Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India Amrita Basu Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08963-1 - Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India Amrita Basu Index More information

Index

adivasis . See Scheduled Tribes Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). See political parties Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (BR). See achievements, 148 , 220 Constitution of India and social movements, 62 , 67 , 119 , 145 , Andhra Pradesh, 3 , 30 , 59 , 101 , 284 148 , 154 , 155 , 157 , 158 , 160 , 177 , Hyderabad (capital), 59 , 72 , 109 205 , 217 – 220 antyodhya , 240 , 266 leaders Appadurai, Arjun, 90 Mayawati, 147 , 148 , 156 , 158 , 160 , 211 , Arya Samaj, 126 , 148 212 , 218 , 228 , 230 Assam, 3 , 34 , 39 , 43 , 106 , 112 as a dalit leader, 67 , 146 , 159 , 217 Ayodhya campaign style, 145 – 146 babri masjid , 2 , 36 , 50 , 96 , 99 – 100 , 119 , Ram, Kanshi, 67 , 212 , 217 , 219 , 220 124 , 134 , 151 , 163 , 170 , 180 , 225 , organizational structure, 67 , 219 275 , 294 relations with Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), campaign, 2 , 20 , 22 , 36 , 63 , 98 , 100 , 110 , 21 , 45 , 120 , 121 , 145 – 147 , 154 , 115 , 119 , 131 , 145 – 148 , 150 – 152 , 157 , 159 , 210 , 212 , 217 – 219 , 223 , 163 , 180 , 205 , 216 – 217 , 223 , 249 , 293 , 298 261 , 270 , 276 , 296 relations with Samajwadi Party (SP), 116 , hearings, (Special Bench of the Allahabad 145 , 154 , 156 , 157 , 211 , 299 High Court), 79 – 80 Bangladesh, 39 , 76 , 156 , 286 kar sevaks , 88 , 92 , 98 , 144 , 170 Bangladeshi immigrants/refugees, 39 , 46 , 89 , movement, 11 , 13 , 14 , 32 , 41 , 74 – 75 , 76 , 176 , 286 , 291 – 292 86 , 87 , 91 – 93 , 95 , 110 – 111 , 112 , Bharat Mata , 87 , 88 , 94 178 , 180 , 181 , 206 , 208 , 209 , 213 , Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 235 , 248 , 250 , 257 – 260 , 263 , 270 , affi liated organizations 271 , 296 , 297 Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (Youth), rath yatra , 36 , 41 , 88 , 92 , 94 , 95 , 97 , 119 , 71 , 231 134 , 163 , 180 , 271 , 274 , 303 Mahila Morcha (Women), 71 , 106 , 149 shiladaan , 165 , 225 Scheduled Caste Morcha, 64 , 289 shilanyas , 35 , 50 , 88 , 93 , 97 , 271 and activism, 15 , 46 , 63 , 64 , 217 , 271 , 297 Ram temple (mandir), 37 , 79 , 80 , 91 , 216 , and anti-Muslim violence, 1 , 124 , 179 , 230 , 226 , 303 233 , 263 , 274 , 299 construction of, 37 , 78 , 91 , 92 , 229 , and economic liberalization, 36 , 38 , 100 , 243 , 250 102 , 248 , 250

321

322 Index

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) (cont.) 165 , 166 , 183 – 186 , 188 , 205 , 225 , Constitution, 39 , 64 , 74 244 , 260 , 297 , 302 principles, 64 , 253 relationship with Vishva Hindu corruption/corruption charges, 242 , 243 , Parishad (VHP), 21 , 81 , 164 , 166 , 245 , 246 , 290 , 292 173 , 185 , 186 , 297 , 302 , 303 factionalism, 11 , 16 , 22 , 204 , 205 , 211 , responsibility for violence, 173 , 214 , 216 , 232 , 233 , 236 – 237 , 242 , 187 , 199 245 , 290 Naidu, Venkaiah, 67 , 79 , 80 leaders Rao, Muralidhar, 101 – 102 , 104 , 105 Adityanath (Yogi), 222 – 225 , 229 , 231 , All India Convener of the Swadeshi 285 , 297 Jagran Manch, 101 Advani, Lal Krishna (LK), 33 , 34 , 36 , 42 , Shettigar, Jagdish, 102 , 110 64 , 67 , 74 , 75 , 81 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 97 , Singh, Jaswant, 65 , 75 , 289 98 , 102 , 119 , 134 , 170 , 173 , 180 , Singh, Rajnath, 46 , 67 , 74 , 104 , 107 , 211 , 183 , 198 , 222 , 227 – 228 , 243 , 247 , 214 , 215 , 218 , 222 , 225 – 229 , 247 271 , 274 , 303 Thakre, Kushabhau, 67 Bharati, Uma, 14 – 15 , 36 , 41 , 45 , 46 , 99 , Vijay, Tarun, 110 105 , 213 , 222 , 229 , 231 manifestos, 37 , 42 , 79 , 241 , 247 , 251 , founder: Bharatiya Janashakti Party, 68 260 , 282 Other Backward Class (OBC) leader, militant stance, 21 , 37 , 68 , 164 , 180 , 204 , 229 , 230 , 232 – 233 209 , 210 , 222 , 226 , 232 , 260 , 261 Gadkari, Nitin, 67 , 74 opposition to Mandal Commission Gandhi, Varun, 42 , 218 , 225 , 228 , recommendations, 248 229 , 231 organizational structure, 52 , 64 , 66 , 67 – 68 , Gaur, Babulal, 48 73 , 74 , 82 , 241 Gaur, NK, 212 Central Election Committee, 65 , 73 Jaitley, Arun, 79 – 80 National Council, 36 , 66 , 222 Joshi, Murli Manohar (MM), 39 , 40 , 67 , National Executive Committee, 35 , 65 , 91 , 97 , 102 , 213 , 216 92 , 94 , 212 , 234 Khurana, Madan Lal (ML), 96 , 232 Parliamentary Board, 65 , 75 Krishnamurthi, Jana, 67 , 79 relations with RSS, See Rashtriya Laxman, Bangaru, 67 , 245 Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Madhav, Ram, 40 , 72 , 74 , 109 , 111 relations with VHP, See Vishva Hindu Mahajan, Pramod, 95 , 98 , 280 Parishad (VHP) Maheshwari, Kiran, 106 stance on reservations, 13 , 22 , 23 , 30 , 179 , Modi, Narendra, 1 , 42 , 45 , 67 , 103 , 111 , 209 , 226 , 228 , 230 , 242 , 249 , 257 , 159 , 174 , 181 , 184 , 186 , 189 – 190 , 263 , 276 , 288 , 289 , 292 193 , 200 , 205 , 223 , 229 , 232 – 235 , BJP in Gujarat 246 , 302 , See also government, anti-Christian stance, 296 Prime Ministers caste constituency, 164 , 177 – 179 , 181 , 190 administration, 182 , 187 factionalism, 21 , 177 , 181 , 182 , 188 , 246 , 295 as candidate for/Prime Minister, 14 , 75 , leaders 183 , 188 , 302 , 303 Agarwal, Radha Mohan Das, 222 , 223 as Chief Minister, 166 , 170 , 171 , 173 , Bhatt, Ashok, 165 – 166 181 – 183 , 188 , 191 – 192 , 198 , 199 , Bhatt, Haresh, 163 , 185 295 , 297 , 304 Joshi, Sanjay, 182 , 183 Cabinet, 182 Kodnani, Mayaben, 172 , 199 call for resignation, 244 Mehta, Sureshchandra, 181 , 182 leadership style, 21 , 163 , 164 , 172 , 181 , Pandya, Haren, 182 182 , 188 , 293 , 295 , 302 , 303 Patel, Anandiben, 182 relationship with Rashtriya Patel, Jaideep, 170 , 172 , 190 , 192 , 198 Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 74 , Patel, Keshubhai, 166 , 180 – 183

