DOCSLIB.ORG

Feasibility Study – Final Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feasibility Study – Final Report Kinghorn Rail‐to‐Trail Initiative Feasibility Study – Final Report March 31, 2011 by with Rod Bilz, David Andersen and for Project Contacts Shaun Karsten Kinghorn Trail Project Coordinator Phone: 807‐629‐4817 Email: [email protected] Sarah Lewis Economic Development Officer, Town of Nipigon Phone: 807‐887‐3135 (ext 26) Email: [email protected] Sarah Clowes Economic Development Officer, Town of Red Rock) Phone: 807‐886‐2704 Email: [email protected] John Cameron Tourism Development Officer, City of Thunder Bay Phone: 807‐625‐3231 Email: [email protected] Kirsten Spence Ontario Trails Coordinator, Trans Canada Trail s Phone: 705‐746‐1283 Email: [email protected] Dave Harris Reeve, Dorion Township Phone: 807‐857‐2289 Email: [email protected] Alana Bishop Councillor, Municipality of Shuniah Phone: (807) 977‐1436 Email: [email protected] Rick MacLeod Farley Principal Consultant, MacLeod Farley & Associates Phone: 519‐370‐2332 E‐mail: [email protected] Kinghorn Rail‐to‐Trail Feasibility Study – Final Report March 31, 2011 Contents 1. Executive Summary.......................................................................................................... 1 2. Trail Initiative Context ..................................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Proponents – Nipigon to Thunder Bay ..................................................................... 7 2.2 The Trans‐Canada Trail................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Trail Towns and Business Attraction, Retention & Expansion (BARE) ............................ 9 2.4 North of Superior Regional Tourism Evaluation ........................................................... 11 2.5 Thunder Bay Tourism .................................................................................................... 16 3. Trails Research............................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Best Practice in Destination Trails Development & Marketing..................................... 20 3.2 Studies of Trail Economic Impacts and BARE Results ................................................... 26 3.3 Trail Cost Norms – Construction & Operations............................................................. 33 3.4 Trail Governance & Management Best Practice........................................................... 37 4. Project Concept for the Lake Superior Terry Fox Courage Trail....................................... 41 4.1 Inspiration & Direction.................................................................................................. 41 4.2 Trail Type & Uses........................................................................................................... 45 4.3 The Route ...................................................................................................................... 48 4.4 Trail Governance & Management ................................................................................ 71 5. Feasibility Factors – Findings and Assesments................................................................ 82 5.1 People – Our Findings & Assessment............................................................................ 82 5.2 Place – Our Findings & Assessment .............................................................................. 91 5.3 Market – our findings and assessment....................................................................... 101 5.4 Financials – Our Projections & Assessment ................................................................ 109 6. Feasibility Assessment Conclusion ............................................................................... 122 7. Next Recommended Steps ........................................................................................... 123 8. Annex .......................................................................................................................... 124 GAP Trail Towns Brochure....................................................................................................... 125 Newspaper Article – The Unexpected Growth of Business … ................................................. 132 MacLeod Farley & Associates page ii Kinghorn Rail‐to‐Trail Feasibility Study – Final Report March 31, 2011 1. Executive Summary The potential Kinghorn Rail Trail project is being pursued by Nipigon, Red Rock, Dorion, Shuniah and Thunder Bay. These five communities initiated this Feasibility Study as well as a bridge engineering study which will take place this spring to assess the existing bridges along the route. The five noted communities have established an Ad Hoc committee and a Working Group to pursue the project. MacLeod Farley & Associates were hired to undertake a Feasibility Study in February and March 2011. The proposed Kinghorn Rail Trail is envisioned as part of the Trans Canada Trail which is scheduled to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific by 2017. For the local communities and the region, the potential Kinghorn Rail Trail could become a significant asset for tourism, recreation, health and for business attraction, retention and expansion. The Feasibility Study Assignment Our feasibility assessment work consisted of three steps as follows: Step One: Orientation and Initial Research Step Two: Concept Development Step Three: Feasibility Assessment Step One was completed on schedule on February 26. This included an Initial Research Report dated February 25, 