DOCSLIB.ORG

Gallium and Germanium Recovery from Domestic Sources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

RI 94·19 REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS/1992 r---------~~======~ PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRCJIiI LIBRARY "\ LIBRARY SPOKANE RESEARCH CENTER RECEIVED t\ UG 7 1992 USBOREAtJ.OF 1.j,'NES E. S15't.ON1"OOMERY AVE. ~E. INA 00207 Gallium and Germanium Recovery From Domestic Sources By D. D. Harbuck UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES Mission: As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has respon­ sibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering wise use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, pre­ serving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and pro­ viding for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also promotes the goals of the Take Pride in America campaign by encouragi,ng stewardship and citizen responsibil­ ity for the public lands and promoting citizen par­ ticipation in their care. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reser­ vation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration. TIi Report of Investigations 9419 Gallium and Germanium Recovery From Domestic Sources By D. D. Harbuck I ! UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Manuel lujan, Jr., Secretary BUREAU OF MINES T S Ary, Director - Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Harbuck, D. D. (Donna D.) Ga1lium and germanium recovery from domestic sources / by D.D. Harbuck. p. cm. - (Report of investigations; 9419) Includes bibliographical references (p. 25). Supt. of Docs. no.: I 28.22:9419. 1. Gallium-Metallurgy. 2. Germanium-Metallurgy. 3. Leaching. 4. Solvent extraction. 1. Title. II. Series: Report of investigations (United States. Bureau of Mines); 9419. TN23.U43 [TN799.G3] 622 s-dc20 [669'.79] 92-6230 elP T I f f- CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................... ; . 1 Introduction . ... 2 Identifying domestic sources ............................................................ 2 Leaching of zinc residue ........................................... , . 3 Background . 3 Statistical determination of significant variables ............................................ 3 Batch testing of significant variables .................................................... 3 Improving germanium extraction from zinc residues . 6 Germanium insolubility during roasting . 6 Germanium insolubility during leaching . 7 Methods for overcoming germanium insolubility ......................................... 9 Leaching of germanium-gallium ore ...................................................... 10 Background ...................................................................... 10 Results and discussion .............................................................. 10 Germanium extraction ............................................................ 11 Two-stage countercurrent leaching ................................................... 11 Increasing germanium extraction . 13 Gallium and germanium solvent extraction from H 2S04 solutions ............ 14 Gallium solvent-extraction background .................................................. 14 Germanium solvent-extraction background ............................................... 14 Solution preparation and analysis ...................................................... 15 Initial solvent-extraction testing . 15 Gallium solvent extraction ........................................................... 15 Iron versus gallium loading . 15 OPAP and DEHPA . 16 Rate and equilibrium analysis .............................................. '. 17 Gallium loading .............................. '. 17 Gallium stripping .......... '. ~ ...' . 17 Ferric stripping ................................................................ 17 Continuous solvent extraction of gallium . 17 System design ........................,....................................... 17 System operation ........ , ............. , . 1.8 Strip liquor purification ......................................................... 1.8 Germanium solvent extraction ................. , .......................... , .... , . 18 Effect of copper and iron .............. , ................................... , . 19 Synergism ... , ............................................. ,., ..... ,........... 20 Effect of acid concentration .................... ,................................... 20 Germanium stripping ............................................. , . 20 Germanium rate and equilibrium analysis .............................................. 21 Germanium loading .... , ... , ................................. , . 21 Germanium stripping ................................ , . 21. Iron scrubbing .......................................................... : . 21 Continuous solvent extraction of germanium ........ , . 22 System design ........................ ; ........... ,........................... 22 System operation ................................. , . 22 Gallium and germanium coextraction ..... " ........... , .. ,', ......... ,.,., ..... , .. , .... ,' 23 Experimental results , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , .. , .. , . , , . , . , , , , .. , , , ...... , .. , . , . , . 23 Industrial application .... "." ......... , ... ,., ......... , ....... , ... " ...... , ..... ".. 24 Summary ,.,", ... ,', ... ,. , , , , .. , , .. , , . , .. , .. , , , , . , , , .. , .... , . , , , ... , , .. , , .... , , .. , 24 References , , , , .. , . , ............. , , .. , ...... , ... , ....... , .. , . , , . , .. , , , ... , , , ... , . , . 25 - II II ILLUSTRATIONS Page 1. Stages of zinc .processing .......................................................... 3 2. Effect of percent solids on metal extraction from zinc residue ............................... 4 3. Effect of H2S04 addition on metal extraction from zinc residue ........... , .................. 4 4. Effect of leach time on metal extraction from zinc residue ................................. 4 5. Effect of temperature on metal extraction from zinc residue ................................ 4 6. Effect of adding S02 to H2S04 leach on gallium and germanium extraction from zinc residue ........ 5 7. Effect of H2S04 molarity on gallium and germanium extraction from zinc residue ................ 5 8. Solubility of Ge02 in H 2S04 , ....................................................... 5 9. XRD printouts of ZnO-Ge02 mixtures at 650°,800°, and 950° C ............................. 6 10. XRD printouts of ZnO-Si02 mixtures at 900°, 1,000°, and 1,100° C ........................... 7 II. Shift of 28 quartz angle with increasing amounts of Ge02 .................................. 7 12. SEM photograph of Si02-Ge02 solid solution ........................................... 8 13. Effect of HF concentration on germanium extraction from H 2S04-leached residue ................ 10 14. Effect of H 2S04 concentration on metal extraction from gallium-germanium ore ................. 11 15. Effect of leach temperature on metal extraction from gallium-germanium ore ................... 12 16. Effect of leach time at various acid concentrations on metal extraction from gallium-germanium ore .. 12 17. Proposed two-stage leach system .................................................... 13 18. Photomicrographs of gallium-germanium ore ........................................... 13 19. Gallium and iron extraction from reduced and reoxidized solutions ........................... 16 20. Effect of pH on gallium extraction using the solvents OPAP and DEHPA ...................... 16 2l. Gallium equilibrium loading and stripping on 0.3M OPAP ................................. 17 22. McCabe-Thiele analysis loading 0.32-g/L-Ga aqueous on 0.3M OPAP .............' ............ 17 23. McCabe-Thiele analysis stripping 0.32-g/L-Ga loaded organic using 1.5M H 2S04 ................. 18 24. McCabe-Thiele analysis stripping ferric iron with 50 pct H3P04 .............................. 18 25. Germanium equilibrium loading and stripping on 0.2M OPAP-30 pct LIX 63 .................... 21 26. McCabe-Thiele analysis of germanium-loading isotherm, 4O-g/L-lIzS04 solution ................. 21 27. McCabe-Thiele analysis of germanium-loading isotherm, 60-g/L-lIzS04 solution ................. 22 28. McCabe-Thiele analysis stripping 0.3- or 0.6-g/L-Ge loaded organic using 75° C HzO ............. 22 29. McCabe-Thiele analysis stripping iron with 3M H 2S04 , .................................... 22 30. Effect of multiple contacts in the coextraction of germanium and gallium from zinc processing liquors 24 TABLES 1. Analyses of potential gallium and germanium ores ........................................ 2 2. Elemental analyses of studied materials ................................................ 2 3. Results of statistically designed experiments ............................................. 3 4. 28 angles for Si02 under various conditions ................. :........................... 7 5. Typical analyses of leach solutions .................................................... 8 6. Selectivity of silica gel for germanium . ... 8 7. Effect of ZnSi04 addition on gallium and germanium extraction .............................. 8 8. Effect of silica on germaliium extraction . 9 9. Effect of "weak acid" leach pH on subsequent germanium extraction from fmal zinc residue. 9 10. Effect
Recommended publications
  • The Periodic Table of Elements