Index 323

Patel, Nitin, 182 Saraf, Kali Charan, 274 Patel, Saurabh, 182 Sharma, Bhanwar Lal, 273 , 274 Rana, Kashiram, 182 Sharma, Ratan Kumar, 267 Rana, Rajendrasingh, 166 Shekhawat, Bhairon Singh, 262 – 264 , Shastri, Keshavram Kashiram, 166 266 – 268 , 270 – 271 , 274 , 276 – 278 , Solanki, Sunil, 184 285 , 287 , 291 , 295 – 296 Vaghela, Shankersinh, 180 , 182 relationship with RSS, 22 , 291 relations with RSS, 14 , 21 , 164 – 166 , stance on sati , 268 – 270 , 284 181 – 184 , 188 , 190 , 297 , 302 Tiwari, Ghanshyam, 280 , 282 , 283 , 285 , relations with VHP, 21 , 81 , 164 – 166 , 181 , 287 – 288 185 – 188 , 297 , 302 Yadav, Ashok, 215 BJP in Himachal Pradesh relations with RSS, 263 , 269 , 277 , 278 , 280 , anti-Christian stance, 235 , 255 , 256 , 261 , 296 282 , 283 , 286 – 293 , 297 anti-Sikh stance, 255 , 256 relations with VHP, 263 , 269 – 271 , 277 – 283 , factionalism, 246 , 261 , 295 288 , 291 , 297 leaders BJP in Uttar Pradesh Balinath, Kashi Ram, 258 alliances with BSP, 21 , 45 , 205 , 210 – 212 , Chand, Jagdev, 234 , 246 217 – 219 , 222 , 223 , 293 , 298 Chand, Kanwar Durga, 238 – 239 alliances with SP, 205 , 211 , 222 Dhumal, Prem Kumar, 234 – 235 , caste constituency, 204 , 205 , 208 – 213 , 240 – 246 , 260 , 261 , 295 215 – 217 , 229 , 230 , 232 , 296 Dutt, Ganesh, 255 – 258 caste tensions, 205 , 211 , 232 Kumar, Shanta, 234 – 235 , 238 – 239 , factionalism, 68 , 177 , 181 , 205 , 261 , 295 240 – 243 , 245 , 249 , 251 , 261 , 295 leaders Lal, KN, 241 Avaidyanath, Mahant, 14 – 15 Lal, Kishori, 240 , 252 Balyan, Sanjeev, 231 Sagar, Vidya, 249 Gupta, Ram Prakash, 48 , 108 , 211 , Shastri, Radha Raman, 235 212 , 214 Singh, Maheshwar, 240 , 246 , 252 – 254 Mishra, Kalraj, 213 – 215 relations with RSS, 237 , 242 – 245 , 248 , 258 , Prasad, Bhagwati, 92 260 – 261 , 297 Puri, Amit, 94 relations with VHP, 244 , 249 , 250 , Rajput, Ganga Charan, 213 258 – 260 , 297 Singh, Harpal, 120 , 146 BJP in Rajasthan Singh, Kalyan, 133 , 227 anti-Christian stance, 263 as Chief Minister, 78 , 91 , 180 , 211 – 213 factionalism, 68 , 295 , 296 as OBC leader, 205 , 212 , 230 , 232 , 295 leaders Cabinet, 213 Bhabra, Hari Shankar, 277 – 278 , 290 – 291 relationship with BJP, 68 , 205 , Bhargav, Girdhari Lal, 273 , 274 212 – 216 , 223 , 226 , 231 – 233 , 295 Chaturvedi, Lalit Kishore, 270 , 274 , 277 , Singh, Shyam Nandan, 205 278 , 282 , 289 Tandon, Laljibhai/Lalji, 213 , 214 , Dilawar, Madan, 272 , 277 , 281 , 282 , 284 223 – 224 , 227 Joshi, Dau Dayal, 272 , 273 Tripathi, Keshari Nath, 223 , 227 Kataria, Gulab Chand, 277 , 287 , relations with RSS, 204 – 206 , 211 , 213 , 214 , 291 , 293 222 , 225 , 232 – 233 Patel, Mani Bai, 270 , 272 relations with VHP, 204 , 213 , 216 , 219 , Pathak, Vidya, 269 222 , 225 , 226 , 228 , 231 Raje, Vasundhara, 22 , 75 , 262 – 264 , Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU), 209 , 215 – 216 280 – 282 , 284 , 285 – 293 , 296 founder: Tikait, Mahendra Singh, 159 , 209 , Rathore, Rajendra Singh, 285 215 – 216 Razvi, Narpat Singh, 267 , 270 , 271 , Bharatiya Kranti Dal (BKD), 207 , 208 277 – 278 , 287 founder: Singh, Charan, 69 , 207 – 209

324 Index

Bharatiya Lok Dal (BLD), 208 Chandra, Kanchan, 57 Bihar, 2 , 3 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 58 , 68 , 92 , 98 , 106 , Chatterjee, Partha, 58 243 – 244 , 249 , 303 Chhattisgarh, 43 , 44 , 46 , 48 Patna (capital), 104 Raipur (capital), 278 Bijnor. See Uttar Pradesh (UP) Chhibber, Pradeep, 9 , 10 , 11 , 57 caste tensions, 115 , 125 , 145 – 147 , 157 , 159 Christian(s), 41 , 48 , 237 , 256 – 257 dalits , 115 , 116 , 126 , 145 – 148 , 156 – 159 and the VHP, 51 , 190 , 213 , 284 , 291 , 297 leaders conversions, 46 – 48 , 76 , 106 , 190 , 255 – 259 , Gopal, Ram, 126 , 128 , 131 , 149 263 , 283 – 284 , 297 Khan, Zafar, 127 – 128 , 133 – 135 , missionaries, 51 , 68 , 256 , 257 , 279 140 – 142 , 149 , 150 , 153 – 154 , violence against, 1 , 22 , 48 , 51 , 108 , 234 , 158 , 159 236 , 256 , 259 , 260 , 263 , 279 , 284 , accusations against, 128 – 132 291 , 297 BSP membership, 148 , 154 Christian Emmanuel Mission (EM), 284 Singh, Mahendra Pal, 157 civil society, 8 , 15 , 23 , 30 , 35 , 53 , 56 , 70 , 148 , municipal council elections, 127 , 129 , 130 , 164 , 190 , 199 , 305 , 306 131 , 146 , 148 activists, 152 , 159 , 164 , 175 rural areas, 125 associations, 10 – 11 , 188 , 189 urban areas, 125 , 127 , 140 groups, 5 , 12 , 29 , 30 , 35 , 50 , 51 , 145 , 152 , violence in, 18 , 20 , 115 , 126 – 127 , 134 – 136 , 161 , 200 138 , 140 – 145 , 149 – 154 networks, 148 Bijnor Times , 128 , 129 , 135 – 137 , 143 , organizations, 4 , 10 , 55 , 68 , 154 , 163 , 164 , 148 , 149 181 , 188 – 190 , 194 , 196 , 200 , editor: Mehra, Deepak, 129 , 149 224 , 237 , 293 , 295 , 297 , 299 , Brass, Paul, 6 305 – 306 Bukhari, Syed Ahmed, 95 class(es) and caste inequalities, 18 , 160 , 300 caste(s). See also Most Backward Classes confl icts, 115 , 120 , 121 , 125 , 149 , 159 , (MBCs) ; Other Backward Classes 240 , 300 (OBCs) ; Scheduled Castes (dalits ) ; lower, 3 , 16 , 148 , 279 , 296 Scheduled Tribes (adivasis ) middle, 4 , 72 – 73 , 132 , 148 , 164 , 168 , 179 , exploitation, 33 , 59 , 112 , 115 , 217 , 288 187 , 188 , 296 , 302 identities, 4 , 21 , 116 , 178 – 179 , 181 , tensions, 125 , 145 – 147 , 159 288 , 299 upper, 3 , 206 , 260 , 265 , 279 lower, 3– 4 , 16 , 20 – 23 , 28 – 29 , 33 , 34 , 50 , communalism, 59 , 302 59 , 78 , 82 , 89 – 90 , 110 , 112 , Concerned Citizens’ Tribunal, 169 120 – 122 , 138 , 147 , 154 , 155 , 161 , Congress Party. See political parties 177 – 181 , 204 , 205 , 207 , 209 – 213 , anti-Congress sentiment, 29 , 59 , 164 , 177 216 – 217 , 222 , 224 , 229 , 232 – 234 , corruption, 29 , 42 , 49 , 59 , 242 , 245 , 247 , 248 , 255 , 260 , 261 , 263 – 265 , 276 , 293 , 303 279 , 291 – 293 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 303 factional divisions, 32 , 49 , 171 , 245 , 293 oppression, 89 , 217 leaders politics, 28 – 29 , 159 , 164 Gehlot, Ashok, 278 , 299 tensions, 115 , 164 , 205 , 211 , 232 Rao, Pamulaparti Venkata (PV) upper, 3 – 4 , 13 , 16 , 21 – 23 , 112 , 120 – 121 , Narsimha, 20 , 36 , 50 135 , 138 , 145 , 146 , 152 – 155 , Singh, Virbhadra, 241 , 242 , 246 , 251 158 , 164 , 177 – 179 , 181 , 204 – 206 , Solanki, Madhav Singh, 179 , 299 208 , 209 , 212 – 217 , 219 , 229 – 230 , Sukhadia, Mohan Lal, 262 232 – 235 , 239 – 240 , 248 , 249 , 260 , Constitution of India, 27 , 37 , 51 , 61 – 62 , 64 , 264 – 265 , 270 , 279 , 292 , 295 – 297 , 156 , 173 , 298 , 303 299 , 300 , 303 founder: Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (BR), violence, 190 – 191 , 212 97 , 156 , 158 , 218 , 220

