Other Civil Engineering Applications

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Other Civil Engineering Applications OTHER CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS The use of iron in foundations Introduction Once cast iron had been established as a useful and practical structural material in the late eighteenth century, it was only going to be a question of time before an enterprising ironmaster, engineer or architect considered its application for substructures. Timber piles and platforms in combination with masonry were the traditional foundation materials, although other expedients such as rammed chalk and fascines had been employed, and in the early nineteenth century concrete began to be used . (Chrimes, 1996; Kerisel, 1956; 1985). Iron itself had been used for specialist applications such as rock foundations (below) and for pile shoes. The application of iron to foundations was a specialist area and even when iron was employed in superstructures, whether bridges, iron frames or roofs, its performance was generally governed by that of substructures built using traditional methods and materials. While the Leaning Tower of Pisa provides an enduring monument to the foundation problems faced by past generations, and towers in Bologna show similar signs of distress, others towers having collapsed completely, mediaeval and renaissance master builders were capable of erecting enduring structures on a scale not regularly surpassed before the twentieth century. The gothic cathedral is perhaps the most spectacular example, but in northern Italy and the Low Countries large civic buildings were erected, while military engineers designed successive generations of fortifications. More the province of the civil engineer were the hydraulic structures erected on the rivers and canals of the Netherlands and Lombardy from the fourteenth century onwards, using timber for bearing and sheet piles, lock walls, gates and floors, in combination with masonry and (pozzolanic) mortars. (Skempton, 1957 repr Chrimes 1998). Fascine work was traditionally used to stabilise coastal defence works. Our knowledge of the foundations of the medieval and early modern period is based on surviving documentary evidence (Brown, 1963; Parsons, 1939), including some specifications (Salzman, 1952) archaeological evidence, and the discoveries of those who have had to deal with surviving structures. Price, Willis (R. Willis 1972-1973) Architectural history of some English Cathedrals, 2 parts, Chicheley: P B Minet,), Viollet le Duc, F. Fox. Recent conferences have discussed some of the problems presented by older structures to modern geotechnical engineers. As an example at Amiens cathedral there was a raft of stones set in mortar on which a grid of masonry walls and stepped piers supporting the main structural columns rested. Appropriate good practice would have been adopted elsewhere although one suspects few modern engineers would accept such a definition for the foundations of the tower at Salisbury Cathedral. The main columns there rest upon stone slabs founded on medium dense gravel excavated to a depth of 5ft - just above the summer water table - the gravel rests upon chalk, and the load on the slabs is 10 tons/ft2. In a local context builders and artisans would have been aware of the limitations of local ground, and developed the necessary expertise. Although piling engines were rare, the London Bridge engines being lent for other work in the late mediaeval period, they were in use, and for some mediaeval projects there is considerable knowledge on how foundations were installed (Boyer, 1981-1985). In the early mediaeval period bridge pier foundations were generally built as artificial islands using loose masonry confined by piles on which a levelled platform could be formed above water level-London Bridge was erected on such ‘starlings’. On the continent cofferdams were in use by the fifteenth century as a means of excluding water and building up from the river bed in the dry; such techniques are known from early printed works such as Ramelli (1588), but it is unclear when they were first used in England. However, by the start of the eighteenth century in England the number of river improvement and land reclamation schemes was such that there were some craftsmen practising who described themselves as ‘water carpenters’, expert in the installation of sheet piles, locks and weirs. The Swiss engineer Charles Labelye introduced timber caissons at this time as an alternative to cofferdams for the foundations of Westminster Bridge (Walker, 1979) and in the second half of the eighteenth century this emerged as the most economical method of subaqueous foundations for bridge piers. At Westminster the masonry caisson was placed on a prepared dredged bed, and the masonry for the piers built up on the caisson bottom, but concerns over the performance of the foundations meant that at Blackfriars piles were driven beneath the site of the caisson before it was placed. In this technique the caisson sides would be reused for successive piers. By the end of the eighteenth century such techniques had become obsolescent as more efficient