirozeně, organicky,

b) výsledný komunikát má v cílovém jazyce totožný význam (či

význam co nejvíce se blížící stavu totožnosti) jako je předloha v jazyce

výchozím a působí na adresáta překladu stejně jako působil původní text

na adresáta – mluvčího výchozího jazyka (jinými slovy – entropie je

potlačena na nejnižší možnou míru),

c) jazykový projev v cílovém jazyce zachovává dynamiku původního

projevu formulovaného ve výchozím jazyce – překlad by měl vyvolat

stejnou reakci, jako vyvolal (či vyvolat měl) projev v jazyce výchozím."

(Knittlová et al. 14).

33 Before I even started with the translation, I have read Levý's Umění Překladu and

Knittlová's Překlad a překládání and those two books have become my guides during my translation work. As listed above, Knittlová mentions three basic standards of translation and

I tried to follow the rules. The biggest problem was to keep the standard of dynamics, because

I find very difficult to restyle the text, so it would elicit the same reaction as in the source language.

In my work, I respected the principles of free and communicative translation, in order not to copy the literal meaning of the source language without regard to grammatical system of the target language. Levý emphasizes three stages of translator's work as understanding, interpretation and re-stylization of the text (51). Understanding of the text means understanding from the philological point of view. According to Levý's theory of translation a good translator should be also a good reader, so that he would be able to interpret ideologically aesthetic values (53). Interpretation might be necessary in case of inability of the target language to express semantically wide or polysemous expressions as it occurs in the source language.

In this instance the translator must opt for one of meanings and he needs to know the background reality of the text (Levý 58). The third step is to restyle the text, because language possibilities in the source and the target language are not equivalent. (Levý

67.)

On the basis of Vinay and Darbelnet the translator could follow seven principles, when there are no direct equivalents in the target language: transcription, calque, substitution, modulation, equivalence and adaptation (Knittlová et al. 19).

34 3.2 My translation compared to the original Czech version

In the course of analyzing Vachek's translation, I also tried to chart his legacy, but I did not find any other work that he would have translated or an appropriate information about his life and so I presume that he is not a professional translator. In addition, Vachek's translation is the only official Czech version of The Screwtape Letters. Since it is impossible to compare it with an another existing version translated by a professional Czech translator, I acquainted myself with the knowledge of Milan Hrdlička, who is a highly regarded expert on the theory of translation, to avoid making the same mistakes in the translation as Vachek made.

In Literární překlad a komunikace Hrdlička stresses the importance of realizing to which target readers the translation is dedicated to:

Problematika zaměření přeloženého textu na určité čtenářské publikum, popř.

Na jeho jistou část, je velmi rozsáhlá a významná, představuje z hlediska vědy

o překladu jednu z klíčových oblastí bádání. Orientace uměleckého překladu

(překladatele) na (typ) čtenáře totiž výrazně ovlivňuje překladatelskou

konkretizaci předlohy, promítá se do překladatelova přístupu k originálu

i k procesu překladu uměleckého slovesného komunikátu. (Hrdlička 9).

Therefore, the translation of The Screwtape Letters, the novel dedicated mainly to Christian readers, should reflect the animosity of the demons towards human, but Vachek did not maintained it in every aspect of his version.

Since I wrote this thesis to invent a new and contemporary translation of The Screwtape

Letters, I tried to avoid loanwords, which highly occur in Vachek's translation, and I wanted to

35 stress the demonic intolerance to humans, what, in my opinion, Vachek could have worked on more.

In the following paragraphs I describe and defend my choices and I do so by comparing the most noticeable differences or in passages where I dislike Vachek's translation for various reasons.

3.2.1 Analysis of proper names

In this chapter are discussed proper names that are to be found in the passage of the novel that I have worked on. Names are analyzed with the respect to the lexicology, the pragmatics and to their cultural classification.