2011. Step Two (Concept Development) was completed on schedule on March 12. Concept development is central to our approach. We understood the initial concept to be the potential establishment of a trail on the existing CN rail bed which could become part of the Trans Canada Trail system and which would generate economic development benefits. Within our assignment, we have spent a considerable focus on joint concept development with the proponents and involved parties. This has resulted in an exciting and worthwhile project concept. The work on Step Two included tours of the proposed Kinghorn trail on February 28, project planning sessions and ‘Open House’ events in Nipigon on March 1, and in Thunder Bay on March 2, project meetings on March 3, 2011 and follow‐up concept development work. Step Two led to the current project concept designed to create a ‘destination trail’ capable of attracting trail users from considerable distances in order to maximize benefits for business attraction, retention and expansion and for broader community economic development. Step Three began on March 14, 2011 and is now complete. This work has included an extensive review of existing trails and case studies, further work on concept development, and viability assessment of people, place, markets and financials. The project concept has been deemed viable in all four respects and overall. This Final Feasibility Study report is the final deliverable required for this assignment. MacLeod Farley & Associates page 1 Kinghorn Rail‐to‐Trail Feasibility Study – Final Report March 31, 2011 Preamble to the Project Concept The Terry Fox Courage Highway from Nipigon to Thunder Bay marks the final steps in Terry Fox’s courageous Marathon of Hope in 1980. The final steps of Terry’s run took place on September 1, 1980 in Shuniah Township, just east of the Terry Fox Monument & Tourist Information Centre which overlooks Lake Superior. In helping to develop the project concept for the Kinghorn Rail Trail from Nipigon to Thunder Bay it struck the authors of this report that there could be no greater inspiration, and no more suitable namesake, than Terry Fox. This idea was proposed during the Joint Planning Sessions the week of February 28 – March 4 in Nipigon and Thunder Bay. The idea was warmly and respectfully received and the concept was then jointly developed further by all those involved. Establishing this proposed rail trail in honour and celebration of Terry Fox can only be pursued, over time, with the approval of the Terry Fox Foundation and with the approval of Terry’s mother Betty Fox. The Project Concept developed thus far is subject to changes and improvements by the proponents over time. No single element or aspect of the project concept is ‘set in stone’. Project Concept: The Lake Superior Terry Fox Courage Trail The Lake Superior Terry Fox Courage Trail is conceived as a destination trail venue that will celebrate the legacy of Terry Fox and help raise funds for the Terry Fox Foundation. Year round, the trail users from far and wide will be inspired and educated through signage, activities, programming and events. The trail will also celebrate the heritage of Lake Superior and have a considerable impact on growing existing businesses and establishing new ones throughout the trail region. The Terry Fox themed trail experience design, signage and marketing will create demand for guests to come use the trail throughout the year. Users will enjoy the inspiration, education and active trail use at any time they choose to visit and in whatever manner mode is appropriate from non‐motorized summer and assisted accessibility use in the summer (walk, hike, motorized scooter, stroller, run, bike, horseback, etc.) to winter snowmobile use (east of the Mackenzie River). In addition to providing a major link in the Trans Canada Trail, the Lake Superior Terry Fox Courage Trail will provide important linkages to other existing trails and loops (such as the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Sleeping Giant (2007)
    The Sleeping Giant (2007) For orchestra By Abigail Richardson Duration: 5 minutes. 2222 4231 timpani +2, strings Percussion I: Crotales, Glockenspiel, Slapstick, Thundersheet Percussion II: Feng Luo, North American Tom Tom (or appropriate substitute), Bass Drum, Triangle, Suspended Cymbal After CBC's recent "Seven Wonders of Canada" competition, I was quite taken with the support of the Thunder Bay community for the Sleeping Giant. I decided to write this piece for the legend. Here is the story: Nanabosho the giant and son of the West wind was a hero to the Ojibwe tribe for saving them from the Sioux. One day he scratched a rock and discovered silver. Nanabosho knew the white men would take over the land for this silver so he swore his tribe to secrecy and buried the silver. One of the chieftains decided to make himself silver weapons and was soon after killed by the Sioux. He must have passed along the silver secret as several days later a Sioux warrior was spotted in a canoe leading two white men towards the silver. Nanabosho disobeyed the Great Spirit and raised a storm which killed the men. As punishment he was turned to stone and lies watching over his silver secret. Abigail Richardson was born in Oxford, England and moved to Canada as a child. Ironically, she was diagnosed completely and incurably deaf at the age of five. Upon moving to Canada, her hearing was fully intact within months. She received her Bachelor of Music from the University of Calgary and her Masters and Doctorate degrees from the University of Toronto.