steam pumps became available, cofferdam construction techniques improved, and the need for economy was less pressing (Ruddock, 1979). Caissons were also used in harbours as instanced by Smeaton at Ramsgate in the 1790s. With the changing nature of warfare retaining wall design became a major consideration for the military engineer. Although this aspect of military architecture is most commonly associated with work of the French engineer Vauban at the end of the seventeenth century, one of the earliest English military treatises, by Paul Ive, discusses proportions for retaining walls, as well as the use of piling (Ive, 1589). If foundation engineering was essentially a practical science down to 1700, from then onwards, particularly in France there was increasing consideration given to providing a more theoretical foundation for the design of arch bridges, including their abutments, piers, and retaining walls. These developments have been summarised by Heyman (1972). They were accompanied by some practical experiments on earth pressure, which continued into the early nineteenth century (Field, 1948; Skempton, 1977). More general reviews of the advances in the understanding of soil mechanics are provided by Skempton (1977, 1985). While one can doubt the influence of theory on the local contractor at a time when contracts where still generally given on a trade basis, by the end of the eighteenth century, when iron was being introduced, engineers like Telford and Rennie are known to have possessed a number of continental textbooks, which would also have been available to military engineers. Published works like those of Meyer (1685), Perronet (1782-1789) and De Cessart (1806) provide illustrations of foundation techniques of the time. Jensen ( 1969) was able to draw on these to provide a useful summary. Perronet and De Cessart also provide detailed records of construction experience. For some idea of British practice one can refer to Smeaton’s reports (Smeaton, 1812), Cresy’s Encyclopaedia of civil engineering (Cresy, 1847), and Hughes’ Essay on bridge foundations for Weale. Hughes’ work is of particular interest as he was a second generation civil engineering contractor whose family had worked for Telford and Rennie. For ordinary masonry walls, and column piers stepped brickwork would be normal to help spread the load [fig.__], accompanied as appropriate by piling and/or a timber platform. Between the pile heads it was normal to ram layer of rubble. It was important the steps were not too broad or there was a danger the concentrated load would shear off the step below. Such methods were carried over into iron supported structures such as that illustrated here at the Tobacco Dock warehouse London Docks (Mitchell). Such methods were not always successful as a brick footing capped with Yorkshire stone failed, according to a London iron founder George Cottam, c.1830. The iron column it was supporting passed through the stone and on through its brickwork support [fig. ___]. The most likely explanation could be a weakened slab, and a footing of brick encased ‘rubbish’, with no solid bonded brick core. London Bridge (Nash, 1973; 1981) can be seen as indicative of best practice in bridge foundations at the start of the nineteenth century and can be compared with that of the iron bridges at Southwark and Tewkesbury [figs. ____]. By that time, in contrast to half a century earlier, major contractors existed such as Hugh McIntosh (Chrimes) and Jolliffe and Banks (Dickinson). Such organisations would have had considerable expertise in construction, and, allowing for commercial pressures and the occasional incompetent agent, they were unlikely to install inappropriate foundations unless instructed by the engineer. Foundation engineering seems to have remained their province, if one can judge by the lack of textbooks which appeared on the subject through the nineteenth century, Dobson being a solitary exception. Site investigation was still, however, in its infancy in terms of instrumentation, and it was difficult to obtain uncontaminated samples in soft ground [fig. ____]. Use of iron in foundations and substructures Turning to the introduction of iron, timber’s susceptibility to decay, particularly in exposed marine locations meant any economical alternative was likely to be considered seriously. Availability of reliable quality ironwork at economical prices, facility of fabrication and installation, perceived advantages of durability, and relative strength of the material will all have played a part in the adoption of iron for foundations. Perhaps the most obvious application would be the use of hollow circular castings for piles, but plate iron could be used for sheet pile work - accurate driving of timber dovetail piles which had been used for centuries must have been very difficult - and iron could also be used for ties and anchorages. Timber piles were unsuitable for hard driving, and iron offered a possible practical alternative - assuming the use of piles was appropriate at all. Larger diameter ‘cylinders’ could be fabricated and be used for bridge piers and as caissons, later making use of compressed air work.