Lewis Vachek My translation 1 Wormwood Tasemník Ničemník 2 Screwtape Zmarchrob Krutopich 3 Glubose Chlípoun Hnusák

3.2.1.1 Screwtape

Lewis definitely invented the names of the demons in his book to evoke something repulsive and nasty, since demons are supposed to be disgusting spiritual creatures. The first name of a principal character, Screwtape, is actually a compound consisted of two words – screw and tape. According to Partridge screw has several meanings of which in this case the best suits screw in sense of an act of copulation, a sexual pleasure (but vulgarly) or something very crooked or twisted (738). In this situation one should also notice a phrasal verb to screw up

36 which means to cause a fail (Sinclair 885). Since the word tape without an article itself means some kind of the material or substance (The Oxford English Dictionary), in this context I found the expression tapeworm, tasemnice in Czech, more adequate, because in biology it terms a cestoid worm, which when adult infests the alimentary canal or vertebrates (The Oxford

English Dictionary).

Vachek named Screwtape as Zmarchrob, which seems to be appropriate and creative translation. He also worked with the individual parts screw and tape, he translated screw in sense which is closer to the phrasal verb to screw up, when he started with the noun zmar, which is in

Czech semantics explained as zmaření, zhouba, zkáza, zničení něčeho (Příruční slovník jazyka

českého). To reach the effect of hideousness in translation of the names of two main characters,

Vachek stylizes their names to evoke the image of worms. That is why

I mentioned the expression tapeworm, for Vachek translated noun tape as chrob, which serves as a root of the word chrobák signifying brouk, z podčeledi hlubačů (Příruční slovník jazyka

českého).

In my translation, the name Screwtape was a tough proposition because I did not want to copy Vachek's style. As I could not find any other appropriate meaning of the noun tape, I used only the first part of the compound and I have united two different meanings of screw a put them together to create Krutopich. The first part – kruto – could be regarded as two different Czech expressions. Firstly kruto as a root of Czech verb kroutit as an equivalent to something very crooked or twisted, ans secondly kruto as a root of an adjective krutý as lexical equivalent to

English cruel, which means someone who deliberately causes pain or distress (Sinclair 223).

37 The second part – pich – I associate with a root of the verb píchat (vulg. mít pohlavní styk), which is a vulgar term for the sexual intercourse (Hugo et al. 309).

With a regard to the stylistics, Vachek's translation is more precise and gives the impression of a disgusting demon whose appearance is hideous and who wants to dash everything in human plans. On the second hand, my translation does not make any visible imagination, but I tried to evoke an impression of cruel, sneaky and caustic character.

The character of Screwtape has origin in The Screwtape Letters, but it appeared also in an appended essay Screwtape Proposes a Toast. This collection of essays was translated by

Drahomíra Hlinková into Czech under the title Přípitek zkušeného ďábla a jiné eseje and she maintained Vachek's solution and used also name Zmarchrob, most probably in order not to confuse Czech readers.

3.2.1.2 Wormwood

While analyzing the name Wormwood there are several possibilities of translation. Either one can search in biology and specifically among plants, because according to botany, wormwood (in Czech pelyněk pravý) is a plant of a very bitter taste, which is used as an absinthe flavouring or as essence to oils (Gwinn et al. 1004), or as I worked with its twisted form woodworm, meaning the larvae of a particular type of a beetle, which makes holes in wood by feeding on it (Sinclair 1147).

Vachek named this character as Tasemník, which is not a very precise translation. It is associated with the already analyzed tapeworm and in this case it is more of metonymy than lexical equivalence, because in Czech, there exists a full equivalent and that is červotoč.

38 I named this character as Ničemník for two different reasons. Firstly, as I already mentioned, I did not intend to follow Vachek's translation of a worm similarity and secondly

I wanted to stress the negative impact of Wormwood described in the book. Due to this intention,

I translated Wormwood as Ničemník, because it emphasizes the result of a woodworm activity and in addition it also reflects the bitterness of Wormwood's behaviour. Also, when a woodworm needs to feed itself, it makes holes in wood, therefore it ruins the wood. That is why I use Ničemník, the name derived from Czech verb ničit, which is an equivalent to English verb to ruin that means to severely harm, damage or spoil it (Sinclair 862).

