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Cambridge University Press 0521814227 - Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort Edited by Clarissa Campbell Orr Index More information

INDEX

Aachen, Hans von 72 Althann, Count 123 absolutism, Danish 9, 344–9, 362–4, 382 Althann, Countess 116–17 Academy of Letters 339 Alvensleben, Hanoverian minister 378 Act of Settlement (1701) 280 Amalie Wilhelmina, Empress 233 Addison, Joseph 284 American War of Independence 359 Adolf Frederick, King of Prussia 322, 323, Amigoni, Santiago 178 327 Anna Amalia, Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Weimar coronation 328 379 death 338 Anna Amalia, sister of Frederick II, the Great, and defence of Louise Ulrica 332–3 of Louise Ulrica 322, 323 and Louise Ulrica’s plots 330–1 Anna Ivanova, Empress of Russia 132, 136–7, 138, Adolphus, Duke of Strelitz 369 139, 149 Adolphus, son of George III and Queen Anna Leopoldovna, Russian princess 361 Charlotte 369, 376 Anna of the Tyrol, Archduchess 72 Age of Liberty (Frihetstiden) 9, 326–7, 328, Anna Sophia Charlotte, Dowager Duchess of 340 Saxony-Eisenach 313 Agen, Bishop of 94 Anna Sophie, mother of Augustus I 259, 262, 263 Agliè, Filippo d’ 16 Annals of the Holy Roman Empire 389 Agnès, Abbess of Chelles 94 Anne, Queen of Great Britain 276, 284, 286, 292 Alberoni, Guilio 158, 162–5, 167, 170 Anne-Marie-Louise, duchesse de Montpensier 21 Albertines 252–5, 258–9 Anne-Marie of Orléans, wife of Vittorio Amedeo II Alekseevna, Ekaterina see Catherine I 34–5, 36–7, 38–9, 40–1 Alençon, Mlle d’ 21 Anne of Austria 19, 21, 78–9 Alexander VIII, Pope 87 Antoine, Prince of Monaco 165 Alexis (Aleksei) I Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia 133, Anton Ulrich, Duke, grandson of Anton Ulrich of 146 Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel¨ 361 Alexis, Petrovitch 135, 136, 137, 141, 142–3, 149 Anton Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel¨ Alfonso VI, King of Portugal 23 111, 233

403

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Aosta, Carlo Emanuele, duca d’ see Carlo Emanuele Banks, Joseph 374 III Bárbara of Braganza see Mar´ıa Bárbara of Aosta, Vittorio Amedeo Teodora, duc d’ 44 Braganza Argenson, Marc-Pierre de Voyer, comte d’ 205, Baroque Court (German) 225–7 207–8 its expectations of consorts 227–9 Arpajon, duchesse d’ 85 Bartenstein, Johann Christoph 122, 123, 124 Arsen’eva, Dari’a and Varvara 135 Basedow, Johann Bernard 390 Athélie (1690) 86 Baudéan, Suzanne de 79 Aubigné, Françoise d’ see Maintenon, Françoise Beaumont, Mme LePrince de 385 d’Aubigné, Marquise de Beauvilliers family 88 Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d’ 79 Bellenden, Mary 290 August II, ‘the Strong’, King of Poland Belsunce, abbéde94 (Friedrich August I) 280 Bergholz, Friedrich 131, 149 becomes Elector of Saxony 255–6 Bernstorff, J. B. 381 becomes King of Poland 256–8 Bernstorff, J. H. E., Count 352, 354, 361 marriage to Christiane Eberhardine 255 Berta, Francesco 45 and Catholicism 252, 262–3 Berwick, duc-maréchal de 92 August III, King of Poland (Friedrich August II) Béthune, duchesse de 193 256 Betrachtungen über die Wahrheiten der Religion (1768) becomes King of Poland 265 (Considerations on the Principal Truths of Religion) children 265–8, 269–70 (1770) 383 claim on Imperial crown 265 Bibliothèque des Sciences at des Beaux Arts 385 his conversion to Catholicism 10, 252, 263 Blanckmeister, Franz 265 August Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia 309, 313, 330, Boileau, Nicolas 85 332–3, 334, 335 Bonnet, Charles 385 Auguste Elisabeth, daughter of Marie Auguste von Borgia, Lucrezia 116 Thurn und Taxis 245 Bose, Hans Balthasar von 259, 261 Augustus, son of George III and Queen Charlotte Bossuet, Jaques Bénigne 88 369, 392, 393, 394 Boufflers, Louis François, Duc de 96 Aumale, Mlle d’ 94 Boufflers, Maréchale de 191 Aviano, Marco d’ 113 Bourbon, duc de (M. le Duc) 187 death 199 Baden-Durlach, Carl Willhelm von, Margrave 229, influence over Marie Leszczynska’s´ household 233–4 191–8 Baden-Durlach, Freidrich Magnus von, Margrave and marriage arrangements for Louis XV 233 188–90 Baden-Durlach, Johanne Elisabethe von 7, 13, 221 plot against Fleury 198–9 late pregnancy 239 Bourbon-Vendome,ˆ Elisabeth de 17, 19–20, 21 marriage to Eberhaud Ludwig 229–30 Bourbon-Vendome,ˆ François de 17 political involvement 232 Bourgogne, duchesse de 88, 89, 197 response to husband’s bigamous marriage Bourgogne, Louis, duc de 87, 92, 96 232–3, 234–6 Braem, Corfitz 59–60 resumption of role of consort 238 Brahe, Erik 331 wealth 245 Brahe, Per 59 Balbien, Nanon 83 Brancas, marquis de 90 Balk, Matrena 141 Brandenburg-Schwedt, Henriette Marie von ballet de la cour 10, 24 236–7, 313