Recommended publications
  • Penarth Cardiff Barrage Weltag Stage One and Two Update
    Agenda Item: Meeting of: Cabinet Date of Meeting: Monday, 15 July 2019 Relevant Scrutiny Committee: Environment and Regeneration Penarth Cardiff Barrage Sustainable Transport Corridor WelTAG Stage One Report Title: and Stage Two Update To update Cabinet on progress with the WelTAG Stage One Penarth Cardiff Purpose of Report: Barrage Sustainable Transport Corridor Study and make recommendations for the next steps to be considered as part of a Stage Two assessment. Report Owner: Cabinet Member for Neighbourhood Services and Transport Responsible Officer: Miles Punter - Director of Environment and Housing Services Cabinet Member for Neighbourhood Services and Transport Cabinet Member for Regeneration and Planning Head of Neighbourhood Services and Transport Group Manager Transport Services Passenger Transport Manager Elected Member and Officer Consultation: Operational Manager Engineering Accountant Environment and Housing Services Operational Manager Finance Head of Regeneration and Planning Legal Services (Committee Reports) Policy Framework: This report is a matter for Executive decision by Cabinet 1 Agenda Item: Executive Summary: • This Report provides Cabinet with an update on progress of the WelTAG Stage One Penarth Cardiff Barrage Sustainable Transport Corridor Study. • The draft WelTAG Stage One Strategic Outline Case has been received from Capita and identified five options for Stage One appraisal encompassing: Option 1 | Active travel proposals for Penarth within the Vale of Glamorgan's Active Travel Integrated Network Map. Option 2 | Bus Park & Ride and sustainable transport links across Cardiff Barrage Option 3 | Multi-modal sustainable transport interchange Option 4 | Opening Cardiff Barrage to private vehicles during peak periods and Option 5 | Do Minimum • Following completion of the Stage One appraisal, the Report subsequently makes the following recommendations: That OPTION 1 be progressed for further appraisal at WelTAG Stage Two.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Seaside Towns
    STRICTLY EMBARGOED UNTIL 00:01 Thursday 04 April 2019 You must not disclose this report or its contents until the date and time above; any breach of the embargo could constitute a contempt of the House of Lords. HOUSE OF LORDS Select Committee on Regenerating Seaside Towns and Communities Report of Session 2017–19 The future of seaside towns STRICTLY EMBARGOED UNTIL 00:01am Thursday 4 April 2019 You must not disclose this report or its contents until the date and time above; any breach of the embargo could constitute a contempt of the House of Lords. Ordered to be printed 19 March 2019 and published 4 April 2019 Published by the Authority of the House of Lords HL Paper 320 STRICTLY EMBARGOED UNTIL 00:01 Thursday 04 April 2019 You must not disclose this report or its contents until the date and time above; any breach of the embargo could constitute a contempt of the House of Lords. Select Committee on Regenerating Seaside Towns and Communities The Select Committee on Regenerating Seaside Towns and Communities was appointed by the House of Lords on 17 May 2018 “to consider the regeneration of seaside towns and communities”. Membership The Members of the Select Committee on Regenerating Seaside Towns and Communities were: Baroness Bakewell (from 6 September) Lord Mawson Lord Bassam of Brighton (Chairman) Lord Pendry (until 18 July 2018) Lord Grade of Yarmouth Lord Shutt of Greetland Lord Knight of Weymouth Lord Smith of Hindhead The Bishop of Lincoln Baroness Valentine Lord Lucas Baroness Whitaker Lord McNally Baroness Wyld Declaration of interests See Appendix 1.
    [Show full text]
  • New Additions to CASCAT from Carlisle Archives
    Cumbria Archive Service CATALOGUE: new additions August 2021 Carlisle Archive Centre The list below comprises additions to CASCAT from Carlisle Archives from 1 January - 31 July 2021. Ref_No Title Description Date BRA British Records Association Nicholas Whitfield of Alston Moor, yeoman to Ranald Whitfield the son and heir of John Conveyance of messuage and Whitfield of Standerholm, Alston BRA/1/2/1 tenement at Clargill, Alston 7 Feb 1579 Moor, gent. Consideration £21 for Moor a messuage and tenement at Clargill currently in the holding of Thomas Archer Thomas Archer of Alston Moor, yeoman to Nicholas Whitfield of Clargill, Alston Moor, consideration £36 13s 4d for a 20 June BRA/1/2/2 Conveyance of a lease messuage and tenement at 1580 Clargill, rent 10s, which Thomas Archer lately had of the grant of Cuthbert Baynbrigg by a deed dated 22 May 1556 Ranold Whitfield son and heir of John Whitfield of Ranaldholme, Cumberland to William Moore of Heshewell, Northumberland, yeoman. Recites obligation Conveyance of messuage and between John Whitfield and one 16 June BRA/1/2/3 tenement at Clargill, customary William Whitfield of the City of 1587 rent 10s Durham, draper unto the said William Moore dated 13 Feb 1579 for his messuage and tenement, yearly rent 10s at Clargill late in the occupation of Nicholas Whitfield Thomas Moore of Clargill, Alston Moor, yeoman to Thomas Stevenson and John Stevenson of Corby Gates, yeoman. Recites Feb 1578 Nicholas Whitfield of Alston Conveyance of messuage and BRA/1/2/4 Moor, yeoman bargained and sold 1 Jun 1616 tenement at Clargill to Raynold Whitfield son of John Whitfield of Randelholme, gent.