The reason why Vachek translated Wormwood as Tasemník and not as Červotoč might be because of the fact that a woodworm does not harm humans, but a tapeworm does. As I already remarked, my translation stresses the impact of the activity of a woodworm, that destroys wood and it resembles to Wormwood who tries to destroy the patient's life.

The character of Wormwood appears only in The Screwtape Letters, but Lewis could have inspired himself from the Bible, as in the book of Revelation, there is a mention of

Wormwood:

The name of the star is called Wormwood; and a third of the waters turned to

wormwood, and many men in great numbers died of the water, because it had

been poisoned. (New English Bible, Rev. 8.11).

According to this verse, in which Wormwood is an agent of prophecy, the character of

Wormwood is very similar as the one of the demon in Lewis's novel.

39 3.2.1.3 Glubose

Since Glubose is not the main character and he is mentioned only few times in the novel, it is hard to decide how much his character is reflected in his name. To find either word glubose or its derivatives in English dictionaries is practically impossible, therefore I had to help myself with the Urban Dictionary, a web- based dictionary of English slang, where I found the expression glube determined as a cheap generic version of a personal pleasure lubrication that loses its viscosity, thus resembling an adhesive. Essentially, lube becoming glue-like. (Urban dictionary "words related to glube") and the expression glub which signifies a girl that you meet at a club and realize upon further inspection that she is not as attractive as you first thought

(Urban dictionary "words related to glub"). From this point of view, one does not know which reaction in the reader Lewis wanted to achieve, because the language develops so fast and the word glube or glub with these particular meanings probably do not exist that long.

Vachek translated Glubose as Chlípoun most likely from the same reason why

I translated this name as Hnusák. Apparently, neither of us knew the true nature of this expression and both of us expected a repugnant name. Vachek uses a derivative from the adjective chlípný, which carry the meaning of vilný, pohlavně chtivý (Příručný slovník jazyka českého), which is an equivalent to English adjective lecherous meaning a man who behaves towards women in a way which shows he is interested in them sexually (Sinclair 565).

In my translation occurs Glubose as Hnusák, because I did not want to follow the meaning of the words glube or glub, because their use is too particularized, which in my opinion, would be rather damaging for the translation and not necessary for the understanding of the text.

I chose to name Glubose as Hnusák, that is also a Czech term of abuse meaning neřád or mizera

40 (Hugo et.al.162), a term that corresponds to English expression rogue, a man who behaves in a dishonest way (Hugo et.al. 856) or a bastard which in used in insulting or offensive way (72).

The character of Glubose has origins and appears only in this work.

3.2.2 Analysis of vocatives

This chapter deals with the use of vocatives in the first three letters of The Screwtape Letters.

There is to be found a detailed analysis of Vachek's and my choices compared to the original version.

Lewis Vachek My translation 1 The Patient/ your man Pacient/ tvůj člověk Klient/ten tvůj člověk 2 mother/ the old lady matka/ maminka/ta stará matka/ta dáma/ta madam/

paní ta stařena

In the book there does not occur a lot of characters and none of them, except the demons, has a name. They are termed by various appellations, either by indefinite expressions such as the patient or by their role such as the mother. That might be for the reason to emphasize the fact that the demons hate humans and therefore they would not lower themselves to call them by their real names. Specifically, in the three chapters that I worked on, there are to be found fourt cases of those appellations, namely the patient, the mother, the Enemy and the Father Below..

As the last two – the Enemy and the Father Below – do not offer a lot of possibilities to create an inventive translation and therefore are translated similarly in both Vachek's and my work, I will discuss only the patient and the mother. These appellations are debated in the following sub-chapters.

41 3.2.2.1 The Patient

According to The Oxford English Dictionary, a patient (from Old French pacient and later from Latin patient-em, present participle patī which means to suffer) is somebody who suffers patiently, who is a sufferer. In more detail, patient is a person receiving medical treatment, or who is registered with a particular doctor (Sinclair 720).