Index 325

Acts democracy, 14 , 23 , 51 , 75 , 194 , 196 , 199 , 294 , Freedom of Religion Act, 48 , 291 305 – 308 Land Acquisition Act, 287 and elections, 52 , 55 , 64 , 75 , 82 , 225 , 238 , Muslim Women’s (Protection of Rights in) 298 – 299 Divorce Act, 35 and violence, 10 , 23 , 82 , 194 , 196 – 199 , 294 , National Rural Employment Guarantee 300 , 301 , 305 , 307 Act (NREGA), 42 , 292 growth of multiparty system, 21 , 51 , 59 – 61 , National Security Act, 228 82 , 180 , 300 Panchayat Raj Act, 252 – 254 median voter, 56 , 62 Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), Duverger, Maurice, 60 – 61 42 , 156 , 171 – 172 , 196 , 225 , 286 , 298 education, 15 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 50 , 69 , 70 , 76 , 156 , Right to Information (RTI) Act, 292 174 , 192 – 193 , 220 – 222 , 236 , 243 , Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention 257 , 258 , 279 , 282 , 285 , 287 , of Atrocities) Act, 212 , 279 288 , 304 Terrorism and Detention Act (TADA), National Council of Educational Research 273 , 276 and Training, (NCERT), 40 Amendments saffronisation of, 42 , 69 1985 Constitutional Amendment Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan, 44 Bill, 61 – 62 Bhartiya Shikshan Mandal, 44 74 th Amendment Act, 127 Ekal Nari Shakti Sangathan (ENSS), Articles 254 – 255 Article 341, 221 kulp , 212 Article 356, 173 , 298 Vidya Bharati, 44 , 191 , 243 , 279 Article 370, 37 , 64 , 303 under BJP governments, 39 , 44 , 106 , 107 , Bills 145 , 212 , 235 , 242 , 247 , 257 , Freedom of Religion Bill, 69 , 247 260 – 261 , 282 , 297 Religious Buildings and Places Bill, 212 election(s). See also Gujarat ; Himachal Pradesh President’s rule, 181 , 207 , 208 , 211 , 212 , (HP) ; Rajasthan ; Uttar Pradesh (UP) 298 – 299 2014 elections, 62 , 183 , 205 , 232 , 233 , 303 State of emergency, 34 , 49 , 179 anti-incumbency, 157 , 229 , 246 , 302 cow(s), 78 , 101 , 111 , 147 , 150 , 167 , 297 by-elections, 166 , 181 – 182 , 231 banning slaughter of, 31 , 32 , 37 , 39 , 44 – 46 , campaigns, 13 , 35 , 37 , 46 , 52 , 170 – 171 , 80 – 81 , 246 186 , 196 , 212 , 219 , 225 , 229 , protests around, 63 , 118 234 – 235 , 241 , 246 , 281 – 282 , 293 , protection legislation, 44 – 46 , 51 , 69 , 277 298 , 302 , 303 protection organizations, 32 , 33 , 44 , 45 , Legislative Assembly, 16 , 34 , 79 , 120 , 128 , 77 , 297 146 , 154 , 157 , 181 , 186 , 196 , 206 , Sarvadaliya Goraksha Maha-Abhiyan 207 , 221 , 229 , 232 , 240 , 246 , 253 , Samiti, 32 254 , 266 , 273 , 277 , 279 , 281 , 290 sanctity of, 45 , 101 municipal corporation, 166 , 188 municipal council, 33 , 127 , 129 , 146 , 186 , Dalit organizations and parties . See also 241 – 242 Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) panchayat , 48 , 188 Backward and Minority Castes Employees’ Parliamentary/general, 31 , 32 , 34 – 38 , 42 , Federation (BAMCEF), 219 62 , 63 , 74 , 104 , 145 , 181 , 184 , Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti 212 , 214 , 216 , 222 , 224 , 228 – 230 , (DS-4) Committee, 217 232 , 245 , 273 , 277 National Council of Dalit Christians ethnic, 10 , 11 , 23 , 57 – 58 , 90 , 112 , 300 , (NCDC), 257 304 – 305 Vishva Dalit Parishad, 158 identities, 4 , 29 , 300 dalits . See Scheduled Castes struggles, 1 , 4 , 27 , 304