    [Show full text]
  • Simon Robertshas Photographed Every British Pleasure Pier There Is
    Simon Roberts has photographed every British pleasure pier there is – and several that there aren’t. Overleaf, Francis Hodgson celebrates this devotion to imperilled treasures 14 15 here are 58 surviving pleasure piers in Britain and Simon Roberts has photographed them all. He has also photographed some of the vanished ones, as you can see from his picture of Shanklin Pier on the Isle of Wight (on page 21), destroyed in the great storm which did so much damage in southern England on October 16, 1987. Roberts is a human geographer by training, and his study of piers is a natural development of his previous major work, We English, which looked at the changing patterns of leisure in a country in which a rising population and decreasing mass employment mean that more of us have more time upon our hands than ever before. We tend to forget that holidays are a relatively new phenomenon, but it was only after the Bank Holiday Act of 1871 that paid leave gradually became the norm, and cheap, easily reachable leisure resorts a necessity. Resorts were commercial propositions, and the pier was often a major investment to draw crowds. Consortia of local businessmen would get together to provide the finance and appoint agents to get the thing Previous page done: a complex chicane of lobbying for private spans English Channel legislation, engineering, and marketing. Around design Eugenius Birch construction Raked the same time, a number of Acts made it possible and vertical cast iron screw to limit liability for shareholders in speculative piles supporting lattice companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Pier Pressure: Best Practice in the Rehabilitation of British Seaside Piers
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bournemouth University Research Online Pier pressure: Best practice in the rehabilitation of British seaside piers A. Chapman Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK ABSTRACT: Victorian seaside piers are icons of British national identity and a fundamental component of seaside resorts. Nevertheless, these important markers of British heritage are under threat: in the early 20th century nearly 100 piers graced the UK coastline, but almost half have now gone. Piers face an uncertain future: 20% of piers are currently deemed ‘at risk’. Seaside piers are vital to coastal communities in terms of resort identity, heritage, employment, community pride, and tourism. Research into the sustainability of these iconic structures is a matter of urgency. This paper examines best practice in pier regeneration projects that are successful and self-sustaining. The paper draws on four case studies of British seaside piers that have recently undergone, or are currently being, regenerated: Weston Super-Mare Grand pier; Hastings pier; Southport pier; and Penarth pier. This study identifies critical success factors in pier regeneration and examines the socio-economic sustainability of seaside piers. 1 INTRODUCTION This paper focuses on British seaside piers. Seaside pleasure piers are an uniquely British phenomena, being developed from the early 19th century onwards as landing jetties for the holidaymakers arriving at the resorts via paddle steamers. As seaside resorts developed, so too did their piers, transforming by the late 19th century into places for middle-class tourists to promenade, and by the 20th century as hubs of popular entertainment: the pleasure pier.