    The Periodic Table of Elements

    The Periodic Table of Elements 1 2 6 Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons HYDROGENH HELIUMHe 1 Chemical Symbol NON-METALS 4 3 4 C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be CARBON Chemical Name B C N O F Ne LITHIUM BERYLLIUM = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons* BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON 7 9 12 Atomic Weight 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 SODIUMNa MAGNESIUMMg ALUMINUMAl SILICONSi PHOSPHORUSP SULFURS CHLORINECl ARGONAr 23 24 METALS 27 28 31 32 35 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 POTASSIUMK CALCIUMCa SCANDIUMSc TITANIUMTi VANADIUMV CHROMIUMCr MANGANESEMn FeIRON COBALTCo NICKELNi CuCOPPER ZnZINC GALLIUMGa GERMANIUMGe ARSENICAs SELENIUMSe BROMINEBr KRYPTONKr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 RUBIDIUMRb STRONTIUMSr YTTRIUMY ZIRCONIUMZr NIOBIUMNb MOLYBDENUMMo TECHNETIUMTc RUTHENIUMRu RHODIUMRh PALLADIUMPd AgSILVER CADMIUMCd INDIUMIn SnTIN ANTIMONYSb TELLURIUMTe IODINEI XeXENON 85 88 89 91 93 96 98 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 CESIUMCs BARIUMBa HAFNIUMHf TANTALUMTa TUNGSTENW RHENIUMRe OSMIUMOs IRIDIUMIr PLATINUMPt AuGOLD MERCURYHg THALLIUMTl PbLEAD BISMUTHBi POLONIUMPo ASTATINEAt RnRADON 133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 209 210 222 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 FRANCIUMFr RADIUMRa RUTHERFORDIUMRf DUBNIUMDb SEABORGIUMSg BOHRIUMBh HASSIUMHs MEITNERIUMMt DARMSTADTIUMDs ROENTGENIUMRg COPERNICIUMCn NIHONIUMNh
  • Unit 2 Matter and Chemical Change

    Unit 2 Matter and Chemical Change

    TOPIC 5 The Periodic Table By the 1850s, chemists had identified a total of 58 elements, and nobody knew how many more there might be. Chemists attempted to create a classification system that would organize their observations. The various “family” systems were useful for some elements, but most family relationships were not obvious. What else could a classification system be based on? By the 1860s several scientists were trying to sort the known elements according to atomic mass. Atomic mass is the average mass of an atom of an element. According to Dalton’s atomic theory, each element had its own kind of atom with a specific atomic mass, different from the Figure 2.31 Dmitri atomic mass of any other elements. One scientist created a system that Ivanovich Mendeleev was so accurate it is still used today. He was a Russian chemist named was born in Siberia, the Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907). youngest of 17 children. Mendeleev Builds a Table Mendeleev made a card for each known element. On each card, he put data similar to the data you see in Figure 2.32. Figure 2.32 The card above shows modern values for silicon, rather than the ones Mendeleev actually used. His values were surprisingly close to modern ones. The atomic mass measurement indicates that silicon is 28.1 times heavier than hydrogen. You can observe other properties of silicon in Figure 2.33. Mendeleev pinned all the cards to the wall, in order of increasing atomic mass. He “played cards” for several Figure 2.33 The element silicon is melted months, arranging the elements in vertical columns and and formed into a crystal.
  • Shortage of Germanium-68/Gallium-68 Generators for the Production of Gallium-68

    Shortage of Germanium-68/Gallium-68 Generators for the Production of Gallium-68

    August 6, 2018 US Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20993 Re: Shortage of Germanium-68/Gallium-68 Generators for the Production of Gallium-68 Dear Dr. Marzella and Dr. Zadecky, The Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) would like to provide the following information related to availability of GMP-grade germanium-68/gallium-68 generators in the United States. SNMMI, composed of 15,000 members, works to set standards for molecular imaging and nuclear medicine practice by creating guidelines, sharing information through journals, hosting meetings, and leading advocacy on key issues that affect molecular imaging and therapy research and practice. Germanium-68/Gallium-68 generators (68Ge/68Ga) Gallium-68 is currently milked from a 68Ge/68Ga generator. Several manufacturers produce these table top generators including Eckert & Ziegler (Germany), IRE ELiT (Belgium), Isotopen Technologien Munchen (ITG) (Germany), and iThemba (South Africa). The Eckert & Ziegler GalliaPharm® and the IRE ELiT Galli Eo® generators are both GMP grade and have type II drug master files on file with FDA. Use of Gallium-68 (68Ga) in the U.S. The radioisotope 68Ga is used in the production of NETSPOTTM, a kit for the preparation of gallium 68Ga dotatate injection, an FDA-approved radiopharmaceutical. NETSPOT was approved in June 2016 for localization of somatostatin receptor positive neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in adult and pediatric patients using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). NETSPOT is currently approved for use only with the GalliaPharm 68Ga generator from Eckert & Ziegler. NETSPOT has experienced rapid adoption in the US. Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) has been expanding the network of pharmacies that distribute NETSPOT since its approval.
  • A.D. Pelton, the Ag-Cs (Silver-Cesium) System

