North St R II Urces

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

North St R II Urces This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp (Funding for document digitization was provided, in part, by a grant from the Minnesota Historical & Cultural Heritage Program.) Gu id t the t. i I n m ibians North st II R I N Ill I ota t of urces January 1, 1979 Guide to the Herpetofauna of Northwest Minnesota Region 1 - North Half This preliminary guide has been prepared as a reference to the occurrence and distribution of reptiles and amphibians of Region 1 - North in Northwest Minnesota. Taxonomy and identification are based on "A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians" by Roger Conant (Second Edition, 1975). Figure 1 is a map of this region. Counties Included: Beltrami, Clearwater, Kittson, Lake of the Woods, Mahnomen, Marshall, Norman, Pennington, Polk, Red Lake, Roseau and Hubbard Counties. SPECIES LIST Turtles Salamanders Common snapping turtle Mudpuppy Western painted turtle *Central (Common) Newt Blue-spotted salamander Lizards Eastern tiger salamander Northern prairie skink Toads Snakes *Canadian (Dakota) Toad American Toad Red-bellied snake *Great plains toad Western plains garter snake Red-sided garter snake} Frogs Eastern garter snake s.s. Plains western hognose snake Northern spring peeper *Western smooth green snake} Gray (common) treefrog *Eastern smooth green snake s.s. Bore~l chorus frog Bull snake Mink frog Northern leopard frog Wood frog ss - single species (?) - hypothetical species - reports needed * - special interest species - reports needed Summary A total of 22 species are found in Region 1 - North. The eastern garter snake and smooth green snake are each represented by two subspecies. · Species of special interest are the central newt, Canadian toad, great plains toad, and smooth green snake. Any sightings of these species should be recorded and sent to the nongame supervisor. County records for this region are given on the following pages. If you encounter any new county records, the speciman should be captures and either photographed from several angles or preserved in isopropyl alcohol. Record the -2- collector's name and address, date, county, township, range, and section number (or distance and directions from the nearest town), and the habitat in which the animal was found. The nongame supervisor should be contacted concerning disposition of specimens. Unless otherwise specified, all county records are from Reptiles and Amphibians of Minnesota by Walter J. Breckenridge. 162 160 158 RESERVA 156 154 152 150 148 146 144 48 46 42 40 38 Figure l. Map af Region 1-North. Township numbers are shown in the left margin and range numbers are on the bottom margin. t 34 Reptil~s and Amphibians of Minnesota - Region 1 North Half ' c: S- ~ 0 C1' .µ C1' c: .µ .,... c: C'> ~ C1' n:s E '"C 0 ::::J 6~ -n:s c: n:s c: E 3 n:s S- Cl) cts -..c .,... ...J n:s 0 S- S- RS .µ C1' C1' <ll Cl) c: ~ c: n:s .µ .a .µ Cl) ~ ..c S- c: '"C t: ..c C1' .a .,... 0 n:s .µ n:s C1' C1' 0 0 n:s C1' :::s ~ 0::: _. - :E: a.. 0::: a.. z: :E: -u -al :c Turtles Common Snapping Turtle x X. x x Western Painted Turtle x x x x I·· .. ' ··" Lizards Northern Prairie Skink x x x x x x Snakes Red-bellied Snake x x x x x Western Plains Garter Snake x x x x x x x ? Red-sided Garter Snake ) x x ) s. s. Eastern Garter Snake ) x x x x Plains Western Hognose Snak e x x H* Western Smooth Green Snake ) x x x x x x x 't ... ) S.S. Eastern Smooth Green Snake ) x x x x x x Bull snake x Salamanders Mud puppy x Central Newt x Blue-spotted Salamander x x : Eastern Tiger Salamander x x x x x x x x Toads Canadian Toad x x x x x x x x American Toad x x x x x Great Plains Toad x x x *H - Huber (/) s:: s.. -c 0 QJ 0 ....- ....., QJ s:: ....., •.- s:: 4- 0 ....- C'l ~ QJ ttS E -0 0 ::::::J 0:3:: ttS c:: ttS c:: E :it ttS s.. .....,(/) n::s ..c •.- ...J n::s 0 s.. .....,s.. n::s ....., QJ QJ QJ (/) c:: ~ E c:: ttS .Q (/) ~..c s.. c:: -c ....- s.. ..c QJ ....- ..Q .,... 0 ttS ....., n::s QJ QJ 0 0 n::s ....- QJ ::s ~ 0::: ...J ::E a.. 0::: a.. z ::E u CXl :x: Frogs Northern spring peeper x Common gray treefrog x x x x x Boreal chorus frog x x x x x x x Mink frog x x ? Northern leopard frog x x x x x x x x x x x Wood frog x x x x x x .
