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Ride-Hailing Apps for LAMAT Services and Their Influences in Asian Developing Cities (アジア途上国都市におけるLAMAT向け配車アプリとその影響)

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Ride-Hailing Apps for LAMAT Services and Their Influences in Asian Developing Cities (アジア途上国都市におけるLAMAT向け配車アプリとその影響) The 44th Symposium on Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute: Autumn 2018 November 21, 2018 Tokyo, Japan Ride-hailing Apps for LAMAT Services and Their Influences in Asian Developing Cities (アジア途上国都市におけるLAMAT向け配車アプリとその影響) Research Fellow PHUN Veng Kheang ポン ヴェン キェン 一般財団法人運輸総合研究所 Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 1. LAMAT Concept LAMATとは? 2. Ride-hailing Apps 配車アプリ 3. Motivation & Objective 研究の背景と目的 4. Case Study ケーススタディ 5. Policy Discussion 政策議論 (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 3 アジアの特徴的な交通手段 Indonesia Nepal @Yai Thailand Silorlek Safa Tempo Angkot & Becak, @Yai Tuktuk Songteaw Philippines Tricycle Jeepney Multicap Jeepney Samlor Motorcycle taxi Japan India @Yai Laos Myanmar @Yai Bajaj Jambo Sidecar . (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 LAMATのコンセプト 4 LAMAT is proposed and used instead of Paratransit because: Different paratransit concepts in developed vs. developing countries. Various terms for paratransit (e.g. informal transport, third world transport). To cover all paratransit services in Asia. Source: Phun & Yai (2016) (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 LAMATの意味 5 Motorcycle Taxi Taxi Van Angkot Long-tailed Remork Songtaew PinoyRepublic.tv Ride-Hailing Apps (RHAs) Jeepney E-Jeepney Smart card for E-Jeepney Source: Phun & Yai (2016) (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 1. LAMAT Concept LAMATとは? 2. Ride-hailing Apps (RHAs) 配車アプリ 3. Motivation & Objective 研究の背景と目的 4. Case Study ケーススタディ 5. Policy Discussion 政策議論 (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 配車サービス 7 Smartphone with GPS, internet, and available digital maps enables technologies for ride-hailing services via ride-hailing apps (RHAs). (play.google.com 2017.9) Fig. Global map of dominant ride-hailing apps (Source: Similarweb, 2016) . Uber now covers 107 countries. Grab expanded to 225 cities in 8 Asian countries. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 配車アプリとは? 8 1990s Platform where individuals can hail and 2009 pay for a ride from a driver via an app. 2014 Fig. Evolution of share mobility services in USA (Source: Clewlow and Hishra, 2017) RHA RHA is a smartphone-based app for hailing a ride. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 アジアにおけるRHAsの拡大 9 In Asia, more RHAs have been developed for LAMAT (Taxis, Auto-rickshaws, Bike Taxis, Rickshaws), and quickly expanded. Fig. Cumulative number of RHAs in some Asian countries by year (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 急速に拡大するなか： 10 RHAsにユーザーが求めるもの USA Indonesia Philippines Safety 26% Convenient 24% Reputation 16% Peer recommendation 10% Lack of alternative 9% Cost 5% N = 582 online respondents N = 515 participants in 12 cities N = 55 Taxi riders Source: reportlinker.com (2017) Source: ecommerceIQ (2018) Source: Adriano and Su (2017) Most important features about RHAs are Always accessible, Safety, Convenient, and A better cost. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 配車アプリの問題 11 • Arrival of RHAs has been well welcomed by general citizens, but mixed reactions by traditional LAMAT operators. Disruptive Transport? LAMAT operators protested against RHAs! 15 Aug. 2016 03 Oct. 2017 14 Mar. 2016 Malaysia: Taxi drivers protested the Indonesia: Drivers are unhappy with Indonesia: Ojek drivers demanding a legalization of Uber and Grab. better revenue system and a regulation RHAs eating into their transport share. (https://paultan.org/cn/2016/08/15/taxi-wants-protest/) (https://mashable.com/2016/03/14/jakarta-taxi- that acknowledges their existence. protest/#AMjIFDQY_GqX) (http://www.thejakartapost.com/) RHAs have created Significant debates worldwide on issues: . How RHAs should be regulated . Their safety implications, and . How they influence travel behavior. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 1. LAMAT Concept LAMATとは? 2. Ride-hailing Apps 配車アプリ 3. Motivation & Objective 研究の背景と目的 4. Case Study ケーススタディ 5. Policy Discussion 政策議論 (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 背景 13 Previous RHA studies focused on: • Rule change from the viewpoint of market regulation, • Competitive effects from an industry standpoint, • Labor changes from the stakeholder perspective. China: RHAs interferes with taxis’ normal & lawful operations. (www.chinadaily.com.cn/) (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 目的 14 . • Phnom Penh city (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 1. LAMAT Concept LAMATとは? 