404

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Breteuil, baron de, French ambassador 336–7 marriage 349 Breuer, Johan George 67, 68 political involvement 9, 351–4, 362–3 Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Carove, Carlo and Giovanni 64, 67 382–3, 392–3 Carvajal, José de 158, 175, 176 Burney, Charles 374 Castellamonte, Amadeo di 24 Busshe, M de 377 Castellamonte, Carlo di 43 Catalina Michaela, Infanta 33 Campillo, José del 158 Catherine I, Empress of Russia 10, 14 Campredon, Jean-Jacques 140–1 appearance 147–9 Cap Party 9, 327, 328–9, 335, 336–8 children 135, 136–7, 138, 139, 149 Carignan, princesse de 198–201, 212 coronation 139–41 Carignano, Tommaso Francesco, principe di 43 and court ritual, participation in 138, 143–7 Carl Alexander, Duke 221, 238–42 as Empress 149–50 Carl August, Duke 379 family and background 131–3 Carl Eugen, son of Marie Auguste von Thurn und honours and titles 138–9 Taxis 244–5 instatement as tsaritsa 139 Carlo Emanuele II, Duke of Savoy 19 marriage to Peter I 136–8 court of 23–6 painting of 147–9 death 26, 32–3 qualities 143 mistresses 24–6 relationship with Alexander Menshikov 136 negotiations for first marriage 19–20 relationship with Peter I 134–6, 140–1 negotiations for second marriage 21–3 relationship with William Mons 140–1 Carlo Emanuele III, King of Sardinia 41, 44–5 status 141–3, 144 Carmelite Order 121 Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia 132, Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Queen of 133, 335, 337, 361 Great Britain 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 276–7, 347, 389 Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England 72, background 277–83 292 becomes Princess of Wales 285 Catherine de’ Medici, Queen of France 78 becomes Queen 291–6 Catholicism 10, 242, 244, 252, 256–9, 262–3, children 284, 290 268–71 see also pietas austriaca coronation 292–3 Caylus, comte de 84 and court life, revival of 293–4 Celle, George Wilhelm, Duke of 280, 281 and the infidelity of George II 7, 290–1 Chabod, Charles-Christian, comte de integration into English court 286–7 Saint-Maurice 33–4 intellect and cultural interests 285, 295 Chabod, François-Thomas de, marquis de and Protestantism 10, 286 Saint-Maurice 33 relationship with George I 287–90 Chalais, princesse de 193 relationship with George II 4, 283–5 Chambéry residences 289–90 château of 25–6 Caroline Henrietta, Landgravine of proposed university at 31 Hesse-Darmstadt 379 Chamillart, Joseph, Bishop of Senlis 93 Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark-Norway 373, Chamillart, Michel 89, 91–2, 93, 96 380 Chantal, Jeanne Françoise Frémiot de 121 affair with Johann Friedrich Streunsee 7, 350, Charles II, King of Spain 110–11, 155 351–3, 355, 359, 363, 381–2 Charles III, King of Spain 167, 170 background 350 Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine and of Bar 20–1 divorce 353 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 155