Recommended publications
  • The Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis Radix, in Ohio
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 6-30-1945 The Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix, in Ohio Roger Conant Zoological Society of Philadelphia Edward S. Thomas Ohio State Museum Robert L. Rausch University of Washington, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Conant, Roger; Thomas, Edward S.; and Rausch, Robert L., "The Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix, in Ohio" (1945). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 378. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/378 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 1945, NO.2 COPEIA June 30 The Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix, in Ohio By ROGER CONANT, EDWARD S. THOMAS, and ROBERT L. RAUSCH HE announcement that Thamnophis radix, the plains garter snake, oc­ T curs in Ohio and is not rare in at least one county, will surprise most herpetologists and students of animal distribution. Since the publication of Ruthven's monograph on the genus (1908), almost all authors have followed his definition of the range of this species, giving eastern Illinois as its eastern­ most limit. Ruthven (po 80), however, believed that radix very probably would be found in western Indiana, a supposition since substantiated by Schmidt and Necker (1935: 72), who report the species from the dune region of Lake and Porter counties.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Ecology Provincial Resources
    MANITOBA ENVIROTHON WILDLIFE ECOLOGY PROVINCIAL RESOURCES !1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank: Olwyn Friesen (PhD Ecology) for compiling, writing, and editing this document. Subject Experts and Editors: Barbara Fuller (Project Editor, Chair of Test Writing and Education Committee) Lindsey Andronak (Soils, Research Technician, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Jennifer Corvino (Wildlife Ecology, Senior Park Interpreter, Spruce Woods Provincial Park) Cary Hamel (Plant Ecology, Director of Conservation, Nature Conservancy Canada) Lee Hrenchuk (Aquatic Ecology, Biologist, IISD Experimental Lakes Area) Justin Reid (Integrated Watershed Management, Manager, La Salle Redboine Conservation District) Jacqueline Monteith (Climate Change in the North, Science Consultant, Frontier School Division) SPONSORS !2 Introduction to wildlife ...................................................................................7 Ecology ....................................................................................................................7 Habitat ...................................................................................................................................8 Carrying capacity.................................................................................................................... 9 Population dynamics ..............................................................................................................10 Basic groups of wildlife ................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Reptiles of Alberta
    of Alberta 2 Alberta Conservation Association - Reptiles of Alberta How Can I Help Alberta’s Reptiles? Like many other wildlife species, Alberta’s reptiles struggle to adapt to human impacts on the habitats and ecosystems in which they depend. The destruction and exploitation of natural habitats is causing reptiles to become rare or to disappear from many areas. Chemicals and poisons introduced into their ecosystems harms them directly or indirectly by affecting their food supply. Development and urbanization not only contribute to an increase in road mortality, pollution, and loss of habitat, but also human-snake conflicts that often end unjustly with the demise of snakes. The key to preserving Alberta’s reptiles is to conserve the places where they live. Actively managing the health and function of ecosystems, preserving native habitats, and avoiding the use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals can result in wide-ranging benefits for both reptiles and people alike. While traveling on Alberta roadways be mindful of snakes that may be attracted to warm road surfaces or that may be crossing during their wanderings. Keep a careful lookout for “snake crossing” signs that warn motorists of the possible presence of snakes on roadways in key areas. Perhaps one of the easiest things you can do to help Alberta’s reptiles is sharing what you have learned in this brochure with others, and when it comes to snakes, being more tolerant. What is a Reptile? Reptiles have been around for some 300 million years and date back to the age of the dinosaur. That era has long past and those giants have disappeared, but more than 8000 species of reptiles still thrive today! Snakes, lizards, and turtles are all reptiles.
