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Woodland Caribou Range Occupancy in Northwestern Ontario: Past and Present

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Woodland Caribou Range Occupancy in Northwestern Ontario: Past and Present The Eight North American Caribou Workshop, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, 20-24 April, 1998. Woodland caribou range occupancy in northwestern Ontario: past and present G.D. Racey1 & T. Armstrong2 1 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, RR#1 25th Sideroad, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada P7C 4T9 ([email protected]. on. ca). 2 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 435 James Street S., Suite 221, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada P7E 6S8. Abstract: A zone of continuous woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandm caribou) distribution is defined for northwestern Ontario. This zone establishes a benchmark for measuring the success of future management of habitat and conservation of populations. Inventory of key winter, summer and calving habitats reaffirms the concept of a dynamic mosaic of habi• tat tracts that supports caribou across the landscape. The historical range recession leading to this current distribution has been associated with resource development, fire and hunting activities over the past 150 years, and numerous attempts at conservation over the last 70 years. The decline was apparently phased according to several periods of devel• opment activity: i) early exploitation in the early to mid-1800s; ii) isolation and extirpation of southern populations due to rapid changes in forest use and access between 1890 and 1930; and iii) further loss of the southernmost herds due to forest harvesting of previously inaccessible areas since the 1950s. Lessons learned from history support current con• servation measures to manage caribou across broad landscapes, protect southern herds, maintain caribou habitat as part of continuous range, maintain large contiguous tracts of older forest and ensure connectivity between habitat compo• nents. Key words: caribou, development, forest management, habitat, history, populations, wildlife. Rangifer, Special Issue No. 12, 173-184 Introduction forest-dwelling woodland caribou are difficult to The status of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus obtain, imprecise and unreliable (Thomas, 1998). caribou) in northwestern Ontario has been debated We believe this to be true in the forests currently widely because information on population size and used for commercial purposes in northwestern range occupancy is inadequate. Kelsall (1984) sug• Ontario. gested that caribou were secure in local areas in Although reliable population estimates are lack• Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, but considered the ing, it is clear that caribou range in the Lake southeastern Manitoba, Slate Islands, Pukaskwa and Superior - northwestern Ontario area has become Lake Nipigon populations threatened. He consid• more restricted since the mid 1800s. Cringen ered Ontario's woodland caribou part of the "vul• (1957) documents the extirpation of caribou in nerable" western Canada population. This recom• Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin and suggested mendation was based on various estimates of the that caribou had disappeared from 30 000 square population size or status of caribou in Ontario by de miles (76 800 square km) of range west of Lake Vos & Peterson (1951), Cringen (1957), Banfield Superior. A more detailed account of current distri• (1961), and Simkin (1965). Recent estimates of bution and historical recession of woodland caribou population size (Cumming, 1998) suggest that the range in Ontario was provided by de Vos & Peterson provincial population is relatively stable, but that, (1951). These declines in the Lake-Superior - north• based on numbers and threats, forest-dwelling western Ontario area coincide with general trends woodland caribou should be considered "threat• observed across North America (Cringen, 1957; ened" (Cumming, 1997). Population estimates for Bergerud, 1974; Cochrane, 1996; Mallory & Hillis, Rangifer, Special Issue No. 12, 2000 173 1998). Range recession maps suggest a gradual tions may be for survival of caribou in the commer• recession in Ontario caribou range over the last cen• cial forest of northwestern Ontario. tury (Darby & Duquette, 1986; Darby et al, 1989; In northwestern Ontario, the current manage• Cumming & Beange, 1993). ment objective is to halt the northward recession of Apparent decline in the numbers and distribu• caribou range and maintain range occupancy tion of caribou in Ontario has resulted in a history (OMNR, 1998). We suggest that achievement of of management actions, starting with closure of the this objective over the long term may be evaluated hunting season for caribou in 1929- Since then, by monitoring change in range occupancy rather caribou management has been supplemented by than by