    A.D. Pelton, the Ag-Cs (Silver-Cesium) System

    Ge-Sb Ag-Cs 58Vas: V.N. Vasilevskaya and E.G. Miseluk. "Investigation of Germanium and Silicon," Sot,. Phys. Solid State, 10, 2247- Alloying Germanium with Some Elements." Ukr. Fiz. ZiT.. 3. 2249 (1969). (Crys Structure; Experimental) 183-187 [1958~ in Russian. tEqui Diagram: Experimental) *70Pre: B. Predel and D.W. Stein, "Thermodynamic Investiga- 58Wei: K. Weiser. "Theoretical Calculation of Distribution Coef- tion of the Systems Germanium-Zinc, Germanium-Indium, ficients of Impurities in Germanium and Silicon. Heats of and Germanium-Antimony,"Z. Metallkd., 61,909-914 (1970) Solid Solution." J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 7. 118-126 (1958L in German. (Thermo, Equi Diagram; Experimental; #) [Thermo: Theory~ 70Rao: M.V. Rao and W.A. Tiller, "Excess Free Energies in the 59Zhu: B.G. Zhurkin. V.S. Zemskov. D.A. Petrov. and A.D. Ge, Si, and Ga Binary Systems--the ~, Parameter Approach," Suchkova. Izc. Akad. Nauk SSSR Otd. Tekh. Nauk Met. To- J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 31,191-198 (1970). ~Thermo; Theory) plico t5). 86-90 [1959) in Russian: cited in [Elliott]. (Equi Dia- 72Mah Y. Malmejac, P. Desre, and E. Bonnier, "Contribution to gram: Experimental) the Studies of the Ternary Phase Diagram Ge-Si-Sb," M~m. 60Thu: C.D. Thurmond and M. Kowalchik. "Germanium and Sei. Rev. Mdtall., 69, 565-577 (1972) in French. (Equi Diagram; Silicon Liquidus Curves." Bell Sys. Tech. J.. 39. 169-204 Experimental; #) [1960). (Equi Diagram: Experimental) 77Bar: I. Barin, O. Knacke, and O. Kubaschewski, Thermo- 60Tru: F.A. Trumbore. "Solid Solubilities of Impurity Elements chemical Properties of Inorganic Substances (Supplement), in Germanium and Silicon." Bell Svs.
  • Atomic Weight of Gallium, Weighed Portions of the Pure Metal Were Converted to the Hydroxide, the Sulphate, and the Nitrate, Respectively

    Atomic Weight of Gallium, Weighed Portions of the Pure Metal Were Converted to the Hydroxide, the Sulphate, and the Nitrate, Respectively

    - -----.---.--~---------~---------------- U. S. D EPARTMENT OF C OMMERCE N ATIONAL B UREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RP838 Part of Journal of Research of the J\[ational Bureau of Standards, V olume 15, October 1935 ATOMIC WEIGHT OF GALLI UM By G. E. F. Lundell and James I. Hoffman ABSTRACT In this determination of the atomic weight of gallium, weighed portions of the pure metal were converted to the hydroxide, the sulphate, and the nitrate, respectively. These were then beated until they were changed to the oxide, Ga20 a, which was finally ignited at 1,200 to 1,300° C. By this procedure, the atomic weight is related dir~ctly to that of oxygen. Preliminary tests showed that the metal was free from an appreciable film of oxide and did not contain occluded gases. The highly ignited oxide, obtained through the hydroxide or the sulphate, contained no gases and was not appreciably hygroscopic. The oxide obtained by igniting the nitrate was less satisfactory. To make possible the correction of the weights to the vacuum standard, the density of the oxide was also determined, and found to be 5.95 g/cm3• The value for the atomic weight based on this work is 69.74. CONT E N TS Page I. Introduction ___________ _____ _________________ ____ ___________ ___ 409 II. Preliminary tests ______ ________ ___ _____ ____ ___ _____________ _____ 410 III. Preparation and testing of materials used _________ _________________ 412 1. Metallic gallium _______________________________________ ___ 412 (a) Preparation ___ _________ _____ ____ ______ _____ ____ ___ _ 412 (b) Tests for occluded gases _____________________________ _ 412 (c) Tests for a film of oxide on the surface of the crystals ____ 413 (d) Test for chlorides in the crystals of metallic gallium ______ 414 2.
  • Of the Periodic Table