    [Show full text]
  • Snakes of the Prairie
    National Park Service Scotts Bluff U.S. Department of the Interior Scotts Bluff National Monument Nebraska Snakes of the Prairie Wildlife and Scotts Bluff National Monument is a unique historic landmark which preserves both cultural and Landscapes natural resources. Sweeping from the river valley woodlands, to the mixed-grass prairie, to pine studded bluffs, Scotts Bluff contains a wide variety of wildlife and landscapes. The 3,000 acres com- prising Scotts Bluff conserves one of the last areas of the Great Plains which has not been significant- ly changed by human occupation. Biological Four different species of snakes are known to live at Scotts Bluff National Monument, and may be Diversity of seen by park visitors during the warm months of the year. Though many people regard these rep- the Prairie tiles with feelings of fear and loathing, snakes are generally undeserving of their bad reputation. All snakes are exclusively carniverous and often feed on rodents and insects and should be considered beneficial to humans. They are cold-blooded animals and must avoid extremes of heat and cold. For this reason, you are unlikely to see snakes in the open on hot summer days. If a snake of any kind is encountered, the best advice is to give it plenty of room and a chance to escape. All snakes avoid humans whenever possible and should not be provoked. Prairie Rattlesnake Photo by Steve Thompson Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) The prairie rattlesnake is the only venomous snake found at Scotts Bluff National Monument. Rat- tlesnakes belong to the Pit Viper family of snakes, characterized by temperature sensitive “pits” on either side of the face between the eye and the nostril.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Reptil and Am Hibians of Central Minnesota- Regi N3w
    This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp (Funding for document digitization was provided, in part, by a grant from the Minnesota Historical & Cultural Heritage Program.) Guide to the Reptil and Am hibians of Central Minnesota- Regi n3W Minnesota Department of Natural Resources January 1, 1979 Guide to the Herpetofauna of Central Minnesota Region 3 - West This preliminary guide has been prepared as a reference to the occurrence and distribution of reptiles and amphibians of Region 3 - West in Central Minnesota. Taxonomy and identification are based on "A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians" by Roger Conant (Second Edition 1975). Figure 1 is a map of the region. Counties Included: Benton, Cass, Crow Wing, Morrison, Sherburne, Stearns, Todd, Wadena and Wright. SPECIES LIST Turtles Salamanders Common snapping turtle Blue-spotted salamander Map turtle Eastern tiger salamander Western painted turtle Mudpuppy (?) *Blanding's turtle *Central (Common) newt (?) Western spiny softshell *Red-backed salamander (?) Lizards Toads Northern priaire skink American toad Snakes Frogs Red-bellied snake Northern spring peeper Texas brown (DeKay's) snake Common (gray) treefrog Northern water snake Boreal chorus frog J s.s. Western plains garter snake Western chorus frog Red-sided garter snake] s.s. Mink frog Eastern garter snake Northern leopard frog Eastern hognose snake Green frog *Western smooth green snake} s.s. Wood frog *Eastern smooth green snake Bull snake s.s. - single species (?) - hypothetical species - reports needed * - special interest species - reports needed Summary A total of 24 species are found in Region 3 - West.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide and East Regi T . the Reptiles Mphibians of Minnesota
    This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp (Funding for document digitization was provided, in part, by a grant from the Minnesota Historical & Cultural Heritage Program.) Guide t . the Reptiles and mphibians of East Minnesota - Regi n 3E Minnesota Department of Natural Resources January 1, 1979 Guide to the Herpetofauna of Central Minnesota Region 3 - East This preliminary guid~ has been prepared as· a reference to the occurrence and distribution of reptiles and amphibians of Region 3 - East in Central Minnesota. Taxonomy and identification are based on 11 A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians" by Roger Conant {Second Edition, 1975). Figure 1 is a map of this region. Counties Included: Chisago, Isanti, Kanabec, Mille Lacs, and Pine. SPECIES LIST Turtles Salamanders Common snapping turtle Blue-spotted salamander *Wood turtle Eastern tiger salamander Map turtle *Red-backed salamander Western painted turtle Mudpuppy {?) *Blanding's turtle *Central {Common) newt {?) Western spiny softshell *Four-toed salamander (?) Lizards Toads Northern prairie skink American toad *Five-lined (blue-tailed) skink (?) Frogs Snakes Northern spring peeper Red-bellied snake Gray (Common) treefrog Northern water snake Boreal chorus frog J Western plains garter snake Western chorus frog s.s. Eastern garter snake J s.s. Mink.frog Red-sided garter snake {?) Northern leopard frog Eastern hognose snake Green frog *Western smooth green snakeJ s.s. Wood frog * Eastern smoot h green sna ke Bull snake Western fox snake Eastern milk snake s.s. - single species (?) - hypothetical species - reports needed * - special interest species - reports needed Summary A total of 27 species have been recorded in Region 3 - East.