2. Ride-hailing Apps 配車アプリ 3. Motivation & Objective 研究の背景と目的 4. Case Study: Phnom Penh ケーススタディ: プノンペン 5. Policy Discussion 政策議論 (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 プノンペンの概要 16 • – Land area : 678.5 km2 – Population : 2.1 million – GPD per capita : 1,111 USD in 2016 – Modal share 2012 : 15.4% LAMAT • Public bus service since Feb. 2014 • JICA target mass transit (Bus + Rail) 30% by 2035 Minibus 0.3% Others Car 1% Taxi 1.9% 8% Remork Motorcycle 3.5% 52% LAMAT 15.4% Motodop 7.5% Walking LAMAT Bicycle 15% 9% LongRemork 2.2% Fig. Modal share in Phnom Penh, 2012 General traffic situation in Phnom Penh (Source: JICA-PPUTMP, 2014) (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 17 プノンペンのLAMATモード . (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 18 ドライバーへのインタビュー調査 • Date: January 23-27, 2018 • Respondents: 182 Bajaj drivers with RHAs • Method: Questionnaire-based face-to-face interview • Data: Operational characteristics, working conditions, etc. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 19 RHAsをドライバーへのインタビュー調査の概要 Marital Status Single, Age 13% (N = 182) 50-60 6% 40-49 14% Married, 30-39 52% 87% 19-29 28% Education Level Duration Since Working as Driver University 5% > 2 years 17% High school 35% Secondary 45% 1-2 years 6% Elementary 14% ≤ 1 year 78% Never study 1% Majority (>78%) were in younger age (<40 years), married, higher education, and new drivers (≤1 year). (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 20 RHAsの使用に関するメリットとデメリット Fixed fare Others 4% 10% Others 13% Save time 6% Apps errors Customer issues 34% More customers 15% 48% Higher revenue 32% High commission fee 38% (N = 182) Fig. The GOOD Points about using RHAs Fig. The BAD Points about using RHAs About 80% liked RHAs because They (72%) did not like about RHAs helped them get more RHAs due to frequent app errors customers & higher revenues. and high commission fee. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 RHAsの委託手数料 21 • Commission fee is the proportion of total fare—paid by a RHA customer—that drivers need to pay to RHA company. 25 Max 20 Mean 15 Min 10 Commission Fee(%) 5 0 PassApp WeGo UGO711 iTsumo EXNET CAMGO FastGo TosTov (52%) (19%) (16%) (8%) (2%) (1%) (1%) (0%) Fig. Commission Fees Reported by Bajaj Drivers with RHAs (N = 182) Commission fees ranged from 0% to 20%, with the average of 9.2%. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 22 RHAs車両の旅行速度と利用経路 Operating Speed based on GPS-data (N = 10) Operating Routes based on GPS-data Average operating speed: 8.8 km/h distance: 80 km/day CBD Major trips via RHAs concentrated within the downtown area. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 23 RHAsサービス導入前後の比較 40% upgraded their old-style LAMAT vehicles/services with RHAs. New driver Former driver 60% 40% Share of RHA drivers (N = 182) RHAs Daily working Number of Number of daily Monthly hours daily trips customers revenue (USD) 10.8 63% 62% 14.7 21.9 46% 416.7 8% 9.0 13.5 286.3 10.0 Before After Before After Before After Before After After adopting RHAs, drivers significantly increased their daily trips/passengers and monthly revenue. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 ケーススタディのまとめ 24 Overall results show that RHAs helped improve operational services & livelihood of Bajaj drivers in Phnom Penh. 40% of Bajaj drives, who have switched to adopt RHAs, could increase their daily trips/passengers & monthly revenue. 60% new drivers directly operated with RHAs, suggesting new job opportunities into labor market of LAMAT. Research Question Whether RHAs would be regarded as threats or opportunities among LAMAT operators in Asia? Answer For Phnom Penh case, RHAs are opportunities for those drivers who have adopted them, but NOT SURE whether RHAs are threats for those who have not. (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 1. LAMAT Concept LAMATとは? 2. Ride-hailing Apps 配車アプリ 3. Motivation & Objective 研究の背景と目的 4. Case Study: Phnom Penh ケーススタディ: プノンペン 5. Policy Discussion 政策議論 (C) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang, Japan Transport and Tourism Research Institute, 2018 26 これまでのRemorkとRHAsの比較 One observation: Traditional Remorks Remorks become fewer on city streets since the arrival of Bajaj with RHAs. However, Remork still has its market: . Customers from hotels, markets, schools, etc. Bajaj with RHAs . Loyal customers (e.g., friends, neighbors) . Citizens who not use a smartphone Another observation: A few Remorks
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