population estimates. This paper looks at widespread caribou survey work conducted in the the current and past distribution of woodland cari• 1950s (Simkin, 1965), and broad habitat assess• bou in northwestern Ontario, and describes ecologi• ment (Ahti & Hepburn, 1976). Initial attempts at cal, social and economic factors associated with the caribou policy development began in the 1970s and historic decline in range. Improved understanding 1980s (Darby et al, 1989), although there is no of the nature of past range recession will support provincial caribou policy at this time. Forest man• development of management strategies to avoid agement guidelines were developed in the 1990s future range loss. (Racey et al. 1991; Racey & Armstrong, 1996) but it is too early to evaluate long-term effectiveness of these guidelines. Debate continues over appropriate Materials and methods management strategies and has led to demands for Study Area better information about current range utilization, The study area included all of northwestern Ontario better understanding of how and why caribou suf• within the currently licensed commercial forest fered this historical decline and what the implica• (Fig. 1). This forest includes the Lac Seul Uplands, • Community I Current Commercial Forest Woodland , Pickle Lake (Caribou Osnaburgh Railway Park Red Lake Lake Park LacSeul Kenora VerMIBBHJ yden " lake of the Woods Jgnace Rainy River Painylake Nipigoi r^Vv Rossport oft Frances1" Quetico Sate Islands Park Thunderî Pukaskwa - Black Bay Peninsula National Bbky Peninsula * Park WED ; Michipicoten Mdtipicaten Ide Royale lake Superior Island - , •• Fig. 1. Northwestern Ontario study area showing communities, major lakes, forest management units and Provincial Parks referenced in text. 174 Rangifer, Special Issue No. 12, 2000 Lake of the Woods, Rainy River, Thunder Bay - ing habitats currently used within the study area, Quetico, Lake Nipigon and a small portion of the and the main directions of travel between them Big Trout Lake ecoregions of the Boreal Shield eco- were mapped. Data for this map were assembled zone (Ecological Stratification Working Group, from the same wide variety of sources used to map 1995). Woodland caribou are considered native to current range occupancy. Winter habitat surveys the entire study area. This area has had a long were conducted by OMNR staff in late winter human development history; it was occupied by (February-March) and occasionally earlier in winter. paleo-Indian cultures and later by the Ojibway and Areas of high concentrations of caribou tracks were Cree peoples, followed by European exploration in delineated and recorded as winter habitat. Where the late 17th century. Development of northwestern surveys of the same areas spanned multiple years, Ontario was driven by the fur trade until the mid the areas used in all years were considered in delin• 19th century, and more recently by forest, mining, eating winter habitat tracts (Timmermann, 1998a). transportation, agriculture, tourism and recreation Some summer and calving habitat was identified industries. through incidental observations from forest work• ers, trappers, anglers, hunters, naturalists and Current Range Occupancy tourist operators. Areas with significant, observed Current range occupancy was defined by reliable summer use by caribou were considered summer observations of caribou activity since 1990. habitat. A general area, lake, group of islands or Presence of caribou within cells of a 10 km UTM wetland complex was considered used for calving if grid was recorded. Caribou presence data were cows and calves were observed there during the May obtained from a variety of sources including surveys - June post-calving period, or if evidence (e.g. of caribou winter habitat and calving sites between recent calf tracks) was observed in the vicinity dur• 1988 and 1997 (Timmermann, 1998a; b) incidental ing those same time periods. In addition, since the sightings during regular early winter moose (AIces early 1990s, calving surveys of high potential lakes alces) surveys (Bisset, 1991), reports to Ontario have been conducted to determine if specific lakes Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) staff from contain islands, peninsulas or shorelines used for foresr workers, anglers, hunters, trappers, tourism calving (Timmermann, 1998b). Only a small por• operators and naturalists, and location data from a tion of the overall caribou range has been surveyed concurrent habitat use study (Hillary, 1998) involv• for calving areas. Aerial monitoring of caribou and ing 25 caribou (19 females, 6 males) fitted with caribou tracks during the fall and spring, combined Argos Satellite collars between 1995 and 1998. with recorded movements of 25 radio-collared cari• bou were also used to delineate habitats and some Historic Range Occupancy major travel routes between habitats. Historic range occupancy was determined on the basis of the most recent record of caribou
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