Since there does not exist any appropriate Czech equivalent, Vachek, in trying to find the best fitting equivalent, he used the loanword pacient. As the apellation pacient is, at least in Czech, strongly attached to a medical sector I prefer to translate this vocative as a klient, for I wanted to achieve the image of some kind of devilish practices, when Lewis describes that each devil look after their own human. According to the English Oxford Dictionary, a client

(from Latin client-em, from participle cluēre to listen, hear, perh. in sense one who is at the call of his patron) is one who is under patronage of another, a dependant (The English Oxford

Dictionary). For this reason I use the expression klient which is nowadays attached more to the business sector, and I hold the opinion that it could elicit the right reaction in the reader.

Sometimes, Lewis called the patient as the man, or your man, to strengthen the fact that humans are highly controlled by the demons. Essentially, not having much space for a creative translation, Vachek translated this expression as tvůj člověk. Naturally, there is not a lot of options to be inventive, but still I tried to even more emphasize how much the demons are intolerant of humans by adding the demonstrative pronoun ten, because the pronoun supports the impression of an indefinite man, but the paradox is that the reader knows exactly who is

Screwtape referring to.

42 3.2.2.2 The Mother

The last character that occurs in the first three chapters of The Screwtape Letters is

the patient's mother. In the original, Lewis calls her as the mother and the old lady.

In Vachek's translation the mother is termed as matka, maminka and ta stará paní. Since

I admit, that I found Vachek's solutions in certain cases as highly unsuccessful, in the next paragraphs there is a detailed comparison between Vachek's and my choices in the translation.

Lewis Vachek My translation 1 The Enemy will be working Nepřítel bude pracovat od Nepřítel bude zpracovávat

from the centre outwards, jádra směrem ven; postupně klientovo nitro, aby se čím

gradually bringing more and ovládne další a další oblasti dál více měnil k novému

more of the patient's conduct pacientova chování a obrazu a každou chvíli může

under the new standard, and každým okamžikem už dosáhnout změny v jeho

may reach his behaviour to může ovlivnit jeho chování chování vůči té dámě.

the old lady at any moment. k mamince (23). 2 (…) and it will be your task Tvým úkolem bude co Tvým úkolem bude tuto

to make that imaginary nejvíce odlišit tuto představu neznámé osoby

person daily less and less neskutečnou osobu od co nejvíce oddělit od jeho

like the real mother - the skutečné matky – té staré skutečné matky – té

sharp-tongued old lady at paní, která má jazyk jako madam, která si ani u

the breakfast table. břitvu. (…) (23). snídaně neodpustí jedovaté

poznámky.

43 3 Finally, tell me something A ještě něco: napiš mi něco Nakonec bych chtěl vědět,

about the old lady's o matčině náboženském jak je na tom s vírou ta

religious position. stavu (24). stařena.

In some cases, I have chosen to translate mother as matka, for in some passages Lewis only mentions mother in a situation in which the patient plays the most important part, and therefore it is not necessary to focus on the mother. However, as stated in preceding instances, I believe that I managed better the situational translation.

The first example is probably the worst. Lewis calls mother as the old lady which, in this situation, evokes an image of somebody wrinkled, stolid of forgetful, but definitely not of a nice and loving person as Vachek states. By translating the old lady as maminka he absolutely denied the impression of an irritating relative that Lewis created and in addition, it is evident that a demon would never call a human by a diminutive. That is why I kept Lewis's concept and translated the old lady as ta dáma. Worked on the presumption that the reader will observe the ironic tone of the whole chapter, I used this expression, so that instead of reaching the impression of a dignified lady, the reader would perceive her as someone ridiculous.

The second example is very similar. In this case, Vachek translated Lewis's expression the old lady as ta stará paní. Even though Vachek achieved at least the image of somebody elder, again, the reader gets the impression of a nice and harmless women and still, it is not an expression that a demon would use. In my translation, I decided for a vocative madam, which, in an ordinary situation, would be a polite way of addressing a women, yet I relied on the ironic tone in which this appellation would sound bitingly.