    [Show full text]
  • The Long Trails Project USP 549: REGIONAL PLANNING and METROPOLITAN GROWTH MANAGEMENT
    The Long Trails Project USP 549: REGIONAL PLANNING and METROPOLITAN GROWTH MANAGEMENT Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning College of Urban and Public Affairs Portland State University Fall, 2012 Table of Contents I. Introduction and Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 2 II. History of Long Trails and Regional Trail Networks ..................................................................................................... 6 III. Long Trails in Northwestern Oregon...............................................................................................................................20 IV. The Demand for Long Trails-based Recreation ...........................................................................................................36 V. Long Trails and Community Economic Development .............................................................................................52 VI. Long Trails Implementation ...............................................................................................................................................76 I. Introduction and Acknowledgements The Oregon Department of Forestry and the Oregon Parks Team 3: The Demand for trails-base recreation; analysis and Department are currently engaged in a joint assessment of a new critique of SCORP and similar surveys; trails in the context of trail extending from Garibaldi, on the Oregon coast, to the crest other recreational opportunities;
    [Show full text]
  • Community Profile  Funded By
    Our Vision: Dorion will be a welcoming community offering an exceptional quality of life for all. Community Profile Funded By: THE TOWNSHIP OF DORION Community Profile TABLE OF CONTENTS Dorion, Ontario: Overview ...........................................................5 Population & Labour Force ..........................................................7 Municipal Services .....................................................................11 Health Care & Housing ..............................................................12 Land Inventory ...........................................................................15 Parks, Recreation & Tourism ......................................................17 Transportation, Utilities & Telecommunications ........................18 Climate .......................................................................................20 Physical Geography ...................................................................21 Learning Institutions ...................................................................23 Economic Development & Future Growth .................................24 Contact Us .................................................................................25 Community Profile Community Profile DORION, ONTARIO: OVERVIEW “Explore Dorion in Canyon Country” Dorion is a small rural community in Northwestern Thunder Bay regional hospital and international Ontario with a population of 380 people and a airport. As the economy continues to experience land mass of 212 square kilometres.
    [Show full text]
  • Plan D'action De La Route Verte
    PLAN D’ACTION DE LA ROUTE VERTE 2018-2019 TABLE DES MATIÈRES L’ÉQUIPE DE LA ROUTE VERTE 4 LA ROUTE VERTE EN 2018-2019 5 LA ROUTE VERTE C’EST... 6 PLAN D’ACTION DE LA ROUTE VERTE 2018-2019 9 1 | Consolider la qualité internationale du réseau de la Route verte 10 2 | Accroître l’adhésion des partenaires autour de la pérennité de la Route verte 13 3 | Faire connaitre la Route verte et ses bénéfices 16 FONCTIONS ORGANISATIONNELLES 20 PLAN D’ACTION DE LA ROUTE VERTE 2018-2019 | 3 L’ÉQUIPE DE LA ROUTE VERTE Vélo Québec Association Coordination générale et support aux régions Annick St-Denis Directrice générale Louis Carpentier Directeur, développement de la Route verte Johanna Baumgartner Adjointe à la coordination David Métivier Chargé de projets, recherche et expertises Antoine Hébert Maher Chargé de projets, recherche et expertises Louisa Belaïd Comptable Louise St-Maurice Adjointe administrative Recherche et géomatique Marc Jolicoeur Directeur de la recherche Bartek Komorowski Chargé de projets, recherche et expertises Frédéric Minelli Coordonnateur, géomatique Chantal Gagnon Technicienne, cartographie et géomatique Communications et relations publiques Jean-François Pronovost Vice-président, développement et affaires publiques Stéphanie Couillard Conseillère, relations publiques Anne Williams Chargée de projets, communications marketing VÉLO QUÉBEC ASSOCIATION Secrétariat de la Route verte, 1251, rue Rachel Est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2J 2J9 Téléphone : 514 521-8356 ou 1 800 567-8356 • Télécopieur : 514 521-5711 www.routeverte.com PLAN