    [Show full text]
  • ITC Iowa Environmental Overview: Rare Species and Habitats Linn County, IA June 8Th, 2016 SCHEDULE
    ITC IOWA ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW: RARE SPecies AND HABITAts Linn County, IA June 8th, 2016 SCHEDULE MEETING PLACE: Days Inn and Suites of Cedar Rapids (Depart at 7:00 am) • 2215 Blairs Ferry Rd NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 STOP 1: Highway 100 Extension Project and Rock Island Botanical Preserve (7:15 am-10:45 am) • Ecosystems: Emergent Wetland, Dry Sand Prairie, Sand Oak Savanna, River Floodplain Forest • T&E Species : Northern long-eared bat, Prairie vole, Western harvest mouse, Southern flying squirrel, Blanding’s turtle, Bullsnake, Ornate box turtle, Blue racer, Byssus skipper, Zabulon skipper, Wild Indigo duskywing, Acadian hairstreak, Woodland horsetail, Prairie moonwort, Northern Adder’s-tongue, Soft rush, Northern panic-grass, Great Plains Ladies’-tresses, Glomerate sedge, Goats-rue, Field sedge, Flat top white aster • Invasive Species: Garlic mustard, Common buckthorn, Eurasian honeysuckles, Autumn-olive, Yellow & White sweet-clover, Common mullein, Bouncing bet, Kentucky bluegrass, Siberian elm, Japanese barberry, White mulberry, Smooth brome LUNCH: BurgerFeen (11:00 am – 12:00 pm) • 3980 Center Point Rd NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 STOP 2: McLoud Run (12:15 pm – 2:45 pm) • Current Ecosystems: Disturbed Floodplain Forest • T&E Species: none • Invasive Species: Black locust, Bird’s-foot trefoil, Bouncing bet, Crown vetch, Cut-leaved teasel, Eurasian Honeysuckles, Garlic mustard, Japanese knotweed, Reed canary grass, Siberian elm, Tree-of-heaven, White mulberry, Wild parsnip RETURN TO HOTEL (3:00 pm) Martha Holzheuer, LLA, CE, CA Matt
    [Show full text]
  • St. Vrain State Park
    Camping, Fishing, ReptileReptile and and Amphibian Reptiles Birding...Enjoy it all at Reptiles St. Vrain! IdentificationIdentification Guide Guide Camping, Fishing, Reptile and Amphibian Birding...Enjoy it all at Reptiles St. Vrain! This brochureIdentification is meant toGuide be used as ST. VRAIN STATE PARK a guide for identifying the different Reptiles & This brochure is meant to be used as reptile and amphibian species one Amphibians of a guide for identifying the different ReptilesReptiles & Amphibians & might find here at St. Vrain State St. Vrain State Park reptile and amphibian species one IdentificationAmphibians of St. Vrain Guide of Park. St. Vrain State Park might find here at St. Vrain State PleasePark. be respectful of wildlife and IdentificationIdentification Guide Guide give them their space. Do not feed, Please be respectful of wildlife and handle or harass these animals in give them their space. Do not feed, Common Garter Snake any way. handle or harass these animals in Thamnophis sirtalis Common Garter Snake Viewany way.them with caution and respect, and any encounter is sure to be a Thamnophis sirtalis View them with caution and respect, memorable experience for all and any encounter is sure to be a involved. memorable experience for all Asinvolved. always, have fun and be safe! As always, have fun and be safe! Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans ST. VRAIN STATE PARK St. Vrain State Park 3525 Highway 119 Camping, Fishing, Birding ... Firestone,St. Vrain COState 80504 Park 3525 Highway 119 Enjoy it all at St. Vrain! Phone:Firestone, 303-678-9402 CO 80504 St.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles & Crocodilians
    STANDARD COMMON AND CURRENT SCIENTIFIC NAMES FOR NORTH AMERICAN AMPHIBIANS, TURTLES, REPTILES & CROCODILIANS Sixth Edition Joseph T. Collins TraVis W. TAGGart The Center for North American Herpetology THE CEN T ER FOR NOR T H AMERI ca N HERPE T OLOGY www.cnah.org Joseph T. Collins, Director The Center for North American Herpetology 1502 Medinah Circle Lawrence, Kansas 66047 (785) 393-4757 Single copies of this publication are available gratis from The Center for North American Herpetology, 1502 Medinah Circle, Lawrence, Kansas 66047 USA; within the United States and Canada, please send a self-addressed 7x10-inch manila envelope with sufficient U.S. first class postage affixed for four ounces. Individuals outside the United States and Canada should contact CNAH via email before requesting a copy. A list of previous editions of this title is printed on the inside back cover. THE CEN T ER FOR NOR T H AMERI ca N HERPE T OLOGY BO A RD OF DIRE ct ORS Joseph T. Collins Suzanne L. Collins Kansas Biological Survey The Center for The University of Kansas North American Herpetology 2021 Constant Avenue 1502 Medinah Circle Lawrence, Kansas 66047 Lawrence, Kansas 66047 Kelly J. Irwin James L. Knight Arkansas Game & Fish South Carolina Commission State Museum 915 East Sevier Street P. O. Box 100107 Benton, Arkansas 72015 Columbia, South Carolina 29202 Walter E. Meshaka, Jr. Robert Powell Section of Zoology Department of Biology State Museum of Pennsylvania Avila University 300 North Street 11901 Wornall Road Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 Kansas City, Missouri 64145 Travis W. Taggart Sternberg Museum of Natural History Fort Hays State University 3000 Sternberg Drive Hays, Kansas 67601 Front cover images of an Eastern Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) and Cajun Chorus Frog (Pseudacris fouquettei) by Suzanne L.
