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History of Data Centre Development
History of Data Centre Development Rihards Balodis and Inara Opmane Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia (IMCS UL), Riga, Latvia [email protected] Abstract: Computers are used to solve different problems. For solving these problems computer software and hardware are used, but for operations of those computing facilities a Data Centre is necessary. Therefore, development of the data centre is subordinated to solvable tasks and computing resources. We are studying the history of data centres’ development, taking into consideration an understanding of this. In the beginning of the computer era computers were installed in computing centres, because all computing centres have defined requirements according to whom their operation is intended for. Even though the concept of ‘data centre’ itself has been used since the 1990s, the characteristic features and requirement descriptions have been identified since the beginning of the very first computer operation. In this article the authors describe the historical development of data centres based on their personal experience obtained by working in the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia and comparing it with the theory of data centre development, e.g. standards, as well as other publicly available information about computer development on the internet. Keywords: Computing facilities, Data Centre, historical development. 1. Basic Characteristics of Data Centre Facilities 1.1 Data centre definition A data centre is a physical environment facility intended for housing computer systems and associated components. Data centres comprise the above-mentioned computer systems and staff that maintains them. The necessary physical environment facility encompasses power supplies with the possibility to ensure backup power, necessary communication equipment and redundant communication cabling systems, air conditioning, fire suppression and physical security devices for staff entrances. -
A Comparative Study of the First Computer Literacy Programs for Children in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union, 1970-1990
Making Citizens of the Information Age: A Comparative Study of the First Computer Literacy Programs for Children in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union, 1970-1990 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Boenig-Liptsin, Margarita. 2015. Making Citizens of the Information Age: A Comparative Study of the First Computer Literacy Programs for Children in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union, 1970-1990. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23845438 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Making Citizens of the Information Age: A comparative study of the first computer literacy programs for children in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union, 1970-1990 A dissertation presented by Margarita Boenig-Liptsin to The Department of History of Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History of Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2015 © 2015 Margarita Boenig-Liptsin All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Sheila Jasanoff Margarita Boenig-Liptsin Making Citizens of the Information Age: A comparative study of the first computer literacy programs for children in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union, 1970-1990 ABSTRACT In this dissertation I trace the formation of citizens of the information age by comparing visions and practices to make children and the general public computer literate or cultured in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union. -
This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Domestic PC Production in the Soviet Baltic States 1977-1992 Laur Kanger PhD The University of Edinburgh 2013 Abstract The thesis argues for the necessity and value of a two-way interaction between high- level abstractions and rich historical narratives mediated by middle-range theories. The basic assumptions of critical realism are used to derive a socio-technical metatheory which, in turn, structures the synthesis of specific substantive theories. The conceptual tools provided by the Multi-Level Perspective, Analytical Sociology and (Technological) Systems of Innovation frameworks guide the study of the cases. The empirical core of the thesis consists of detailed histories of the birth, development and decay of ten different personal computer production attempts in the Soviet Baltic states roughly between 1977 and 1992. -
History of Data Centre Development Rihards Balodis, Inara Opmane
History of Data Centre Development Rihards Balodis, Inara Opmane To cite this version: Rihards Balodis, Inara Opmane. History of Data Centre Development. Arthur Tatnall. Reflections on the History of Computing : Preserving Memories and Sharing Stories, AICT-387, Springer, pp.180-203, 2012, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology (SURVEY), 10.1007/978-3-642- 33899-1_13. hal-01526804 HAL Id: hal-01526804 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01526804 Submitted on 23 May 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License History of Data Centre Development Rihards Balodis and Inara Opmane Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia (IMCS UL), Riga, Latvia [email protected] Abstract: Computers are used to solve different problems. For solving these problems computer software and hardware are used, but for operations of those computing facilities a Data Centre is necessary. Therefore, development of the data centre is subordinated to solvable tasks and computing resources. We are studying the history of data centres’ development, taking into consideration an understanding of this. In the beginning of the computer era computers were installed in computing centres, because all computing centres have defined requirements according to whom their operation is intended for. -
Alpha, VAX and PDP-11 Virtualization
Alpha, VAX and PDP-11 Virtualization An overview of CHARON products OpenVMS Tech. Update, Bad Homburg, Sep 17-18, 2009 Dogan Baser / Sep 2009 Copyright 2001-2009 Stromasys SA 01-20-017-05 p 1 Contents • Stromasys SA • Legacy DEC systems • Hardware virtualization • CHARON products overview • Benefits Copyright 2001-2009 Stromasys SA 01-20-017-05 p 2 Stromasys SA • Former European application migration department of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) • Management buy-out in 1998 Æ Software Resources International SRI • Renamed to Stromasys SA in 2008 • Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland • Focus on preserving software investments via – Hardware emulators (VAX, PDP-11, Alpha), and – Application source code migrations • Sales and support channel worldwide Copyright 2001-2009 Stromasys SA 01-20-017-05 p 3 IT applications are socio-technical systems Copyright 2001-2009 Stromasys SA 01-20-017-05 p 4 DEC computers Programmable Data Processor PDP (PDP-11: 16 bit) Virtual Address eXtension VAX (32 bit) Alpha Extended VAX (64 bit) Copyright 2001-2009 Stromasys SA 01-20-017-05 p 5 PDP-11 • Sold by DEC between 1970 and 1997 • First real time process control computer in the industry sold in large quantities • Several bus structures: UNIbus, Qbus, Massbus • Cloned several times in the Eastern Block countries – SM-4, SM-1420, SM-1600, Elektronika BK-0010, DVK, UKNC (Soviet Union) – SM-4, SM-1420, IZOT-1016 (Bulgaria) – SM-1420 (East Germany) –Mera(Poland) – SM-4 (Hungary) – I-102 (Romenia) • Several operating systems by DEC and others: – DOS/BATCH, -