44 The situation in the third case Vachek solved by a neutral vocative matka, which is above reproach. I chose rather impolite expression – ta stařena, just to emphasize Screwtape's offensive tone against the mother in this chapter.

3.2.3 The use of loanwords

In Vachek's version there is to be found an immense proportion of loanwords, which in certain cases and in combination with the complicated syntactic structure might sound as a clumsy translation. Therefore, in the following paragraphs there is an analysis of my and Vachek's choices compared to the Lewis's original version.

Lewis Vachek My translation 1 There is no need to despair; Nemusíme zoufat; Není třeba zoufat,

hundreds of these adult stovky podobných stovky takových dospělých

converts have been dospělých konvertitů jsme přeběhlíků jsme po

reclaimed after a I brief dokázali po krátkém pobytu krátkém pobytu v

sojourn in the Enemy's v táboře Nepřítele znovu Nepřítelově táboře opět

camp and are now with us. získat a teď jsou tady u nás. získali na svou stranu. 2 He thinks his conversion is On si myslí, že jeho Protože se domnívá, že

something inside him and konverze je jeho vnitřní obrácení se týká jeho

his attention is therefore záležitostí, a zabývá se vnitřního života a tudíž

chiefly turned at present to zvláště stavy své mysli – všechnu svou pozornost

the states of his own mind - nebo spíše jejich upírá na stavy své mysli –

or rather to that very zcenzurovanou verzí. nebo spíše na jejich

expurgated version of them Nedovol mu, aby si všímal zcenzurovanou verzi,

45 which is all you should ještě něčeho jiného. nedovol mu, aby za tím

allow him to see. Encourage viděl neco jiného a hezky ho

this. v tom podporuj. 3 Work hard, then, on the A pak usilovně pracuj na Potom v něm trpělivě

disappointment or zklamání nebo antiklimaxu, povzbuzuj zklamání a

anticlimax which is který pacient určitě pocítí rozčarování, které na něj

certainly coming to the během několika prvních zcela jistě dolehne během

patient during his first few týdnů v církvi. několika prvních týdnů

weeks as a churchman. křesťanského života. 4 4. In civilized life domestic 4. Civilizovaní lidé obvykle 4. V běžné domácnosti jsou

hatred usually expresses dávají najevo své domácí slovní přestřelky lepší

itself by saying things which neshody tím, že řeknou věci, cestou, protože za pomoci

would appear quite harmless které by na papíře vypadaly určitého tónu hlasu nebo v

on paper (the words are not úplně nevinně (slova určitém okamžiku může i

offensive) but in such a urážlivá nejsou), ale zato obyčejné neškodné slovo

voice, or at such a moment, takovým hlasem nebo v (které není samo o sobě

that they are not far short of takovou chvíli, že působí hrubé) způsobit bolest.

a blow in the face. jako facka.

46 In Vachek's translation occur a lot of loanwords, which, in some cases, in addition to unnecessarily complicated translation of phrases, makes an impression of a clumsy translation.

Furthermore, the Czech reader probably does not know the exact meaning of some expressions that Vachek used. That is the reason why I did not use loanwords in profusion, but rather Czech equivalents or synonyms.

In the first instance, Lewis uses the expression converts, derived form the verb to convert, explained as turn or change into, with reference to religious faith, from Latin convertīre turn about, transforme (Onions 212).

Whereas Vachek used the expression konvertita, which is a literary expression meaning kdo přestoupil k jinému vyznání, obrácený na jinou víru (Kraus 439),

I translated this expression as přeběhlík, meaning kdo změnil příslušnost k nějakému celku za příslušnost k jinému (Příruční slovník jazyka českého). Even though the expression konvertita is fairly known to the Czech readers, I inclined to translate this passage by the Czech equivalent in order to better expound the situation to the Czech reader and not to disturb his attention by a foreign expression and in addition the expression přeběhlík suits well into the context, because it elicits an image of someone hesitant.

Very similar is the second case, where Lewis uses the noun conversion, derived from the verb to convert and Vachek the noun konverze, derived from the verb konvertovat.