    Of the Periodic Table

    of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use.
  • Study on the Correlation Between Microstructure Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Ag-Cu-Ge Alloys

    Study on the Correlation Between Microstructure Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Ag-Cu-Ge Alloys

    Coatings 2015, 5, 78-94; doi:10.3390/coatings5010078 OPEN ACCESS coatings ISSN 2079-6412 www.mdpi.com/journal/coatings Article Study on the Correlation between Microstructure Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Ag-Cu-Ge Alloys Antonio Cusma 1,*, Marco Sebastiani 2, Daniele De Felicis 2, Andrea Basso 3 and Edoardo Bemporad 2 1 Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Research Council of Italy, Via dei Taurini 19, Rome 00185, Italy 2 Engineering Department, “Roma TRE” University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, Rome 00146, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (D.D.F.); [email protected] (E.B.) 3 Legor Group SRL, Via San Benedetto14-34, Bressanvido, VI 36050, Italy; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-4993-2317. Academic Editor: Alessandro Lavacchi Received: 23 December 2014 / Accepted: 9 March 2015 / Published: 13 March 2015 Abstract: In this work, a morphological and structural characterization of a ternary Ag-Cu-Ge alloy of known composition was performed with the aim of evaluating how the passivation parameters (time and temperature) influence the morphological features of the material surface. A nanomechanical characterization was performed in order to correlate the morphology and microstructure of the alloy with its tarnish, wear, and scratch resistance. It was found that the addition of germanium to the alloy not only provides the material with tarnish and fire-stain resistance, but it also improves the scratch and wear resistance owing to the formation of a dense and stable thin oxide layer.
  • Physical and Chemical Properties of Germanium

    Physical and Chemical Properties of Germanium

    Physical And Chemical Properties Of Germanium Moneyed and amnesic Erasmus fertilise her fatuousness revitalise or burrow incommunicatively. Creditable Petr still climbs: regarding and lissome Lazarus bully-off quite punctiliously but slums her filoplume devotedly. Zane still defilade venomous while improvident Randell bloodiest that wonderers. Do you for this context of properties and physical explanation of Silicon is sincere to metals in its chemical behaviour. Arsenic is extremely toxic, RS, carbon is the tongue one considered a full nonmetal. In nature, which name a widely used azo dye. Basic physical and chemical properties of semiconductors are offset by the energy gap between valence conduction! Other metalloids on the periodic table are boron, Batis ZB, only Germanium and Antimony would be considered metals for the purposes of nomenclature. Storage temperature: no restrictions. At room temperature, the semiconducting elements are primarily nonmetallic in character. This application requires Javascript. It has also new found in stars and already the atmosphere of Jupiter. Wellings JS, it is used as an eyewash and insecticide. He has studied in Spain and Hungary and authored many research articles published in indexed journals and books. What are oral health benefits of pumpkins? The material on this site may not be reproduced, germanium, the radiation emitted from an active device makes it locatable. Classify each statement as an extensive property must an intensive property. In germanium and physical chemical properties of the border lines from the! The most electronegative elements are at the nod in the periodic table; these elements often react as oxidizing agents. Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements.
  • Periodic Trends Lab CHM120 1The Periodic Table Is One of the Useful