326 Index

feminist activism, 30 , 56 , 60 , 107 , 108 , 132 , 195 212 , 238 , 266 , 294 , 298 , 301 , against domestic violence, 33 , 193 304 , 307 against “dowry deaths,” 33 Parliament, 29 , 32 , 34 , 65 , 74 , 80 , 108 , against rape, 33 , 270 121 – 122 , 166 , 203 , 205 , 231 , 233 , against sati , 268 – 270 , 285 253 , 273 , 298 , 308 First Information Reports (FIRs), 122 , 169 , lower house (Lok Sabha), 182 , 203 , 230 , 171 , 175 , 197 , 228 , 272 , 282 , 298 255 , 281 upper house (Rajya Sabha), 173 , 203 , Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (MK), 58 , 289 , 298 59 , 102 Prime Ministers gender, 85 , 86 , 107 – 108 , 149 , 175 , 192 – 193 , Desai, Morarji, 69 , 171 247 , 291 Gandhi, Indira, 1 , 30 , 32 – 35 , 49 , 50 , 74 , and globalization, 105 , 107 , 111 , 257 92 , 171 , 255 and sexuality, 15 , 106 , 108 , 168 , 290 Gandhi, Rajiv, 30 , 34 , 35 , 49 , 126 gendered images, 86 , 90 , 98 – 100 , 110 , 150 , Modi, Narendra. See BJP, leaders 167 , 231 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 30 – 32 , 35 , 50 , 57 , 58 roles, 90 , 105 Rao, Pamulaparti Venkata (PV) globalization, 8 , 20 , 86 , 100 , 106 , 110 , 187 , Narsimha. See Congress Party 258 – 259 , 305 Singh, Charan, 69 , 207 – 209 and Western infl uences, 100 , 105 – 107 , 111 , Singh, Manmohan, 43 112 , 268 , 285 Singh, Vishwanath Pratap (VP), 30 , RSS opposition to, 100 – 104 , 107 , 256 – 257 36 , 49 , 50 , 59 , 60 , 126 , 152 , government 208 – 209 , 248 Central Bureau of Investigation, 156 , 197 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 32 , 33 , 37 – 39 , 67 , Coalitions 74 , 78 – 81 , 103 , 173 , 227 , 244 , National Democratic Alliance (NDA), 1 , 38 246 , 278 National Front, 30 , 35 , 49 , 50 , 59 – 60 , 63 , state, 9 , 12 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 28 , 44 , 45 , 51 , 58 , 81 , 111 , 122 , 152 , 208 , 266 94 , 95 , 102 , 124 , 125 , 130 , 134 , Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD), 208 143 , 154 , 161 , 173 , 174 , 176 , 185 , United Progressive Alliance (UPA), 28 , 187 , 188 , 195 , 198 , 200 , 221 , 253 , 40 , 247 254 , 258 , 261 , 262 , 269 , 284 , 288 , Commissions and Committees 295 , 297 , 298 Election Commission, 42 , 166 , 168 , 225 , Gujarat 227 – 229 1969 violence, 2 , 162 – 168 , 171 , 174 , 176 Liberhan Commission, 91 2002 violence, 1 – 3 , 16 , 19 – 21 , 50 , 80 , 110 , Mandal Commission, 36 , 43 , 145 , 208 , 162 – 171 , 173 – 176 , 182 , 185 , 187 , 209 , 248 , 249 , 257 , 260 , 296 188 , 194 , 196 – 200 , 204 , 223 , 244 , National Commission for Minorities 295 , 298 , 299 , 301 (NCM), 48 , 197 , 256 asmita , 192 National Human Rights Commission, bandh , 165 – 166 , 171 , 173 197 – 198 cities and towns Ranganath Mishra Commission, 257 Ahmedabad, 1 , 104 , 108 , 164 – 166 , 168 , Reddy Commission, 165 , 167 , 171 , 174 172 , 173 , 175 , 176 , 179 , 184 , 186 , Sachar Committee, 7 , 43 , 50 , 188 – 190 , 193 – 194 , 196 , 198 , 200 158 – 160 , 220 Gandhinagar (capital), 170 – 171 Legislative Assembly, 128 , 145 , 152 , 158 , Godhra, 80 , 163 , 165 , 167 , 168 , 181 , 182 , 206 , 224 , 286 170 – 171 , 173 , 174 , 185 , 223 , local, 10 , 188 225 , 244 panchayats , 253 , 287 Rajkot, 165 , 166 , 168 , 179 national, 3 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 18 – 21 , 28 , 29 , Surat, 99 , 163 , 168 , 180 , 184 36 , 37 , 41 , 46 , 49 , 51 , 159 , 164 , cooperatives, 181 , 189 , 190 , 296 174 – 175 , 180 , 187 , 188 , 198 , Gujarati language, 168 , 192 , 200

Index 327

Legislative Assembly elections, 166 , 181 , Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, 235 183 , 185 , 186 , 196 , 199 two-party system, 234 , 299 NGOs, 164 , 176 , 181 , 188 – 189 , 191 – 197 Hindu political parties culture, 44 , 126 , 269 Gujarat Parivartan Party (GPP), festivals/holidays, 223 , 272 182 – 184 , 186 Anant Chaturdashi, 272 , 273 Mahagujarat Janata Party, 68 , 182 – 183 Divali, 89 two-party system, 177 , 180 , 299 Dussehra, 89 , 223 violence against Muslim leaders Kumbha Mela, 89 Jaffrey, Eshan, 163 , 173 , 179 Navratri, 288 Peerzada, Kadir, 163 Shivrati, 89 Surti, Mohammad, 163 identity, 34 , 87 , 209 , 257 weakness of low-caste movements, 21 – 23 , nationalism, 1 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 29 – 31 , 49 , 164 , 177 – 179 , 181 , 297 , 299 74 , 82 , 94 , 111 , 176 , 187 , 188 , Gujarat Samachar , 167 , 168 227 , 233 , 234 , 242 , 260 , 261 , 264 , Gujarat Today , 168 284 , 292 – 294 , 296 nationalist, 3 , 15 , 36 , 38 – 39 , 42 , 49 , 88 , Hazare, Anna, 303 109 , 116 , 148 , 151 , 166 , 170 , 189 , Himachal Pradesh, (HP) 200 , 247 , 248 , 256 , 259 , 260 , 269 , Ceiling on Land Holding Act, 235 282 , 283 , 291 , 297 , 302 districts activism, 63 , 87 , 91 , 136 , 271 Bilaspur, 238 , 257 commitments, 44 , 64 , 81 , 158 , 181 , 184 , Chamba, 238 , 243 206 , 243 Kangra, 238 , 244 , 245 , 249 , 250 goals, 29 , 68 , 74 , 204 , 212 , 222 , 263 , Kinnaur, 238 292 , 295 , 301 Kullu, 238 , 240 , 243 , 247 , 250 – 252 , ideals, 14 , 44 , 69 , 205 , 295 – 296 , 303 254 , 255 militancy, 14 , 16 , 20 , 22 , 30 , 51 , 110 , Lahaul, 238 164 , 198 , 204 , 206 , 208 , 226 , 232 , Mahasu, 238 291 , 295 , 296 , 299 Mandi, 238 , 246 movements, 20 , 29 , 32 , 34 , 40 , 49 , 50 , Shimla (capital), 237 , 238 , 241 – 243 , 247 , 59 , 68 , 85 , 86 , 91 , 112 , 163 , 164 , 248 , 250 – 251 , 256 176 , 200 , 205 , 207 , 291 , 296 – 297 , Sirmur, 238 301 , 304 Spiti, 238 women’s organizations, 77 , 106 horticulture, 247 , 250 , 259 – 261 Hindu Yuva Vahini (HYV), 119 , 222 – 225 human development indicators, 236 founder: Adityanath (Yogi), 222 – 225 , 229 , land reforms, 235 , 238 – 239 231 , 285 , 297 Legislative Assembly elections, 240 , 246 , Hinduism, 39 , 47 , 48 , 70 , 88 , 89 , 93 , 100 , 253 , 254 109 , 145 , 190 , 235 , 247 , 256 , 259 , literacy rate, 236 283 – 284 , 291 , 296 – 297 new, 235 , 238 – 239 , 241 , 255 , 296 – 297 Bhagvad Gita, 87 , 228 old, 235 , 239 Brahmanical Hinduism, 259 , 296 – 297 political economy of, 235 , 237 Brahmanical rites, 87 political parties deities Himachal Kranti Party (HKP), 238 Hanuman, 41 , 94 , 108 , 278 Himachal Lokhit Party (HLP), 246 Krishna, 227 Himachal Pradesh State Akali Dal, 238 Lakshmi, 133 Himachal Vikas Congress (HVC), 238 , Saraswati, 39 – 40 , 44 , 68 – 69 242 , 245 Vishnu, 133 Janhit Morcha Party, 249 sadhus , 164 , 167 , 185 , 186 , 225 Lok Raj Party, 238 sadhvis , 87 , 100 Loktantrik Morcha, 238 sanyasis , 249 – 250