    [Show full text]
  • The Village Echo the Journal of The
    The Village Echo The Journal of The Pavey Group The Charmouth Local History Resource Centre Journal No. 35 May 2011 Contents Page Editorial P.M.P 2 Percy Hildyard Smith Peter Press 3 The Lords of the Manor of Charmouth Part ll Neil Mattingly 14 Rev. Francis Orpen Morris Peter M. Press 23 THE PAVEY GROUP EXECUTIVE Peter M. Press Chairman Pat Stapleton Vice Chair Mike Whatmore Treasurer Penny Rose Secretary Neil Mattingly Archivist Committee: Pam Salisbury Chris Leverington £1.50 Keith Waterson 1 Editorial Neil Mattingly’s remarkable research efforts are little short of astonishing! Neil has shown a terrier’s instinct for retrieving data from all manner of sources. These extend beyond both the Dorset and Devon Record Offices, where he is well known as a regular customer now, but in a diversity of other talents including interviewing local folk on specific subjects, from libraries, the web, and notably to auctions where he is known to bid for obscure volumes where information might be found. It is his energies and the distances covered in these quests that mark the nature of his enthusiasms. In this issue he tells of the Lords of the Manor – this is due to be developed into a fuller history this summer. Quite remarkable! I have been asking questions about Percy Smith for many years. He was a positive presence in Charmouth from the day of his return from the trenches in 1919 but his image was not always viewed positively. He died in 1964; I wish I had known him. The other article of mine dates to the middle of the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • BRSUG Number Mineral Name Hey Index Group Hey No
    BRSUG Number Mineral name Hey Index Group Hey No. Chem. Country Locality Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and B-37 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] U.K., 17 Basset Mines, nr. Redruth, Cornwall Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and B-151 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] U.K., 17 Phoenix mine, Cheese Wring, Cornwall Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and B-280 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] U.K., 17 County Bridge Quarry, Cornwall Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and South Caradon Mine, 4 miles N of Liskeard, B-319 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] U.K., 17 Cornwall Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and B-394 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] U.K., 17 ? Cornwall? Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and B-395 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] U.K., 17 Cornwall Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and B-539 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] North America, U.S.A Houghton, Michigan Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and B-540 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] North America, U.S.A Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and B-541 Copper Au) 1.1 4[Cu] North America, U.S.A Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu,
    [Show full text]
  • 'Our Pier': Leisure Activities and Local Communities at the British Seaside
    1 2 3 ‘Our Pier’: Leisure activities and local communities at the British 4 5 seaside 6 7 8 Lavinia Brydona*, Olu Jenzenb & Nicholas Nourse c 9 10 11 aSchool of Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; bSchool of Media, University of 12 13 Brighton, Brighton, UK; cDepartment of Historical Studies, University of Bristol, 14 15 Bristol, UK 16 17 *corresponding author. Email: [email protected] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 1 2 3 4 5 The seaside resort has long held a distinctive position within the history of British 6 leisure. Its peculiar physicality whereby the natural landscape of sea and sand combines 7 8 with distinctive architectural elements, such as pavilions and piers, has accommodated 9 10 many and varied leisure activities across the years. However, to date, the majority of 11 research on British coastal resorts considers these activities solely in connection with 12 13 tourism. Using a combination of contextual archival research, participant observations, 14 semi-structured interviews and oral history narratives, this article attempts a deliberate 15 16 shift in focus where the leisure activities of a young local population are brought to the 17 fore in the history of British seaside entertainment and, in particular, their experiences 18 19 of pleasure piers in the post-war era. The article also explores the potential for the 20 21 concept of the ‘community pier’ in terms of nurturing seaside leisure cultures in the 22 present and future.
    [Show full text]
  • Denbighshire Record Office
    GB 0209 DD/BE Denbighshire Record Office This catalogue was digitised by The National Archives as part of the National Register of Archives digitisation project NRA 30556 The National Archives CLWYD RECORD OFFICE L ARO S.P.BEVON MSS. Schedule of documents deposited on indefinite loan by the County Librarian per Wrexham Area Library. 20 July 1976 (Ref: DD/BE) Clwyd Record Office 46, Clwyd Street, Ruthin, Clwyd A.N. 321 July 1987 S.P.BEVON MSS. This collection consists of material received from a Wrexham solicitor, relating to his personal and business affairs, and to some of his clients. The bulk of S.P.Bevon's personal papers consist of correspondence about properties he owned in Wrexham, and reports and prospectuses of various mining and plantation concerns abroad, in which he owned shares. There is no autobiographical material. The rest of the collection has been sorted into sequence by parish, with separate sections for court cases and election papers, as there is no large quantity of material relating to an individual client. Perhaps the most interesting item is a photograph showing the range of products made by Ewloe Potteries, Buckley, in the 1920s. Other interesting subjects include Ffos-y-go Colliery, Gwersyllt, 1901-4; the appointment of a receiver for the New Llangollen Slate and Slab Company. 1898-1903; prospectus of Broughton Hall Iron Company, c.1890; complaints about conditions at Croesnewydd Military Hospital, Wrexham, 1917; and a dispute over building costs of a new church at Brynteg, 1894-5. There are also some files of papers relating to S.P.Bevon's clients, 1920-40, in the Wrexham Library collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Wsm & Wells Days out By
