Periodic Table of the Elements Carbon
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Gallium and Germanium Recovery from Domestic Sources
RI 94·19 REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS/1992 r---------~~======~ PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRCJIiI LIBRARY "\ LIBRARY SPOKANE RESEARCH CENTER RECEIVED t\ UG 7 1992 USBOREAtJ.OF 1.j,'NES E. S15't.ON1"OOMERY AVE. ~E. INA 00207 Gallium and Germanium Recovery From Domestic Sources By D. D. Harbuck UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES Mission: As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has respon sibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering wise use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, pre serving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and pro viding for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also promotes the goals of the Take Pride in America campaign by encouragi,ng stewardship and citizen responsibil ity for the public lands and promoting citizen par ticipation in their care. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reser vation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration. TIi Report of Investigations 9419 Gallium and Germanium Recovery From Domestic Sources By D. D. Harbuck I ! UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Manuel lujan, Jr., Secretary BUREAU OF MINES T S Ary, Director - Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Harbuck, D. D. (Donna D.) Ga1lium and germanium recovery from domestic sources / by D.D. -
Unit 3 Notes: Periodic Table Notes John Newlands Proposed an Organization System Based on Increasing Atomic Mass in 1864
Unit 3 Notes: Periodic Table Notes John Newlands proposed an organization system based on increasing atomic mass in 1864. He noticed that both the chemical and physical properties repeated every 8 elements and called this the ____Law of Octaves ___________. In 1869 both Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev showed a connection between atomic mass and an element’s properties. Mendeleev published first, and is given credit for this. He also noticed a periodic pattern when elements were ordered by increasing ___Atomic Mass _______________________________. By arranging elements in order of increasing atomic mass into columns, Mendeleev created the first Periodic Table. This table also predicted the existence and properties of undiscovered elements. After many new elements were discovered, it appeared that a number of elements were out of order based on their _____Properties_________. In 1913 Henry Mosley discovered that each element contains a unique number of ___Protons________________. By rearranging the elements based on _________Atomic Number___, the problems with the Periodic Table were corrected. This new arrangement creates a periodic repetition of both physical and chemical properties known as the ____Periodic Law___. Periods are the ____Rows_____ Groups/Families are the Columns Valence electrons across a period are There are equal numbers of valence in the same energy level electrons in a group. 1 When elements are arranged in order of increasing _Atomic Number_, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical -
This Ubiquitous Carbon…
Engineering Physics Department Presents Dr. Cristian Contescu Senior Research Staff, Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory This ubiquitous carbon… Abstract: After Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, and after the Silicon Age of the informational revolution, the technologies of 21st century are marked by the ubiquitous presence of various forms of carbon allotropes. For a very long time, diamond and graphite were the only known carbon allotropes, but that has changed with the serendipitous discovery of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Every ten or fifteen years scientists unveil new forms of carbons with new and perplexing properties, while computations suggest that the carbon’s family still has members unknown to us today. At a dramatically accelerated pace, new carbon forms find their place at the leading edge of scientific and technological innovations. At the same time traditional forms of carbon are being used in new and exciting applications that make our life safer, healthier, and more enjoyable. The 21st century may soon be recognized as the Age of Carbon forms. This educational talk will show how carbon, the fourth most abundant element in the Galaxy and the basis of life on Earth, was the engine of most important technological developments throughout the history of civilization. It will emphasize the ability of carbon atoms to generate a variety of mutual combinations and with many other chemical elements. These properties have placed carbon at the core of numerous inventions that define our civilization, while emerging new technologies open a rich path for value-added products in today’s market. -
JCHS Physical Science 2017-18 Chapter 4
JCHS Physical Science 2017-18 Chapter 4 FSA Science Team Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) www.ck12.org AUTHOR FSA Science Team To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks). Copyright © 2017 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. -
Properties of Carbon the Atomic Element Carbon Has Very Diverse