328 Index

Hinduism (cont.) south, 9 , 31 , 76 , 144 Upanishads, 39 Indian Development and Relief Fund (IDRF), Vedas, 39 , 235 76 , 191 , 279 Hindutva, 29 , 42 , 49 – 50 , 64 , 74 , 81 , 103 , 151 , Islam, 41 , 110 , 126 , 151 , 156 , 166 , 226 – 227 , 156 , 193 , 205 , 210 , 212 , 219 , 222 , 285 , 286 225 , 232 , 234 – 237 , 244 , 246 , 247 , and Christianity, 47 , 257 255 , 256 , 258 , 259 , 270 , 282 , 286 , and Hinduism, 47 , 70 , 100 293 , 294 , 296 , 304 converting to, 15 , 47 , 76 , 257 activists, 20 , 22 , 41 , 46 , 48 , 86 , 94 , 98 , 99 , Eid , 144 107 , 108 , 110 , 117 – 119 , 121 , 122 , festivals, 144 , 164 , 223 124 , 128 , 130 , 132 , 137 , 142 , namaz (prayers), 133 , 144 , 147 , 151 , 221 , 146 – 153 , 155 , 164 , 197 , 236 , 255 , 223 , 272 257 , 263 , 268 , 271 – 275 , 279 , 280 , transnational Islamic movements, 76 , 86 , 283 – 285 , 287 , 292 , 298 , 301 95 , 110 militancy, 263 , 294 violence, 98 , 243 Jaffrelot, Christophe, 300 human rights, 20 , 70 , 172 , 175 , 193 , 196 , 197 , Jai Shri Ram/Jai Sita Ram, 93 – 94 , 99 256 , 308 Jains, 47 , 116 , 125 activists, 108 , 192 , 193 , 271 – 273 , 285 Jan Morcha, 59 – 60 violations, 192 , 223 , 284 Jan Sangh, 29 , 33 , 46 , 49 , 63 , 67 , 68 , 204 , Hussain, Sarwar, 121 – 125 , 147 , 150 , 153 – 154 208 , 259 , 264 – 266 , 271 , 296 anti-Muslim violence, 165 , 169 India electoral performance, 31 – 33 , 63 , 166 , 206 , British, 58 , 94 , 204 , 264 207 , 240 capital: New Delhi (also Delhi), 11 , 32 , 33 , leaders 39 , 41 , 45 , 70 – 74 , 77 – 79 , 88 , 92 , Madhok, Balraj, 32 , 73 , 74 , 169 – 170 97 , 98 , 101 , 103 , 104 , 106 , 108 , Mukherjee, Shyama Prasad, 212 , 266 109 , 117 , 122 , 146 , 147 , 155 , 184 , Sharma, Mauli Chandra, 73 , 74 192 , 194 , 203 , 217 , 232 , 252 Upadhyaya, Deendayal, 32 , 74 refugees in, 70 relations with RSS, 13 , 51 , 69 , 73 , 74 civil service, 172 social movement activity, 31 , 32 , 34 , 60 , 63 , Indian Administrative Service (IAS), 125 , 165 , 205 , 207 , 239 , 240 , 249 152 , 154 Jharkhand, 43 , 45 , 47 , 101 , 232 federalism, 9 , 43 Hindi language, 95 – 96 , 101 , 147 , 148 , Kanwar, Roop. See sati 235 , 255 Karnataka, 3 , 30 , 35 , 43 , 44 , 49 , 51 , 88 , 101 , judicial inquiries and verdicts, 9 , 12 , 81 , 105 , 108 96 , 249 Bangalore (capital), 36 , 72 , 107 Public Interest Litigation (PIL), 242 – 243 , Kashmir, 1 , 3 , 12 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 43 , 64 , 72 , 106 , 254 , 257 258 – 259 , 284 , 303 Special Investigation Team (SIT), 173 , 198 Hindu nationalist view, 38 – 39 , 112 Supreme Court, 34 – 35 , 45 , 80 , 91 , 96 , Katzenstein, Mary, 28 126 , 171 – 173 , 176 , 185 , 187 , Keshav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya 197 – 198 , 248 , 257 , 283 , 298 (KVV), 283 north, 1 , 9 , 35 , 76 , 92 , 93 , 115 Khurja. See Uttar Pradesh (UP) Partition of, 1 , 31 , 70 , 72 , 169 , 170 administration in, 115 , 116 , 118 , 122 , 124 , police force, 12 , 118 , 125 , 152 153 , 154 , 156 political institutions in, 4 , 9 , 12 , 23 , 125 , caste tensions, 120 , 145 , 147 , 300 199 , 306 , 307 Hindu-Muslim tensions, 117 , 119 , 120 , postindependence, 2 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 59 , 150 , 159 162 , 204 , 237 , 238 violence in, 18 – 20 , 115 , 119 , 122 – 125 , 144 , Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC), 118 , 146 , 148 – 153 138 – 140 , 143 , 146 , 153 Kohli, Atul, 10 , 151

Index 329

love jihad, 15 , 231 – 232 , 304 feminist and women’s, 28 , 33 , 60 , 77 , 193 – 195 , 268 , 269 , 285 , 300 , Madhya Pradesh (MP), 3 , 33 , 37 , 45 – 48 , 68 , 301 , 305 98 , 101 , 225 , 232 importance of, 44 , 53 , 56 , 78 , 89 , 232 , 305 Bhopal (capital), 98 , 99 , 104 , 106 in post-colonial world, 4 , 5 , 57 madrasa(s) , 7 , 43 , 155 , 156 , 160 , 176 , JP Movement, 34 , 49 , 59 , 303 212 , 227 lower caste, 20 – 23 , 50 , 82 , 205 , 224 , 296 Maharashtra, 3 , 33 , 35 , 43 , 50 , 58 , 74 , nonviolent, 4 , 304 , 306 , 308 102 , 187 peasant, 30 , 33 , 58 , 59 , 63 – 64 , 68 , cities and towns 111 , 179 , 205 , 238 – 239 , 264 , Bombay (capital), 64 , 198 , 252 296 , 307 Mumbai (formerly Bombay), 72 progressive, 4 , 59 , 112 , 253 , 260 , 292 Pune, 72 radical, 5 , 53 , 56 , 59 , 219 , 294 Mandal-Mandir, 237 , 248 , 276 right-wing, 60 , 301 , 304 , 308 anti-Mandal agitation, 208 , 248 , 261 , 271 , scholarship on, 4 – 6 , 56 – 57 , 82 – 84 , 304 , 295 , 296 306 , 308 controversy, 204 swadeshi , 100 , 101 police inaction, 249 Tebhaga, 59 Mander, Harsh, 172 , 193 , 194 , 199 , 200 Telengana, 59 Mayawati. See BSP, leaders transnational, 13 , 21 , 86 , 301 Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan tribal, 16 , 33 , 58 , 63 – 64 , 110 , 291 , 293 , (MKSS), 292 296 , 297 Mehta, Deepa, 108 violent, 20 , 28 , 82 , 86 , 91 , 112 , 294 , 296 , minorities, 20 , 42 – 44 , 48 , 51 , 59 , 90 , 151 , 304 , 306 , 308 153 , 158– 160 , 162 , 192 , 195 , 197 , Musharraf, Pervez, 171 , 226 199 , 212 , 256 , 279 , 288 Muslim(s) conditions of, 13 , 23 , 160 communities, 43 , 95 , 111 , 112 , 121 , discrimination against, 29 , 44 , 51 , 293 122 , 128 , 155 , 169 , 184 , education/employment, 156 , 160 , 217 192 – 193 , 197 religious, 13 , 48 , 259 electoral infl uence, 37 , 58 , 121 , 122 , 154 , Most Backward Classes (MBCs), 212 , 215 220 , 234 , 303 movement-party(ies), 14 , 20 , 52 , 63 , 154 , militancy, 110 , 156 205 , 217 , 219 , 294 , 295 , 303 , minority, 8 , 86 , 116 , 279 306 – 308 organizations, 158 , 175 , 180 , 194 movement(s) and social movement(s). See also All India Pasmanda Front, 158 BSP ; Hindu nationalist ; Islam Association for Welfare, Medical, and identities, 5 , 6 , 23 , 28 – 30 , 35 , 49 , Educational, and Legal Assistance 52 – 54 , 57 , 61 , 84 – 86 , 89 , 110 , of Muslims, 221 – 222 112 , 154 , 209 , 268 , 300 Babri Masjid Action Committee and inequality, 29 – 30 , 34 , 149 , 264 , 292 , (BMAC), 271 299 , 300 leaders anticolonial nationalist, 93 , 94 Habib, Javed, 150 anticorruption, 28 , 42 , 179 , 301 , 303 Jilani, Zafrayab, 95 , 221 anti-globalization, 86 , 100 , 102 , 104 , political parties 110 , 111 Majlis, 180 – 181 counter, 4 – 5 , 20 , 112 , 208 , 268 Millat Party, 221 dalit , 62 , 89 , 177 , 181 Parcham Party, 221 environmental, 33 , 60 , 89 , 192 , 235 , 240 , Peace Party of India, 221 252 , 255 , 259 , 260 , 301 , 307 People’s Democratic Front, 221 ethnic, 61 , 112 , 304 – 305 Rashtriya Inquilab Party, 221 farmers’, 11 , 20 , 34 , 35 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 101 , Secular Ekta Party, 221 180 , 183 – 184 , 205 , 207 , 209 , Ulema Council, 221 261 , 264 United Democratic Front, 221