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Trail Characteristics and Invasive Species Prevalence of An
    Assessment of Trail Characteristics and Invasive Species Prevalence of an Alternative Border Crossing Route for the A2A Trail By Zili Xie A report submitted to the Graduate Program in Environmental Studies In conformity with the requirement for the Degree of Master of Environmental Studies Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada May 2018 Copyright © Zili Xie, 2018 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The A2A Collaborative ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The A2A Trail ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Needs of the A2A Trail Committee ...................................................................................... 5 1.4 Objective of the Research Report.......................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Trail Impacts on Soils ........................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Trail Impacts on Vegetation .................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Trail Impacts on Wildlife ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Waterfront Regeneration on Ontario’S Great Lakes
    2017 State of the Trail Leading the Movement for Waterfront Regeneration on Ontario’s Great Lakes Waterfront Regeneration Trust: 416-943-8080 waterfronttrail.org Protect, Connect and Celebrate The Great Lakes form the largest group of freshwater During the 2016 consultations hosted by the lakes on earth, containing 21% of the world’s surface International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes, the freshwater. They are unique to Ontario and one of Trail was recognized as a success for its role as both Canada’s most precious resources. Our partnership is a catalyst for waterfront regeneration and the way the helping to share that resource with the world. public sees first-hand the progress and challenges facing the Great Lakes. Driven by a commitment to making our Great Lakes’ waterfronts healthy and vibrant places to live, work Over time, we will have a Trail that guides people across and visit, we are working together with municipalities, all of Ontario’s Great Lakes and gives residents and agencies, conservation authorities, senior visitors alike, an opportunity to reconnect with one of governments and our funders to create the most distinguishing features of Canada and the The Great Lakes Waterfront Trail. world. In 2017 we will celebrate Canada’s 150th Birthday by – David Crombie, Founder and Board Member, launching the first northern leg of the Trail between Waterfront Regeneration Trust Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury along the Lake Huron North Channel, commencing work to close the gap between Espanola and Grand Bend, and expanding around Georgian Bay. Lake Superior Lac Superior Sault Garden River Ste.
    [Show full text]
  • Attraits Touristiques
    A Québec D C A N A TERRE-NEUVE- ET-LABRADOR Baie d'Hudson et Québec QUÉBEC Ontario Î.-P.-É. N.-B. ONTARIO Québec N.-É. découverte Montréal Ottawa Explorez les villes branchées de Montréal et Toronto I S Toronto, imprégnez-vous d’histoire dans les rues N OCÉAN - U ATLANTIQUE et É T A T S de Québec, visitez les grands musées d’Ottawa, Ontario partez en escapade dans les magnifi ques régions de Charlevoix et des Grands Lacs, naviguez sur le Saint- le plaisir de mieux voyager Laurent à la recherche des baleines et laissez-vous ébahir par les chutes du Niagara. art de vivre Choisissez parmi une sélection d’adresses triées sur le volet, des chaleureux gîtes touristiques aux grands hôtels, des sympathiques petits restos de quartier aux grandes tables raffi nées et créatives. plein air Parcourez les superbes parcs du Québec et de l’Ontario et découvrez les plus beaux sites pour la randonnée, le vélo, la baignade, le canot et le kayak, le ski et la planche à neige, la motoneige et l’observation de la faune. coups de cœur Vivez des expériences mémorables et sortez des sentiers battus en vous laissant inspirer par les suggestions de nos auteurs. conseils Québec et Ontario Voyagez en toute liberté grâce aux renseignements utiles et aux cartes précises d’Ulysse. www.guidesulysse.com Suivez-nous sur Facebook et Twitter @GuidesUlysse 32,95 $ / 27,99 € TTC en France ISBN : 978-2-89464-575-8 Livre entier et extraits disponibles en format numérique PC_Quebec-Ontario(5758).indd 1-3 12/10/23 15:04:59 Rivière-Saint-Jean Baie-Johan-Beetz Normandin Albanel Dolbeau-Mistassini