    Periodic Trends Lab CHM120 1The Periodic Table Is One of the Useful

    Periodic Trends Lab CHM120 1The Periodic Table is one of the useful tools in chemistry. The table was developed around 1869 by Dimitri Mendeleev in Russia and Lothar Meyer in Germany. Both used the chemical and physical properties of the elements and their tables were very similar. In vertical groups of elements known as families we find elements that have the same number of valence electrons such as the Alkali Metals, the Alkaline Earth Metals, the Noble Gases, and the Halogens. 2Metals conduct electricity extremely well. Many solids, however, conduct electricity somewhat, but nowhere near as well as metals, which is why such materials are called semiconductors. Two examples of semiconductors are silicon and germanium, which lie immediately below carbon in the periodic table. Like carbon, each of these elements has four valence electrons, just the right number to satisfy the octet rule by forming single covalent bonds with four neighbors. Hence, silicon and germanium, as well as the gray form of tin, crystallize with the same infinite network of covalent bonds as diamond. 3The band gap is an intrinsic property of all solids. The following image should serve as good springboard into the discussion of band gaps. This is an atomic view of the bonding inside a solid (in this image, a metal). As we can see, each of the atoms has its own given number of energy levels, or the rings around the nuclei of each of the atoms. These energy levels are positions that electrons can occupy in an atom. In any solid, there are a vast number of atoms, and hence, a vast number of energy levels.
  • The Separation of Germanium from Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc by Ion Exchange

    The Separation of Germanium from Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc by Ion Exchange

    Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1962 The separation of germanium from lead, cadmium, and zinc by ion exchange Myra Sue Anderson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Chemistry Commons Department: Recommended Citation Anderson, Myra Sue, "The separation of germanium from lead, cadmium, and zinc by ion exchange" (1962). Masters Theses. 2730. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/2730 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SEPARATION OF GERMANIUM FROM LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ZINC BY ION EXCHANGE BY MYRA SUE ANDERSON A THESIS submitted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY Rolla, Missouri 1962 Approved by (advisor) //f 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Illustrations Iv List of Tables V Introduction 1 Review of the Literature 2 Separation Methods for Germanium 2 Analytical Methods for Germanium 3 Germanium Complexes Suitable for Ion Exchange 6 Ion Exchange Resins 7 Ion Exchange Theory 9 Ion Exchange Studies of Germanium 15 Experimental 17 Materials 17 Apparatus 18 Analytical Methods 19 Anion Exchange Studies 21 Cation Exchange Studies
  • The Gallium Melting-Point Standard

    The Gallium Melting-Point Standard

    TECH NATL INST. OF STAND & AlllDb 312iab /0/Vs Z NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 481 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards Gallium Melting-point Standard NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS National The Bureau of Standards^ was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essen- tial services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research — Lab- oratory Astrophysics- — Cryogenics^ — Electromagnetics"' — Time and Frequency". THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measure- ment, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational insti- tutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials.
  • Geology and Mineralogy of the Ape.X Washington County, Utah

    Geology and Mineralogy of the Ape.X Washington County, Utah

    Geology and Mineralogy of the Ape.x Germanium-Gallium Mine, Washington County, Utah Geology and Mineralogy of the Apex Germanium-Gallium Mine, Washington County, Utah By LAWRENCE R. BERNSTEIN U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1577 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1986 For sale by the Distribution Branch, Text Products Section U.S. Geological Survey 604 South Pickett St. Alexandria, VA 22304 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bernstein, Lawrence R. Geology and mineralogy of the Apex Germanium­ Gallium mine, Washington County, Utah (U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1577) Bibliography: p. 9 Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.3:1577 1. Mines and mineral resources-Utah-Washington County. 2. Mineralogy-Utah-Washington County. 3. Geology-Utah-Wasington County. I. Title. II. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Bulletin 1577. QE75.B9 no. 1577 557.3 s 85-600355 [TN24. U8] [553' .09792'48] CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Germanium and gallium 1 Apex Mine 1 Acknowledgments 3 Methods 3 Geologic setting 3 Regional geology 3 Local geology 3 Ore geology 4 Mineralogy 5 Primary ore 5 Supergene ore 5 Discussion and conclusions 7 Primary ore deposition 7. Supergene alteration 8 Implications 8 References 8 FIGURES 1. Map showing location of Apex Mine and generalized geology of surrounding region 2 2. Photograph showing main adit of Apex Mine and gently dipping beds of the Callville Limestone 3 3. Geologic map showing locations of Apex and Paymaster mines and Apex fault zone 4 4. Scanning electron photomicrograph showing plumbian jarosite crystals from the 1,601-m level, Apex Mine 6 TABLES 1.