In my translation I chose the expression obrácení, related to the noun obrácenec, which means

člověk obrácený na jinou víru, konvertita (Příruční slovník jazyka českého), and which is spoken in the Christian talk.

47 In the third instance, Lewis speaks about the anticlimax, which according to The Oxford

English Dictionary besides other things means the addition of a particular which, instead of heightening the effect, suddenly lowers it or makes it ludicrous or by extension a descent or fall in contrast to a previous rise. Vachek uses the same expression as Lewis

– antiklimax, in most Czech dictionaries carrying only the meaning of druh gradace spočívající v řazení výrazů s klesající intenzitou expresivní n. věcnou (Kraus 61). – which, in my opinion, is a luckless solution, because this expression is not used a lot in the Czech language and so it is very abstract for the reader. In my translation I opted for the expression rozčarování meaning zklamání, ztráta ilusí, vystřízlivění (Příruční slovník jazyka českého), which is not a full equivalent, but it correctly fits into the context.

In the last case, when Lewis uses the expression in civilized life domestic hatred, he describes a situation that is typical for an ordinary family. However, Vachek's borrowed expression civilizovaní lidé might sound clumsy and in addition is not necessary to use for the understanding of the reader. From the situational context is obvious that Lewis is talking about common people, who are, naturally, civilized. According to Sinclair the expression civilized means a person or behavior that is polite and reasonable (159). Nevertheless, in the Czech language, the expression civilizovaný sounds in the sense of ukázněný, upravený or vštěpovat civilisaci (Příruční slovník jazyka českého) and therefore the Czech reader would connect this formulation with the process of civilization of a man rather than with the image of ordinary people in the common life situation. For that reason, in my translation I have omitted the expression civilized life and substituted it by the expression v běžné domácnosti in order to

48 clarify the commonplaceness of the situation, since běžný means obvyklý, obyčejný, všední

(Příruční slovník jazyka českého)

3.2.4 The analysis of idioms, slang and collocations

The following sub-chapter deals with the analysis of idioms, slang and collocations that are selected from the corpus and analyzed mainly from the pragmatic point of view.

Lewis Vachek My translation 1 Make him think it is strong, Ať si myslí, že je silný, Musí si myslet, že je silný,

or stark, or courageous - věcný nebo odvážný, že je to neúprosný nebo odvážný –

that it is the philosophy of filosofie budoucnosti. to je hudbou budoucnosti.

the future. 2 You may know one of them Někteří z nich mohou být i (..) i když někteří z nich

to be a great warrior on the velkými bojovníky na straně mohou být zkušenými

Enemy's side. No matter. Nepřítele. Tvůj pacient – bojovníky Nepřítelovy

Your patient, thanks to Our díky Našemu Otci v armády. Co se dá dělat.

Father below, is a fool. Hlubinách – je přece hlupák. Tvůj klient je hlupák, jen

díky Našemu Otci v

Temnotách. 3 Of course if they do - if the Samozřejmě, že pokud on Samozřejmě, že kdyby na

patient knows that the takový důvod má – pokud ví, to došlo, kdyby klient

woman with the absurd hat že ta ženská se směšným věděl, že ta ženská se s tou

is a fanatical bridge-player kloboukem na hlavě hraje nemožnou čapkou je

or the man with squeaky fanaticky ráda bridž, nebo že zarytou hráčkou bridže,

49 boots a miser and an ten člověk, kterému vržou nebo že ten s vrzavýma

extortioner - then your task boty, je lakomec a lichvář - , botama je skrblík a

is so much the easier. podstatně Ti to usnadní vydřiduch, měl bys to

úlohu. mnohem snažší. 4 Does she feel he is making Myslí si, že on s tím Myslí si, že je do toho až

a great deal of "fuss" „zbytečně moc nadělá“ moc „zažraný“ nebo že to

about it - or that he's nebo že k tomu přichází naopak bere na lehkou

getting in on very easy příliš snadno? váhu?

terms?