Properties of Carbon The atomic element carbon has very diverse physical and chemical properties due to the nature of its bonding and atomic arrangement. fig. 1 Allotropes of Carbon Some allotropes of carbon: (a) diamond, (b) graphite, (c) lonsdaleite, (d–f) fullerenes (C60, C540, C70), (g) amorphous carbon, and (h) carbon nanotube. Carbon has several allotropes, or different forms in which it can exist. These allotropes include graphite and diamond, whose properties span a range of extremes. Despite carbon's ability to make 4 bonds and its presence in many compounds, it is highly unreactive under normal conditions. Carbon exists in 2 main isotopes: 12C and 13C. There are many other known isotopes, but they tend to be short-lived and have extremely short half-lives. Allotropes The different forms of a chemical element. Cabon is the chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Carbon has 6 protons and 6 Source URL: https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/nonmetallic-elements/carbon/properties-carbon/ Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/chem102#6.1 Attributed to: Boundless www.saylor.org Page 1 of 2 neutrons, and has a standard atomic weight of 12.0107 amu. Its electron configuration is denoted as 1s22s22p2. It is a solid, and sublimes at 3,642 °C. It's oxidation state ranges from 4 to -4, and it has an electronegativity rating of 2.55 on the Pauling scale. Carbon has several allotropes, or different forms in which it exists. -
Shortage of Germanium-68/Gallium-68 Generators for the Production of Gallium-68
August 6, 2018 US Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20993 Re: Shortage of Germanium-68/Gallium-68 Generators for the Production of Gallium-68 Dear Dr. Marzella and Dr. Zadecky, The Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) would like to provide the following information related to availability of GMP-grade germanium-68/gallium-68 generators in the United States. SNMMI, composed of 15,000 members, works to set standards for molecular imaging and nuclear medicine practice by creating guidelines, sharing information through journals, hosting meetings, and leading advocacy on key issues that affect molecular imaging and therapy research and practice. Germanium-68/Gallium-68 generators (68Ge/68Ga) Gallium-68 is currently milked from a 68Ge/68Ga generator. Several manufacturers produce these table top generators including Eckert & Ziegler (Germany), IRE ELiT (Belgium), Isotopen Technologien Munchen (ITG) (Germany), and iThemba (South Africa). The Eckert & Ziegler GalliaPharm® and the IRE ELiT Galli Eo® generators are both GMP grade and have type II drug master files on file with FDA. Use of Gallium-68 (68Ga) in the U.S. The radioisotope 68Ga is used in the production of NETSPOTTM, a kit for the preparation of gallium 68Ga dotatate injection, an FDA-approved radiopharmaceutical. NETSPOT was approved in June 2016 for localization of somatostatin receptor positive neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in adult and pediatric patients using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). NETSPOT is currently approved for use only with the GalliaPharm 68Ga generator from Eckert & Ziegler. NETSPOT has experienced rapid adoption in the US. Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) has been expanding the network of pharmacies that distribute NETSPOT since its approval. -
Sp Carbon Chain Interaction with Silver Nanoparticles Probed by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
sp carbon chain interaction with silver nanoparticles probed by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering A. Lucotti1, C. S. Casari2, M. Tommasini1, A. Li Bassi2, D. Fazzi1, V. Russo2, M. Del Zoppo1, C. Castiglioni1, F. Cataldo3, C. E. Bottani2, G. Zerbi1 1 Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘G. Natta’ and NEMAS - Center for NanoEngineered MAterials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Energia and NEMAS - Center for NanoEngineered MAterials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy 3 Actinium Chemical Research srl, via Casilina 1626/A, 00133 Roma, Italy and INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy Abstract Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is exploited here to investigate the interaction of isolated sp carbon chains (polyynes) in a methanol solution with silver nanoparticles. Hydrogen-terminated polyynes show a strong interaction with silver colloids used as the SERS active medium revealing a chemical SERS effect. SERS spectra after mixing polyynes with silver colloids show a noticeable time evolution. Experimental results, supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the Raman modes, allow us to investigate the behaviour and stability of polyynes of different lengths and the overall sp conversion towards sp2 phase. 1 2 1. Introduction Linear carbon chains with sp hybridization represent one of the simplest one dimensional systems and have therefore attracted a great interest for many years [1, 2]. sp chains can display two types of carbon-carbon bonding: polyynes, chains with single-triple alternating bonds (…-C≡C- C≡C-…) and polycumulenes, chains with all double bonds (…=C=C=C=…). -
Adsorption Capacity and Removal Efficiency of Heavy Metal Ions By
chemical engineering research and design 9 0 ( 2 0 1 2 ) 1397–1406 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Chemical Engineering Research and Design j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cherd Adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions by Moso and Ma bamboo activated carbons a b b,∗ c,d,∗ Sheng-Fong Lo , Song-Yung Wang , Ming-Jer Tsai , Lang-Dong Lin a Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University, I-Lan, Taiwan, ROC b School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, College of Bio-Resource and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC c Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC d Department of Forest Products Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC a b s t r a c t In order to understand the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions by Moso and Ma bamboo activated carbons, the carbon yield, specific surface area, micropore area, zeta potential, and the effects of pH value, soaking time and dosage of bamboo activated carbon were investigated in this study. In comparison with once- activated bamboo carbons, lower carbon yields, larger specific surface area and micropore volume were found for the twice-activated bamboo carbons. The optimum pH values for adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions were 5.81–7.86 and 7.10–9.82 by Moso and Ma bamboo activated carbons, respectively. The optimum 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ soaking time was 2–4 h for Pb , 4–8 h for Cu and Cd , and 4 h for Cr by Moso bamboo activated carbons, and 1 h for the tested heavy metal ions by Ma bamboo activated carbons. -