330 Index

Muslim(s) (cont.) Parekh, Bhikhu, 162 political representation, 21 , 27 , 43 , 58 , 115 , Parliament. See government 116 , 120 , 128 , 130 , 147 , 159 , 181 , party(ies)-movement(s), 11 , 14 , 21 , 52 , 58 , 82 , 210 , 211 , 221 , 222 , 299 , 302 260 , 262 socioeconomic conditions of, 7 , 27 , 37 , 43 , collaboration, 32 , 34 , 44 , 60 , 177 , 280 , 45 , 50 , 159 , 160 291 , 297 violence against, 18 , 45 , 80 , 99 , 138 , 150 , differences between, 55 , 70 , 111 , 308 165 , 169 , 170 , 187 , 231 , 275 , 280 , similarities, 54 , 58 , 60 , 115 , 220 291 , 297 , 300 tensions, 3 , 11 , 41 , 78 , 181 , 286 women, 20 , 35 , 108 , 129 , 167 – 169 , 194 , 231 People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), 193 , 268 – 269 , 274 , 276 Narayan, Jayaprakash (JP), 34 , 59 political parties. See also Gujarat ; Himachal National Democratic Alliance (NDA). See Pradesh (HP) ; Muslim(s) ; government Rajasthan ; Uttar Pradesh (UP) National Front. See government Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), 21 , 62 , 67 , 148 , Naxalites, 12 , 59 158 – 160 , 177 , 205 , 210 , 212 , newspapers and news magazines 222 , 230 Dainik Jagran , 95 – 96 , 135 , 140 , 148 , Congress Party, 1 , 11 , 30 , 32 , 40 , 57 , 58 , 155 , 255 60 , 62 , 154 , 179 , 196 , 206 , 207 , Jan Satta , 95 – 96 , 167 237 , 239 , 240 , 245 , 247 , 250 , 253 , Organiser , 97 , 248 256 , 262 , 264 , 265 , 268 , 272 , Sandesh , 167 , 168 299 , 303 Swadeshi Patrika , 101 Congress I, 49 Tehelka , 245 Congress O, 49 , 171 Times of India , 290 Jan Sangh. See Jan Sangh Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Janata Dal, 35 , 37 , 60 , 67 , 98 , 120 – 122 , 5 , 10 , 13 , 68 , 70 , 175 , 176 , 181 , 146 , 152 , 180 , 205 , 209 , 211 , 188 , 189 , 193 – 194 , 196 , 252 – 254 , 240 , 260 , 266 – 268 , 271 , 291 259 – 260 , 276 Janata Party, 49 , 59 , 63 , 74 , 95 , 179 , 207 , funding, 191 – 192 208 , 237 , 240 , 243 , 252 , 263 , 266 , religious, 189 271 , 296 , 299 secular, 164 , 189 , 191 – 197 political parties (types) Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), 72 , 111 cadre, 62 – 64 , 67 – 68 , 205 – 206 , 211 nuclear weapons, 39 , 72 , 88 catch-all, 56 , 57 , 62 , 63 , 205 – 206 , 263 Pokhran, 88 centrist, 14 , 38 , 52 , 57 , 62 , 63 , 78 , 294 , 301 Other Backward Classes (OBCs), 11 , 13 , 21 , cleavage-based, 9 , 11 , 54 , 57 , 63 , 263 28 , 30 , 36 , 43 , 50 , 60 , 61 , 97 , 116 , Hindu right, 197 145 – 147 , 152 , 157 , 177 – 179 , 181 , Hindu Mahasabha, 222 – 224 186 , 205 – 210 , 212 , 213 , 215 – 217 , Shiv Sena, 91 , 96 , 126 , 128 , 133 , 134 , 219 , 221 , 222 , 229 , 230 , 232 – 233 , 136 , 138 , 148 , 149 , 157 , 257 – 258 , 235 , 245 , 248 – 250 , 257 , 260 , 270 , 273 , 275 , 276 , 288 263 – 265 , 271 , 276 , 281 , 288 , founder: Thackeray, Bal, 96 292 – 293 , 295 – 297 , 299 , 303 leftist Communist Party, 30 , 59 , 68 , 258 Pai, Sudha, 219 – 220 Communist Party Marxist (CPM), 59 , 62 , Pakistan, 38 – 39 , 74 , 76 , 98 – 99 , 121 , 137 , 67 – 68 , 157 , 189 , 267 151 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 169 – 171 , 204 , Communist Party of India 225 – 226 , 228 , 239 , 272 , 285 , (CPI), 59 , 62 See also India, Partition of Communist Party of India-Marxist- founder: Jinnah, Muhammed Ali, 74 , 75 Leninist (CPI-ML), 59 , 300 Hindu refugees from, 204 , 239 lower-caste, 3 , 21 , 154 , 155 , 177 , 204 , intelligence forces, 44 , 170 , 192 , 198 , 212 222 , 260 , 261 , 297

Index 331

Pottery Manufacturers’ Association (PMA), of Muslim women, 20 , 129 , 167 , 168 123 – 124 , 149 , 153 rumors of, 99 , 273 pottery industry, 123 – 125 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) press and media, 4 , 45 , 70 , 73 , 93 – 95 , 97 , 106 , affi liated organizations 111 , 130 , 148 , 155 , 163 , 165 , 167 , Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad 176 , 256 , 274 , 280 , 285 , 302 , 304 (ABVP), 34 , 39 , 67 , 70 , 71 , Press Council of India, 95 107 – 109 , 148 , 179 , 231 , 242 , Press Trust of India, 155 258 , 277 princely families, 237 , 238 , 264 Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS), 71 , 101 , princely states, 264 , 271 103 , 104 , 180 , 183 – 185 protests, 4 , 13 , 31 , 41 , 63 , 103 , 104 , 119 , 145 , president: Jadav, Kunwarhi, 103 150 , 178 , 179 , 239 , 251 , 261 , 263 , Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, (BMS), 70 , 71 , 264 , 268 , 285 , 295 , 296 , 303 101 , 103 , 104 , 277 protest tactics founder: Thengadi, Dattopant, 103 bandhs , 4 , 32 , 40 , 179 , 248 , 255 , 271 , president: Dave, Hasmukh, 103 , 104 274 , 275 Ram Janmabhoomi Mukti Yagna dharnas , 4 , 184 , 224 , 241 – 242 Samiti, 92 gheraos , 4 , 32 Rashtriya Sevika Samiti, 71 , 87 , 105 , 149 hartals , 4 founder: Kelkar, Lakshmibai, 87 hunger strikes, 32 , 104 , 149 , Sewa Bharati, 70 , 71 , 191 , 243 241 – 242 , 273 Sewa International, 71 , 191 , 279 Swadeshi Jagran Manch (SJM), 101 , Rajasthan 102 , 104 caste and class structure, 264 , 265 , 292 – 293 Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram, 71 , 190 , 243 , 283 cities, districts, towns Vanvasi Kalyan Parishad (VKP), 279 , Asind, 278 – 280 280 , 283 Bhilwara, 277 , 278 , 280 dissident members, 181 Jaipur (capital), 98 , 99 , 267 , 269 – 271 , economic policy, 14 , 38 , 100 – 104 , 111 273 – 275 , 278 , 283 – 287 Hindu Dharma Raksha Samiti, 165 , 167 Kota, 98 , 270 – 272 , 277 , 278 , 282 , 284 leaders Election Watch, 292 Bhagwat, Mohan, 72 , 74 , 75 , 81 , 103 , identity, 234 , 262 , 264 – 265 , 268 , 285 109 , 303 Legislative Assembly elections, 279 , 281 Bhandari, Sundar, 165 , 278 political party Deshmukh, Nanaji, 165 Janata Dal-Digvijay (JD-D), 266 – 267 Hedgewar, Keshak Baliram, 212 Rajasthan Patrika , 274 Gaur, NK, 212 Sati Prevention Ordinance, 269 , 285 Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv (MS), 70 , traditions, 264 , 265 , 269 , 284 169 – 170 , 256 two-party system, 268 , 293 , 299 Govindacharya, KN, 78 , 81 , 100 – 101 , Ram (Lord), 35 , 41 , 75 , 93 , 95 , 97 , 99 , 134 , 112 , 211 – 212 137 , 151 , 218 , 227 , 228 , 273 Mathur, Om, 278 , 289 Ram bhakts (devotees), 41 , 92 , 127 , 131 , Rajjubhaiyya, 222 132 , 141 , 150 , 153 , 165 Sudarshan, Kuppalli Sitaramayya (KS), Ram Janmabhoomi , 78 , 145 , 270 74 , 103 , 104 , 282 Ram Janmasthan , 35 – 36 Orkut , 73 Ram jyoti , 93 , 98 , 132 , 150 , 271 pracharak , 50 , 74 , 165 , 183 , 212 , 225 , 257 , Ram Rajya, 35 258 , 289 Ram Setu , 41 – 42 relations with BJP and its governments, Ram shila puja , 88 , 92 , 93 , 98 , 180 , 249 , 13 , 14 , 21 , 22 , 29 , 38 , 50 , 73 – 75 , 250 , 270 , 271 80 – 82 , 165 , 166 , 183 , 184 , 188 , Ramayana , 41 , 75 , 95 , 97 , 100 , 133 , 165 205 , 225 , 244 , 260 , 297 rape, 33 , 90 , 109 , 167 – 169 , 193 , 270 relations with VHP. See Vishva Hindu and murder, 139 , 168 , 198 , 300 Parishad (VHP)