Research Directions Profile in the Computing Museum of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia (IMCS)
Research Directions Profile in the Computing Museum of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia (IMCS) Rihards Balodis, Juris Borzovs, Inara Opmane, Andrejs Skuja, and Evija Ziemele Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia Raina bulv.29, LV-1459, Riga, Latvia {Rihards Balodis, Juris Borzovs, Inara Opmane, Andrejs Skuja, Evija Ziemele}[email protected] Abstract. The article describes the development of information technology in Latvia, in IMCS, to the middle of the 1990s. The history of IMCS represents the usage of computers in typical computing centers in the former Soviet Union and the transformation from computing center to research institution. It also represents Latvian collaboration with the Nordic countries that provided political, scientific, and technological support. Historical documents, computer parts, and photos are collected in the Computer Museum of IMCS. Keywords: Computing museum, history of computing technology, Latvia, research institute 1 Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science The Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Latvia (IMCS) was established in 1959 as a computing research center. Although it was part of the University of Latvia, the government set it up and from the beginning, it always had its own budget. The funding of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science was through government research grants and contracts. It was the fourth computing research center in the Soviet Union, established with the goal of developing Latvian industry. Since the founding of the institute, the best computing machines available in the USSR were installed and used there. Over the years the use of computing technology and the relevant scientific technological field itself, had changed significantly. -
Soviet Advanced Technology: the Case of High-Performance Computing
SOVIET ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY: THE CASE OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING by Peter Wolcott Copyright © Peter Wolcott 1993 A Dissertation Submitted to the COMMITTEE ON BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 9 3 2 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an ad- vanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, pro- vided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for ex- tended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work more than a piece of scholarly research. It is a tapestry weaving together not only data and analysis, but also the lives and experiences of all those who have had a part in it, or whose work is described. I value the human element embodied in it highly. I have been privileged to work in The Mosaic Group. This study would have been much more difficult had I not had access to the expertise of the members of the group, the data they have collected, and the research tools they have built. Professor and Mrs. Seymour Goodman, Professor Tom Jarmoszko, Dr. Kevin Lynch, Professor William Mc- Henry, Dr. Ross Stapleton, Dr. Joel Snyder and many current and former Mosaic mem- bers have given me greatly valued information, criticism, advice, and friendship across many years and many countries. -
U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howellinforrnation Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600
Personal computing in the CEMA community: A study of international technology development and management. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Stapleton, Ross Alan. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 15:25:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184767 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. -
An Interim Report
FINAL REPORT TO NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : Computer Education in the USSR : An Interim Report AUTHOR : Richard W . Judy Jane M . Lommel Hudson Institute CONTRACTOR : Hudson Institut e PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Hans Heymann Jr . COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 801- 5 DATE : November 198 8 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided b y the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the author . NOTE This Report is an interim product of the Council Research Contrac t identified on the face page, the Final Report from which will b e delivered at a later date . 3 COMPUTER EDUCATION : AN INTERIM REPORT Richard W. Judy and Jane M . Lommel*† Until 1985, not quite a decade after the beginning of the microcompute r revolution, computers were scarce in the Soviet secondary school system . A few elite schools had taught programming since the 1960s, but the vas t majority of children remained ignorant about computers . The same wa s true of their teachers . Few were prepared when the Ministry o f Public Instruction announced early in 1985 that a new course entitled The Fun- damentals of Informatics and Computer Technology would become oblig- atory for all middle schools beginning in September . Several authors discussed the design and early experience of imple- menting the new computer course.' A double issue of a Soviet journa l provided a large number of useful materials concerning it . ' An America n observer gave a first-hand impression of the new course in operation . -
Soviet Computer Software and Applications in the 1980'S
RESEARCH REPORT T O THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : SOVIET COMPUTER SOFTWAR E AND APPLICATIONS IN THE 1980 S AUTHOR : Richard W . Judy Robert W . Cloug h CONTRACTOR : Hudson Institute, Inc . PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Hans Heymann, Jr . COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 801-0 5 DATE : June 198 9 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided b y the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e A analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the authors . NOTE This report is an incidental product of the Council - funded research contract identified on the face page . It is not the Final Report under that contract, whic h was distributed in May 1989 . 4 Soviet Computer Software an d Applications in the 1980s by Richard W. Judy an d Robert W. Clough HI-4090-P January 9, 198 9 Subsection of "The Implications of the Information Revolutio n for Soviet Society" This study was funded, in part, by the National Counci l For Soviet and East European Research Herman Kahn Center n P .O. Box 26919 n Indianapolis. IN 46226 ( Soviet Computer Software and Application s in the 1980s by Richard W. Judy and Robert W . Clough* Introduction and Summary 3 Soviet Software Developments in the 1980s 10 Key Elements of Soviet Software 1 0 Operating Systems 1 0 RIAD Operating Systems 1 1 SM Operating Systems 14 . Micro Operating Systems 1 6 Programming Languages 1 8 Application Programs 2 1 Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) for RIAD and S M Computers 2 1 Personal Computer Applications