A.D. Pelton, the Ag-Cs (Silver-Cesium) System
Ge-Sb Ag-Cs 58Vas: V.N. Vasilevskaya and E.G. Miseluk. "Investigation of Germanium and Silicon," Sot,. Phys. Solid State, 10, 2247- Alloying Germanium with Some Elements." Ukr. Fiz. ZiT.. 3. 2249 (1969). (Crys Structure; Experimental) 183-187 [1958~ in Russian. tEqui Diagram: Experimental) *70Pre: B. Predel and D.W. Stein, "Thermodynamic Investiga- 58Wei: K. Weiser. "Theoretical Calculation of Distribution Coef- tion of the Systems Germanium-Zinc, Germanium-Indium, ficients of Impurities in Germanium and Silicon. Heats of and Germanium-Antimony,"Z. Metallkd., 61,909-914 (1970) Solid Solution." J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 7. 118-126 (1958L in German. (Thermo, Equi Diagram; Experimental; #) [Thermo: Theory~ 70Rao: M.V. Rao and W.A. Tiller, "Excess Free Energies in the 59Zhu: B.G. Zhurkin. V.S. Zemskov. D.A. Petrov. and A.D. Ge, Si, and Ga Binary Systems--the ~, Parameter Approach," Suchkova. Izc. Akad. Nauk SSSR Otd. Tekh. Nauk Met. To- J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 31,191-198 (1970). ~Thermo; Theory) plico t5). 86-90 [1959) in Russian: cited in [Elliott]. (Equi Dia- 72Mah Y. Malmejac, P. Desre, and E. Bonnier, "Contribution to gram: Experimental) the Studies of the Ternary Phase Diagram Ge-Si-Sb," M~m. 60Thu: C.D. Thurmond and M. Kowalchik. "Germanium and Sei. Rev. Mdtall., 69, 565-577 (1972) in French. (Equi Diagram; Silicon Liquidus Curves." Bell Sys. Tech. J.. 39. 169-204 Experimental; #) [1960). (Equi Diagram: Experimental) 77Bar: I. Barin, O. Knacke, and O. Kubaschewski, Thermo- 60Tru: F.A. Trumbore. "Solid Solubilities of Impurity Elements chemical Properties of Inorganic Substances (Supplement), in Germanium and Silicon." Bell Svs. -
Agricultural Soil Carbon Credits: Making Sense of Protocols for Carbon Sequestration and Net Greenhouse Gas Removals
Agricultural Soil Carbon Credits: Making sense of protocols for carbon sequestration and net greenhouse gas removals NATURAL CLIMATE SOLUTIONS About this report This synthesis is for federal and state We contacted each carbon registry and policymakers looking to shape public marketplace to ensure that details investments in climate mitigation presented in this report and through agricultural soil carbon credits, accompanying appendix are accurate. protocol developers, project developers This report does not address carbon and aggregators, buyers of credits and accounting outside of published others interested in learning about the protocols meant to generate verified landscape of soil carbon and net carbon credits. greenhouse gas measurement, reporting While not a focus of the report, we and verification protocols. We use the remain concerned that any end-use of term MRV broadly to encompass the carbon credits as an offset, without range of quantification activities, robust local pollution regulations, will structural considerations and perpetuate the historic and ongoing requirements intended to ensure the negative impacts of carbon trading on integrity of quantified credits. disadvantaged communities and Black, This report is based on careful review Indigenous and other communities of and synthesis of publicly available soil color. Carbon markets have enormous organic carbon MRV protocols published potential to incentivize and reward by nonprofit carbon registries and by climate progress, but markets must be private carbon crediting marketplaces. paired with a strong regulatory backing. Acknowledgements This report was supported through a gift Conservation Cropping Protocol; Miguel to Environmental Defense Fund from the Taboada who provided feedback on the High Meadows Foundation for post- FAO GSOC protocol; Radhika Moolgavkar doctoral fellowships and through the at Nori; Robin Rather, Jim Blackburn, Bezos Earth Fund. -
Of the Periodic Table
of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use. -
January 2019 PRODUCT REGULATORY STATUS Chemical
January 2019 PRODUCT REGULATORY STATUS Chemical name: carbon black CAS №: 1333-86-4 Product trade name: Carbon black grades: N115, N120, N121, N134, N220, N220FA, N234, N299, N326, N330, N339, N347, N375, N539, N550, N650, N660, N762, N772, N774. Carbon black grades of OMCARB® series: S500, S500A, S500FA, S600FA, S700, S700FA, S800, S810, S820, H80, H100, C40, С50, С60, С70, С80, C140, CH85, СН200, СН210, CH600, P72, P80, P108, P110, P140. Carbon black grades of FairBlack series: R012, R013, R021, R022, R023, R027, R035, R056, R067 HAZARD CLASSIFICATION International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified carbon black in Group 2B (may cause cancer in humans). The IARC classification is based on sufficient evidence in animals and inadequate evidence based on human health studies. However, it has been demonstrated with reasonable scientific certainty, that specific mechanism of tumor induction by carbon black in animals (specifically, rats) is not relevant to humans. We continue to believe that carbon black does not present a health hazard when handled in accordance with good housekeeping and safe workplace. See Section 11 of the Safety Data Sheet for additional information. European Union Carbon black is not a hazardous substance under classification criteria of Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of hazardous substances, as well as according to different amendments to this document. Turkey According to the criteria and requirements set forth in the Regulation on classification, labelling and packaging of hazardous substances and mixtures published in the Turkey Official Gazette under No. 28848 on December 11, 2013 (otherwise referred to as SEA Regulation), carbon black is not classified as hazardous substance.