In the first example, Lewis alludes to the fact, that people should believe that if they posses some qualities – llike as to be strong, stark or courageous – it will help them in the future, in the sense of consolidation of their character, and therefore uses the expression the philosophy of the future. Vachek was not anyhow creative and he slavishly translated this formulation as filosofie budoucnosti, which is not used as a set phrase in the Czech language. By contrast I tried to be inventive and more precise for the Czech reader. Hence, I use the expression hudba budoucnosti that originates from the German Zukunftsmusik explained jako reakce na spis

Richarda Wágnera ,,umělecké dílo budoucnosti“ (1850) bylo používáno slovo Zukunftsmusiker a Zukunftsmusik. O těch se stále diskutuje až přjdou do běžné řeči a jsou používány ve smyslu

,,sny budoucnosti“ (Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen sprache "Zukunftsmusic").

In Czech the phrase carry the meaning of hudba budoucnosti (Steigerová et al. 637) in the sense of the dreams of the future.

50 In the second case, Lewis connects two thoughts that are in the consecutive continuity by the idiom no matter meaning whatever happens (Long 214). Vachek, for no reason at all, in his version omitted the whole idiom and merely continues by the following sentence Tvůj pacient – díky Našemu Otci v Hlubinách – je přece hlupák. Nonetheless, in my opinion, this idiom has its significance in the original Lewis's version. Considering the preceding context, where Lewis focuses on Screwtape's disappointment based on the patient's conversion to Christianity and extended by the description of what danger it could mean for Wormwood's task, the idiom no matter represents some kind of a bridge between the hazardous situation and the fact that the devils will do everything to thwart patient's efforts described in sentences that follow after the idiom. With regard to this reading between lines, I decided to translate the idiom as co se dá dělat, which is a loose translation, but it depicts the situation and in addition it helps the reader to connect the two thoughts together, while omitting the idiom might cause the reader's confusion.

In the third instance Lewis describes people that the patient sees in the church.

Obviously, he uses the expression the woman with the absurd hat to show how peculiar they seem to be to the patient. Vachek translated this adjective absurd with meaning something that is absurd is ridiculous (Sinclair 4) as směšný, which according the Příruční slovník jazyka českého is an adjective expressing vlastnost, ráz někoho nebo něčeho směšného and therefore Vachek used an appropriate equivalent. Yet, in the second part of the phrase – hat – which means a covering that you wear on the head (Sinclair 454), he could be more inventive. By translating this expression as klobouk – in Czech explained as u mužů pokrývka z tužší látky (plsti, slámy a p.) se střechou, u žen jakákoli tužší pokrývka hlavy (Příruční slovník jazyka českého) – he depicted the equivalent, but I believe that in the Czech reader the noun klobouk elicits rather

51 the image of a respectable cover of the head. Moreover, in my opinion, Vachek could be more consistent while translating this phrase for two different reasons. Firstly, he did not insert any

Czech demonstrative pronoun (in English original there is to be found a definite article the, which determines the hat and thanks to which is apparent that Lewis is describing the situation in which the patient is present) which would clarify the fact that the patient can see the hat. Secondly, he particularizes the whole expression by adding the expression na hlavě, which is useless, for it is evident that the women wears the hat on her head.

However, in my translation, I use the expression ta ženská s tou nemožnou čapkou as I tried to express the ridiculousness of the whole situation. As I already mentioned, I inserted the demonstrative pronoun tou to clarify that the patient is present in the action. I translated the word absurd by the adverb nemožnou, which is in Slovník nespisovné češtiny explained as nespecifické negativní hodnocení (233) and the noun hat as čapka meaning lehká pokrývka hlavy bez střechy (Příruční slovník jazyka českého), which in this context might sound more absurdly.