    [Show full text]
  • Director's Newsletterfebruary 1St 2017Small Schools Make A
    Small Schools Make a Difference” February 1st 2017 Director’s Newsletter SGDSB David Tamblyn Director of Education Together We Can Make a Difference; Inspiring our Front (L-R): Vice Chair Kim Figliomeni, Director of Education David Tamblyn, Chair Pinky McRae. Students to be Agents of Change Back (L-R): First Nation Trustee Stanley Sabourin, Trustee Michael Groulx, Margaret McIntyre, Marlo Sarrasin, Mark Mannisto and Aaron MacGregor. Missing are Trustees Allison Pelletier and Student Trustee Mia Audia-Gagnon. MARATHON – The Superior-Greenstone District School Board held its 2017 Annual Organizational and Regular Board Meeting on Monday, December 5, 2016. Trustee Pinky McRae was acclaimed as 2017 Board Chair, while Trustee Kim Figliomeni was elected to the office of Board Vice-Chair. Returning members are Michael Groulx (Red Rock, Dorion, Hurkett), Aaron MacGregor (Manitouwadge), Mark Mannisto (Greenstone), Allison Pelletier (Greenstone), (Margaret McIntyre (Marathon), Stanley Sabourin (First Nation Trustee), Marlo Sarrasin (Nipigon) and Student Trustee Mia Audia-Gagnon. Together this group will represent their constituents and work with Superior-Greenstone DSB Senior Administration in the delivery of quality education for students. Upon assuming the role of Chair, McRae thanked the Board and expressed her gratitude for her fellow trustee’s support. She complemented the Board on their strong ability to work well together as a team and with Senior Administration. She stated that, “it is important that we continue working well together so that we can continue to achieve the strategic goals of the Board.” Town Hall Meetings - What do you envision for your school 5 years from now? Director of Education David Tamblyn will be visiting schools and meeting with staff to hear their views on what they envision for their school/board five years from now? He will also be meeting with stakeholders including the student senate, the parent involvement committee, native education advisory committee and the special education advisory committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Consulter Le Plan D'action 2019-2020
    PLAN D’ACTION DE LA ROUTE VERTE 2019-2020 MARS 2019 TABLE DES MATIÈRES L’ÉQUIPE DE LA ROUTE VERTE 3 LA ROUTE VERTE EN 2019-2020 4 LA ROUTE VERTE C’EST… 5 PLAN D’ACTION DE LA ROUTE VERTE 2019-2020 7 1 | Consolider la qualité internationale du réseau de la route verte 8 2 | Accroître l’adhésion des partenaires afin d’assurer la pérennité de la route verte 11 3 | Faire connaître la Route verte et ses bénéfices 14 FONCTIONS ORGANISATIONNELLES 18 Crédit photo : Magalie Dagenais/Vélo Québec PLAN D’ACTION DE LA ROUTE VERTE 2019-2020 | 2 L’ÉQUIPE DE LA ROUTE VERTE Vélo Québec Association Coordination générale et support aux régions Annick St-Denis Directrice générale Louis Carpentier Directeur, développement de la Route verte Gabriel Michaud Coordonnateur administratif David Métivier Chargé de projets, recherche et expertises Antoine Hébert Maher Chargé de projets, recherche et expertises Louise St-Maurice Adjointe administrative Martin Tremblay Vice-président finances et administration Recherche et géomatique Marc Jolicoeur Directeur de la recherche Bartek Komorowski Chargé de projets, recherche et expertises Frédéric Minelli Coordonnateur, géomatique Chantal Gagnon Technicienne, cartographie et géomatique Communications et relations publiques Jean-François Pronovost Vice-président, développement et affaires publiques Stéphanie Couillard Conseillère, relations publiques Anne Williams Chargée de projets, communications marketing VÉLO QUÉBEC ASSOCIATION Secrétariat de la Route verte, 1251, rue Rachel Est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2J 2J9 Téléphone
    [Show full text]
  • Shuniah Resident's Guide 2019