332 Index

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) (cont.) 205 , 208 – 210 , 212 , 217 – 220 , 224 , sarsangchalak , 70 , 74 , 81 229 – 230 , 240 , 249 , 257 , 265 , shakha (s ), 33 , 49 , 50 , 70 , 72 – 73 , 105 , 145 , 267 – 268 , 275 , 288 – 289 , 292 , 296 , 237 , 257 297 , 300 religious Scheduled Tribes (adivasis ), 177 , 179 , 190 , 194 appeals, 86 , 91 , 93 Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), associations, 12 193 , 195 , 196 conversions, 15 , 21 , 44 , 46 , 51 , 76 , 78 , SETU (Center for Social Knowledge and 257 , 297 Action), 192 , 194 ghar vapsi , 47 , 283 Shahabuddin, Syed, 95 , 150 , 275 festivals/holidays, 88 , 89 , 93 , 94 , 119 , 169 , Sharma, Asha, 77 , 105 212 , 218 , 271 Sikhs, 88 , 256 groups, 5 , 28 , 30 , 179 martial tradition, 88 identities, 6 , 12 , 98 , 221 , 248 violence against, 1 , 7 , 22 , 236 , 255 , 256 , 259 minorities, 13 Sinha, Mukul, 194 , 196 , 198 , 199 movements, 4 , 14 , 308 Special Economic Zones, 183 – 184 , 255 , 264 , personal law, 12 286 , 292 , 300 reservations/quotas, 13 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 127 , 160 , Sri Ram Sena, 15 , 108 – 109 177 – 179 , 206 , 207 , 212 , 220 – 222 , founder: Muthalik, Pramod, 108 – 109 226 , 228 , 242 , 263 , 265 , 289 , state 292 , 296 and identities, 6 , 8 , 28 – 30 caste-based, 152 , 248 and political parties, 6 , 9 , 32 for Gujjars and Meenas, 288 , 300 and social movements, 4 – 6 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 32 , for minorities, 43 , 50 , 160 , 206 , 220 , 226 , 35 , 54 , 84 228 , 257 concessions, 28 – 29 , 50 , 301 for OBCs, 28 , 30 , 145 , 152 , 206 , 208 , 209 , enabling violence, 10 , 12 , 21 , 23 , 28 , 88 , 230 , 249 , 271 , 276 , 288 124 , 143 , 151 , 152 , 163 , 171 , 173 for Scheduled Castes, 145 , 157 , 249 , 281 opposition to the, 8 , 13 , 41 , 94 , 110 , 151 , for women, 28 , 128 , 247 , 254 153 , 154 , 236 opposition to, 23 , 50 , 158 , 209 , 249 , policies, 6 , 10 , 19 , 22 , 28 – 30 , 49 , 85 , 257 , 288 110 , 267 riots, 2 , 6 , 9 , 20 , 58 , 98 , 115 , 122 , 123 , 137 , preventing violence, 10 , 143 , 151 , 185 144 , 162 – 163 , 173 , 196 – 197 , 267 repression, 35 , 153 swadeshi , 14 , 38 , 100 – 104 , 111 , 303 Sangh Parivar, 41 , 44 , 48 , 74 , 92 , 95 , 103 , 108 , 117 , 126 , 146 , 148 , 149 , 164 , Tambiah, Stanley, 90 165 , 170 , 171 , 180 – 182 , 188 – 191 , Tamil Nadu, 3 , 41 – 42 , 46 , 76 , 101 197 , 198 , 200 , 222 , 232 , 234 , 255 , capital: Madras (currently Chennai), 252 256 , 271 , 278 , 279 , 297 , 298 Tarrow, Sidney, 27 , 94 – 95 sati , 263 , 268 , 269 , 285 , 291 , 300 temples among Rajputs, 269 , 284 , 285 Arya Samaj, 136 – 137 , 142 coerced, 269 Gorakhnath, 224 feminist opposition to, 268 – 269 Jagannath, 164 , 167 Kanwar, Roop, 268 , 269 , 285 Krishna, 88 pro-sati movements/forces, 263 , 268 , Somnath, 97 , 99 269 , 285 “terrorism,” 42 , 72 , 171 , 225 , 226 , 259 , 285 , Sati Prevention Act, 269 286 , 303 , 306 temple, 269 , 284 – 285 Hindu, 109 – 110 , 156 Scheduled Castes (dalits ), 11 , 16 , 21 , 33 , jihadi, 15 , 109 , 170 , 184 , 286 45 – 48 , 70 , 76 – 77 , 97 , 105 , 112 , Muslim, 7 , 15 , 156 , 196 , 198 , 200 115 , 116 , 121 , 126 , 145 – 148 , rumors of, 118 , 120 , 133 , 150 , 155 , 167 156 – 159 , 178 – 179 , 188 – 191 , 194 , threat of, 303