In the very same sentence, there is to be found a similar description as the one of the woman discussed in the preceding paragraphs. In this case it issues a description of a man who is, on the basis of Lewis's words, a miser and an extortioner. According to Sinclair a miser is a person who enjoys saving money, but hates spending it (630). Vachek uses the expression lakomec meaning člověk nesmírně skoupý a nedopřávající druhému, velký skrblík (Příruční slovník jazyka českého), which is above reproach. I use the word skrblík, which means kdo zbytečně, přepjatě šetří, skrblí, lakomec (Příruční slovník jazyka českého) and that is a synonym but more familiar. In the instance of the expression an extortioner, which according to Sinclair

52 means someone who extorts money from you, they get it by using force or threats (341). Vachek translated this word as lichvář that is in Příruční slovník jazyka českého explained as člověk, který půjčuje peníze na veliké úroky; člověk, který prodává s nepřiměřeně velkým úrokem.

Even though the reader does not know the background information, whether the man is an extortioner by living or if it is just his attribute, it is a faithful translation.

I use the expression vydřiduch, which according to Příruční slovník jazyka českého express someone kdo jiné finančně vydírá, vysává, lichvář, chamtivec. Though the expression lichvář and vydřiduch are synonyms, the appellation vydřiduch is still more general, signifying more of a human quality than a profession.

The fourth case introduces the idiom to make a fuss that carries the meaning of paying a lot attention to someone or something (Sinclair 402), combined with the idiom a great deal of meaning something that is a lot of (237). Vachek uses the formulation on s tím zbytečně moc nadělá which is an appropriate solution, with regard to its meaning projevovat zvýšenou, resp. nepatřičnou pozornost a úctu (Hugo et al. 222). Likewise, in my version, I translated this phrase as je do toho až moc „zažraný“, which according to Hugo et al. means nadšený do nějaké

činnosti (402). In my opinion, in this case, both Vachek's and my translation are good and accurate.

In the last example, Lewis uses the formulation he's getting it on very easy terms which means in an easy manner, without difficulty, with a colloquial meaning of at leisurely pace, comfortably, without much trouble, in a comfortable position (The Oxford English Dictionary).

Vachek translated it as že k tomu přichází příliš snadno, in Czech meaning lehce, bez námahy, bez překážky volně (Příruční slovník jazyka českého), which is an accurate translation regarding

53 the meaning, yet this expression sounds a bit clumsy. I tried to find a pair expression that would complete the first expression je do toho až moc „zažraný“ as an antonymous formulation.

Therefore I chose a set phrase že to naopak bere na lehkou váhu, which according to Příruční slovník jazyka českého means přičítati čemu malý význam, pojímati co lehce.

54 4 Conclusion

The bachelor thesis, that deals with the translation and analysis, is a very satisfying topic to process, but requires a demanding work. During the work on the analysis, it emerged that there could be discussed far more possibilities of the text, but due to the assigned extent of the thesis it is impossible to analyze all the remarkable aspects.

The translation of the first three chapters proved how difficult is the work of the translator. Somehow, he has to think about the meaning of the word itself, then to keep its use in the situational context and eventually observe the standard of dynamics so the translated version would elicit the same reaction the the reader as it was intended in the source text. During my work I tried not to copy Vachek's style and choices, in order to invent a translation that would be lively and fluent. Also, my intention was to restrict the use of the subordinate clauses, extensively occurred in Vachek's version, and to create a well-organized translation both stylistically and semantically.

The main goal of the translation was to look at the text as the complex unit that has its layers, but still, during the translation to think about the text as a whole and not as a particular passages or sentences. Owing to this principle, it was possible to connect the two different thoughts, even though the author of the text has split them by inserting something else between.

Another challenge was to work with the novel as it would preserve its value as a Christian apologetic general and especially, to translate adequately Christian expressions, so that it would not distract the reader.

55 With regard to selected examples from the corpus, that are analyzed in the theoretical part, it is evident that Vachek and I have our own writing styles and habits. There are passages where our choices of translation are equal as well as passages where we differ completely.

As lots of solutions in Vachek's version sound clumsy, I tried to eschew his mistakes or inaccuracies. Naturally, I am not able to objectively assess my work on the translation and analysis from the professional point of view, but I believe, that with the help of Knitlová's and

Levý's knowledge, I have invented a translation that is linguistically fluent and more acceptable for the reader.

56 5 Bibliography

Printed

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