    MUNICIPALITY OF SHUNIAH RESIDENT’S GUIDE LETTER FROM MAYOR Welcome to Shuniah I would like to extend a warm and inviting welcome to you and your family to our Beautiful Municipality. Our community is small but as mighty as the waves of Lake Superior hitting our shores. Shuniah is the Ojibway word for Silver, money or coin. It is the oldest Municipality in Ontario, incorporated in 1873. Shuniah once expanded to the US Pigeon River Border and included what is now the City of Thunder Bay, Neebing and parts of Oliver Paipoonge, and more. There is a strong history of Mining in our community of Silver and Amethyst. I invite you to visit our Amethyst Mines in the community. I also encourage you to take a look at our many programs that are offered at our MacGregor Recreation Centre, from yoga 4 days a week, to boxing classes, mobility, shuffleboard league, Brownies and Girl Guides for young ladies, cooking classes, Youth Recreation activities, and our Soil Mates Garden Community. It’s a great way to meet the fabulous energized residents of Shuniah. We have many committees, and are always looking to expand on what we can offer our community. We invite you to visit our businesses, and introduce yourself as new to the community so that they too can offer any of their services to you. Our Employees are subject matter experts in our community and are willing to help you navigate your way through what we have to offer. Also, your council is always approachable and available to hear from you.
    [Show full text]
  • Nipigon Bay Area of Concern Status of Beneficial Use Impairments September 2010
    Nipigon Bay Area of Concern Status of Beneficial Use Impairments September 2010 Nipigon Bay is in the most northerly area of Lake Superior. The Area of Concern takes in a large portion of Nipigon Bay and the Nipigon River, the largest tributary to Lake Superior, and the communities of Red Rock and Nipigon. There are Ontario Power Generation dams on the Nipigon River for the generation of hydroelectricity. The area supports a variety of wetlands and bird populations, including one of four known pelican colonies in Ontario. The watershed forests on both sides of the Nipigon River have been allocated for forest harvesting. Environmental concerns in the Nipigon Bay Area of Concern are related to water level and flow fluctuations in Lake Nipigon and the Nipigon River from the generation of hydroelectricity. These fluctuations affect stream bank stability, sediment load and fish and wildlife habitat. Other concerns include the accumulation of wood fibre, bark and other organic material from past log drives, and effluent discharges from a linerboard mill (which closed in 2006) and the municipal sewage treatment plants in Nipigon and Red Rock. PARTNERSHIPS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Nipigon Bay was designated an Area of Concern in 1987 under the Canada–United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Areas of Concern are sites on the Great Lakes system where environmental quality is significantly degraded and beneficial uses are impaired. Currently, there are 9 such designated areas on the Canadian side of the Great Lakes, 25 in the United States, and 5 that are shared by both countries. In each Area of Concern, government, community and industry partners are undertaking a coordinated effort to restore environmental quality and beneficial uses through a remedial action plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration of Woodland Caribou to the Lake Superior Region
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers National Park Service 1994 Restoration of Woodland Caribou to the Lake Superior Region Peter J. P. Gogan Yellowstone National Park Jean Fitts Cochrane USFWS, Anchorage, AL Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Gogan, Peter J. P. and Cochrane, Jean Fitts, "Restoration of Woodland Caribou to the Lake Superior Region" (1994). U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers. 11. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 9 Restoration of woodland caribou to the Lake Superior region PETER J. P. GOGAN AND JEAN FITTS COCHRANE Introduction Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) historically occupied the boreal forest zone across the North American continent. The distribution and abun­ dance of the species has declined in the past century. In particular, it has been extirpated from much of the southern limits of its historical range on both sides of the boundary between Canada and the United States (Bergerud 1974). Translocation of animals from extant populations may be used to reestablish populations in portions of the species' former range. Recently, wildlife biolo­ gists in Ontario have translocated woodland caribou to a number of sites in or adjacent to Lake Superior. While it is too soon to evaluate their long-term suc­ cess, these restoration efforts do provide useful insights into factors likely to influence the outcome of woodland caribou translocations elsewhere.
    [Show full text]