Index 333

“terrorist,” 41 , 110 , 155 , 170 – 171 , 176 , political parties 192 , 199 , 200 , 226 , 292 , Apna Dal, 215 , 229 – 230 298 , 306 Jan Kranti Party (JKP), 216 attacks Rashtriya Kranti Party, 215 Ajmer, Rajasthan, 109 , 285 , 287 Rashtriya Lok Dal, 157 , 215 Akshardham temple, 170 – 171 founder: Singh, Ajit, 146 , 159 Malegaon, 108 , 109 Samajwadi Party (SP), 21 , 43 , 67 , 80 , 157 , Mecca Masjid, 109 205 , 221 Samjhauta Express, 109 Urdu language, 31 , 43 , 148 , 160 organizations western, 125 , 145 , 148 , 209 , 215 , 220 – 221 Abhinav Bharat, 15 , 285 Uttaranchal/Uttarkhand, 205 Arya Sena, 156 Hindu Dharam Sena, 15 Vande Mataram, 44 , 151 , 212 , 283 Indian Mujahideen (IM), 15 , 222 Varshney, Ashutosh, 10 Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), 155 , 198 , 285 violence Rashtriya Jagran Manch, 15 and elections, 16 , 54 , 63 , 89 , 127 , 128 , 148 , Sanatan Sanstha, 15 166 – 167 , 171 , 182 , 214 , 217 , 224 , Sri Ram Sena, 15 , 108 – 109 227 , 248 , 274 , 276 , 285 , 288 , 299 Students’ Islamic Movement of India anti-Christian, 1 , 22 , 48 , 51 , 108 , 190 , 213 , (SIMI), 15 , 155 , 225 – 226 234 – 237 , 255 – 261 , 263 , 279 , 284 , 291 , 296 , 297 uniform civil code, 30 , 37 , 64 , 80 – 81 , 303 anti-dalit , 159 , 217 , 218 , 289 , 300 United Progressive Alliance (UPA). See anti-minority, 1 , 3 , 12 , 15 , 20 , 22 – 23 , 29 , government 48 , 51 , 86 , 87 , 115 , 116 , 151 , United States, 56 , 76 , 101 – 102 , 105 , 191 , 253 , 177 , 230 , 257 , 260 , 263 , 294 , 305 , 308 298 , 299 Uttar Pradesh (UP) anti-Muslim, 1 , 3 , 90 , 99 , 124 , 153 , 172 , cities and towns 179 , 180 , 206 , 223 , 224 , 230 , 233 , Bijnor, 98 , 99 , 116 , 125 – 127 , 131 , 132 , 263 , 271 , 274 , 299 134 – 137 , 144 – 146 , 148 , 151 , anti-Sikh, 1 , 22 , 236 , 255 , 256 , 259 156 – 160 , 216 , 230 anti-women, 14 , 106 , 129 , 139 , 169 , 193 , Faizabad, 35 , 213 300 , See also rape Ghaziabad, 123 , 147 , 225 arms and ammunition, 118 , 119 , 122 – 124 , land values in, 147 132 , 133 , 138 , 139 , 144 , 155 , 156 , tensions in, 146 – 147 170 , 278 , 282 Gorakhpur, 222 – 224 brutality of, 20 , 163 , 168 , 171 , 176 , 200 Kashi, 37 , 80 , 89 , 151 caste, 190 – 191 , 212 Khurja, 116 , 119 , 121 – 122 , 144 , 148 , conjunctural, 1 , 23 , 115 , 125 , 163 , 294 151 , 154 , 155 , 160 , 214 defensive, 20 , 85 , 86 , 150 Lucknow (capital), 80, 104 , 106 , 122 , ethnic, 9 , 90 , 123 , 162 , 275 132 , 133 , 156 , 213 – 214 , 222 , 225 , Hindu-Muslim, 2 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 22 , 117 , 126 , 227 – 228 142 , 157 , 159 , 161 – 163 , 172 , 204 , Mathura, 37 , 80 , 88 , 89 , 92 , 151 , 270 , 282 , 291 226 , 277 Hindu nationalist, 16 , 21 , 22 , 98 , 138 , 163 , Meerut, 2 , 117 , 128 , 160 , 209 , 216 276 , 294 Muzaffarnagar, 230 , 231 , 304 justifi cation for, 87 , 190 Padrauna, 214 , 223 , 224 local, 8 , 20 , 115 , 123 , 124 , 141 , 149 , 150 , eastern, 215 , 218 , 220 – 221 152 , 224 , 225 , 270 , 301 Legislative Assembly elections, 206 , mass, 4 , 7 , 169 221 , 229 rumors instigating, 20 , 99 , 117 – 120 , 124 , multiparty system, 21 , 180 , 210 – 211 133 – 136 , 138 , 150 , 155 , 163 , 165 , Muslim community in, 220 , 231 , 232 167 , 255 , 273 , 274

334 Index

violence (cont.) organizational structure, 76 sexual, 90 , 99 , 100 , 107 – 109 , 115 , relations with BJP and its governments, 167 – 169 , 194 , 231 , 270 13 – 15 , 20 , 22 , 29 , 35 , 38 , 40 , timing of, 3 , 9 , 11 , 15 – 16 , 22 , 162 , 294 50 , 78 – 81 , 111 , 165 , 166 , 171 , writing about, 4 , 6 , 9 , 83 – 84 , 162 , 185 – 187 , 213 , 219 , 225 , 250 , 258 , 304 , 306 263 , 277 , 281 – 283 , 291 , 297 Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) relations with Congress Party and its affi liated organizations governments, 16 , 34 – 36 , 50 , 299 Bajrang Dal, 15 , 45 , 48 , 71 , 77 , 91 , relations with RSS, 38 , 81 , 82 , 243 97 , 107 – 108 , 115 , 119 , 128 , transnational activities, 76 , 301 133 , 136 , 138 , 148 , 149 , 157 , trishul diksha , 278 163 – 165 , 168 , 169 , 172 , 184 , violence by, 16 , 45 , 51 , 80 , 98 , 108 , 117 , 185 , 213 , 225 , 257 , 270 , 272 , 126 , 165 , 272 , 278 , 280 , 291 , 298 273 , 275 , 278 – 280 , 282 – 284 , 288 , 298 , 299 Waqf Board, 156 Durga Vahini, 71 , 77 , 78 , 109 , 115 , 119 , West Bengal, 3 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 59 , 101 , 157 , 131 , 132 , 149 229 , 267 ekal vidyalayas , 42 – 44 , 71 , 77 , 190 , 243 , Kolkata (capital), 72 283 , 301 Wilkinson, Steven, 9 , 10 , 162 Matri Shakti, 77 women(’s) Sadhvi Shakti Parishad, 77 abduction of, 99 , 138 , 150 , 168 , 169 , and religion, 75 , 88 , 93 272 – 273 , 284 as a social movement organization, 13 , 29 , organizations, 71 , 77 , 106 , 194 , 268 , 285 35 , 41 , 75 , 85 , 103 , 107 political leadership, 30 , 67 , 149 , 233 , demands, 14 , 15 , 29 , 35 , 39 , 41 , 69 , 78-80 , 262 – 263 , 290 , 293 , 296 , 305 92 , 225 , 250 , 271 , 288 Westernized, 105 – 107 , 109 , 111 , 268 , 285 Dharma Sansad, 76 , 103 World Trade Organization (WTO), leaders 102 – 104 , 305 Agarwal, Janardhan, 135 , 136 Dalmia, Vishnu Hari, 75 , 78 , 94 Yadav, Mulayam Singh, 67 , 78 , 80 , 94 , 100 , Dharmendra, Acharya, 258 , 270 , 282 122 , 124 , 131 , 134 – 136 , 141 , 143 , Katiyar, Vinay, 14 – 15 , 74 – 75 , 97 , 225 , 145 , 147 , 150 , 152 – 154 , 159 , 232 – 233 208 – 209 , 211 , 294 Kishore, Giriraj, 36 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 96 , 98 Yagnik, Achyut, 179 , 192 , 194 Krishna, Surya, 78 yatras , 40 – 41 , 87 – 89 , 217 , 222 , 228 , 303 Rithambara, Sadhvi, 41 , 78 , 99 , 100 , 106 , asthi kalash , 80 , 119 , 144 146 , 250 chetavani , 225 Sankotia, Gyan Chand, 249 ekta , 163 Scindia, Vijayraje, 95 , 269 ekta mata , 88 , 217 , 250 Sharma, BL (Premji), 77 – 78 , 90 Ganga , 229 Singhal, Ashok, 48 , 78 , 79 , 81 , 88 , 103 , gaurav , 171 166 , 185 , 186 , 222 , 226 , 228 Ram-janki shobha , 180 Sood, Devraj, 249 – 250 Suraksha , 40 – 41 Sood, VC, 249 – 250 Vijay Sankalp , 40 – 41 Togadia, Praveen, 39 , 44 – 46 , 80 , 81 , 103 , 172 , 185 , 186 , 198 , 219 , 225 , Zadaphia, Gordhan, 68 , 165 , 170 , 172 , 278 , 299 182 – 185 , 192