    Sand Bay Sand Bay Holiday Park S Water Adventure B a Your local buses... n d Routes for amazing d a o R R o Visit amazing beaches... & Play Park a h Kewstoke d c a Open April-September the e days out by bus... B Weston-super-Mare to park has fountains and 1 Ln n Weston-super-Mare 1 Birnbeck Pier • Sand Bay sprays triggered by sensors to or N and buttons and costs Hazelwood er w The main beach area lies south of The Grand Pier £2.50 per child until August Caravan Park Lo Kewstoke and during the summer season visitors flock here Let’s get there together. C Jump on an open top bus for amazing views on a trip along the coast. and is free in September. Ln Village kes r to sunbathe, build sandcastles and partake in all oo o Cr o The play park is open all d k Hop off at Sand Bay and take a walk along the large and relatively wild a e the traditional Great British seaside activities. The o s R L year round and is free. n beach before returning to all that Weston-super-Mare has to offer. h Uphill Sands section of the beach is partitioned c a e off for kitesurfing and other watersports. visit-westonsupermare.com B When do the buses run? Journey time from Weston M Kewstoke o (8.30am- n Every 30 mins Mon-Sat 18 mins to Sand Bay. oad Toll Gate k e R s ok t H Brean ews 5.30pm), 60 mins on Sun.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bustling Alexander
    The Bustling Alexander by Les Gilpin Reproduced from “Cumbrian Railways” Vol 4 No 6 October 1989 by kind permission of the author In Cumbrian Railways, Vol 3, No 15, I told the story of John Brogden, his rise in the business world and his place in Cumbrian railway history. His second son, Alexander, also played his part in the county’s industrial and railway history. Alexander Brogden (Alex to the family and friends) was born on 3rd November 1825 in Manchester. After early education with Mr Hoole of Blackburn and at the New College in Manchester, he went on to study at Kings College, London. Here he obtained a first prize in mathematics. He had intended to follow a career at the Bar but, after spending his spare time away from college looking after the books in his father’s London office, he became a partner in the family firm of John Brogden & Sons. The original partners, at its establishment in 1846, were John (the father), John junior, Alexander and Henry (the sons). Alex’s early responsibilities largely involved the supervision of the company’s railway construction contracts. These are known to have included the Altrincham branch of the Manchester South Junction & Altrincham Railway, the Ashton branch of the LNWR and sections of the East Lancashire Railway around Accrington. His move into railway management took place in 1850. In that year John Robinson McClean, the engineer, leased the South Staffordshire Railway. O.P. Neele, who worked on this line, commented in his autobiography “Railway Reminiscences” that soon after the McClean takeover John Brogden, together with two of his sons, appeared at the company offices in Walsall.
    [Show full text]
  • Ycymmrodor14cymmuoft.Pdf
    ^ y Cpmmrodon THE MAbA/TNE OF THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF CYMMRODORION VOL. XIV. PRODUCED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF I THE' EDITORIAL COMMITTEE. S32 LONDON : ISSUED BY THE SOCIETY, NEW STONE BUILDINGS, 64, CHANCERY LANE. 1901. \JJ1 Devizes : Printed by Geoege Simpson. S CONTENTS. English Law in Wales and the Marches. By Henry Owen, D.C.L.Oxon., F.S.A. ... ... ... 1 Appendix : The State of the Cause concerninge the Lo. President and Counsell in ye Marches of Wales ... ... ... ... ... 33 The Broughtons of Marchwiel. Contribution to the History of the Parish of Marchwiel. By Alfred Neobard Palmer 42 Vita Sancti Kebie. By the Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A 86 Salesbury's Dictionary and the Eing's Licence. By J. H Davies, M.A. 96 A Welsh Love Song of the 16th Century. By J. H Davies, M.A. 98 The Expulsion of the Dessi. By Professor Kuno Meyer, Ph.D. ... ... ... ... 101 Side Lights on Welsh Jacobitism. By J. Arthur Price, B.A. ... ... ... ... 136 Supplement : List of Publications. Cmmimrîmr. Vol. XIV. "Cared doeth tr encilion." 1900. 45ngft00 £a)# ín TUafes anò f(Je By HENRY OWEN, D.C.L.Oxon., F.S.A. The histoiy of the administration of English law in Wales and the Marches inay be divided into three periods : — (1) during the gradual conquest of the countrj by the Anglo- and their barons after the Norman lrings ; (2) completion " " of that conquest, when Wales was governed by the Crown through the English Prince of Wales and the Marches were self governed and merely owned feudal to the and from the time of the union subjection king ; (3) of Wales and the Marches to England until the abolition of judicial "Wales." It has been the custom of writers on English history, so far as they think it worth while to refer to the Princi- pality of Wales, to state that Wales was conquered by Edward I.
    [Show full text]