    [Show full text]
  • Manitoba Envirothon – Wildlife Ecology – Regional Resource
    MANITOBA ENVIROTHON WILDLIFE ECOLOGY REGIONAL RESOURCES !1 Introduction to wildlife ...................................................................................4 Ecology ....................................................................................................................4 Habitat ...................................................................................................................................5 Carrying capacity.................................................................................................................... 6 Population dynamics ................................................................................................................7 Basic groups of wildlife ..................................................................................8 Wildlife anatomy and identification .............................................................10 Basic anatomy ........................................................................................................10 Skulls and teeth .......................................................................................................12 Dental formula ......................................................................................................................13 Skull identification and measurements .......................................................................15 Mammal Skulls ......................................................................................................................15 Bird Skulls .............................................................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • Lowland Leopard Frog and Colorado River Toad Distribution and Habitat Use in the Greater Lower Colorado River Ecosystem 2013
    Lowland Leopard Frog and Colorado River Toad Distribution and Habitat Use in the Greater Lower Colorado River Ecosystem June 2014 Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program Steering Committee Members Federal Participant Group California Participant Group Bureau of Reclamation California Department of Fish and Wildlife U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service City of Needles National Park Service Coachella Valley Water District Bureau of Land Management Colorado River Board of California Bureau of Indian Affairs Bard Water District Western Area Power Administration Imperial Irrigation District Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Palo Verde Irrigation District Arizona Participant Group San Diego County Water Authority Southern California Edison Company Arizona Department of Water Resources Southern California Public Power Authority Arizona Electric Power Cooperative, Inc. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern Arizona Game and Fish Department California Arizona Power Authority Central Arizona Water Conservation District Cibola Valley Irrigation and Drainage District Nevada Participant Group City of Bullhead City City of Lake Havasu City Colorado River Commission of Nevada City of Mesa Nevada Department of Wildlife City of Somerton Southern Nevada Water Authority City of Yuma Colorado River Commission Power Users Electrical District No. 3, Pinal County, Arizona Basic Water Company Golden Shores Water Conservation District Mohave County Water Authority Mohave Valley Irrigation and Drainage District Native American Participant Group Mohave Water Conservation District North Gila Valley Irrigation and Drainage District Hualapai Tribe Town of Fredonia Colorado River Indian Tribes Town of Thatcher Chemehuevi Indian Tribe Town of Wickenburg Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District Unit “B” Irrigation and Drainage District Conservation Participant Group Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District Yuma County Water Users’ Association Ducks Unlimited Yuma Irrigation District Lower Colorado River RC&D Area, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Red-Sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis) Relocation and Education Project
    Red-sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Relocation and Education Project Final Report Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 30 Red-sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Relocation and Education Project Final Report Lisa Takats Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 30 January 2002 Project Partners: Publication No.:I/047 ISBN No. 0-7785-1981-3 (Printed Edition) ISBN No. 0-7785-1982-1 (On-line Edition) ISSN: 1496-7219 (Printed Edition) ISSN: 1496-7146 (On-line Edition) Illustration: Brian Huffman For copies of this report, contact: Information Centre – Publications Alberta Environment / Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Main Floor, Great West Life Building 9920 108 Street Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5K 2M4 Telephone: (780) 422-2079 OR Information Service Alberta Environment / Alberta Sustainable Resource Development #100, 3115 12 Street NE Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2E 7J2 Telephone: (403) 297-3362 OR Visit our web site at: http://www3.gov.ab.ca/srd/fw/riskspecies/ This publication may be cited as: Takats, L. 2002. Red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) relocation and education project - Final report. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 30. Edmonton, AB. 18 pp. ii DISCLAIMER The views and opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the policies or positions of the Department or the Alberta Government. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]