405

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Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 110–11, 243, Chevreuse family 88 265 Chiaveri, Gaetano 268 court ritual 117–18, 119 Choiseul, duc de 337–8 familial devotion 15 Christian VI, King of Denmark-Norway 347 fidelity 116–17 Christian VII, King of Denmark-Norway 9, 350, lack of male heir 114 380 political involvement of women during reign of attempted coup by Johann Friedrich Streunsee 123–7 351–3, 355 spirituality 122 mental illness and inability to rule 350–1, 360, Charles X see Karl X Gustav, King of Sweden 362–3 Charles XI see Karl XI, King of Sweden Christian August of Saxony-Zeitz, Bishop of Raab Charles XII see Karl XII, King of Sweden 256–7, 259 Charles-Amédée of Savoy 17 Christian Ernst, Margrave 255, 258–9 Charles of Austria, Archduke 281 his heir, Georg Wilhelm 259 Charles, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 369, Christian Heinrich, brother of George I 281 375–8, 379–80, 394–5 Christina, Queen of Sweden 56, 57–8, 69–70, Charles of Lorraine, Prince 20–1 71–2, 73, 172, 340 Charlotte, daughter of Charles of Christine Charlotte of East Frisia 226 Mecklenburg-Strelitz 369 Christine Eberhardine, Margravine of Charlotte Felicitas, Duchess of Modena Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Electress of Saxony 124 and Queen of Poland 4, 252 Charlotte (Sophia) of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, becomes Electress of Saxony 255–6 Queen of Great Britain 4, 11, 13 birth of son Frederick August II 256 and the Bavarian War of Succession 378–9 finances 261 brothers 375–9 lifestyle 261 and Caroline Matilda’s scandal 381–2 and Lutheranism 10, 252, 262–5 children 6, 368, 369 marriage to Friedrich August I (August II) 255, and Christian Gellert 383–4 260–1 dynastic connections 373 as ‘pillar of prayer’ 264–5 and the French Revolution 391 refusal to be crowned as Queen of and Hanoverian improvements 388 Poland 258–9 intellectual activities 373–4, 379 residences 260 and Johann Frederick William Jerusalem resting place 271 382–3 Clagny, château of 83 life at Kew 386–8 Claperède, David 385 love of dogs 376–7 Claretta, Gaudenzio 22 nieces 368–9, 391 Claudia Felicitas, Empress 33 relationship with Georg Christoph Clélie 79 Lichtenberg 386 Clement XI, Pope 97, 98 relationship with Jean André DeLuc 388–91 Clementine, niece of Eleonore of Pfalz-Neuburg and the Republic of Letters 392, 393 125 Charlotte, Princess Royal, Queen of Wurttemburg¨ Clermont, Marie-Anne, Mlle de 191, 197, 204 368 Collegio dei Nobili (Turin) 29, 31 Charlottenburg Palace 306, 313 Collyer, Joseph 381 Châteauroux, duchesse de 204–6 Collyer, Maria 381 Chaulnes, duc de 86–7 Condé family 97 Chauveau, Evrard 64 Conseil de Conscience 93

406

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Considerations on the Principal Truths of Religion (1770) Dolgorukii, Prince Vasiliis 142 (Betrachtungen über die Wahrheiten der Religion) Dominican Order 121 (1768) 383 Doring,¨ Johann Philipp, vicar of Torgau 263–4 Contemplation de la Nature 385 Dreux, Emmanuel-Filibert of Savoy, comte de 32, Conti family 97 35 Cooper, Alexander 71 Drottningholm Palace 59–60, 62, 63, 74, 334 Cosimo III de’ Medici, grand Duke of Tuscany 20 Dz`ıkow Confederation 265 Counter-Reformation 118, 120 Court Party 329, 332, 336 Eberhard III, children of 225 Courtanvaux, Marquis de 187 Eberhard Ludwig, Duke 221, 226, 227, 228 Coxe, William 164 bigamous relationship with Christian Craggs, James (the younger) 284 Wilhelmina von Grävenitz 225, 230–3, Cramer, J. A. 384 234–9 death 239 Dahlberg, Eric 66 debts 245 Dalin, Olof von 340 marriage to Johanne Elisabethe von Baden Dalrymple, Sir John, 1st Earl of Stair 77 Durlach 229–30 Damenstift 121 reconciliation with Johanne Elisabethe von Dangeuil, M, mâitre d’hotel of Louis XV 330 Baden Durlach 234, 238 Danish army 348 Eberhardine Louise, sister of Eberhard Ludwig 229 Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksiken (Dictionary of Edict of Nantes 84 Danish Women’s Biographies) 346 Egmont, comtesse d’ 193 Death of Abel 381 Ehrenstrahl, David Klocker¨ 64, 67–9 Deism 392 El Duende Cr´ıtico (The Critical Goblin) 173 DeLuc, Jean André 373, 380, 388–91 Eleanore Le Erdmuth Luise, mother of Caroline of Den danske Kvindes Historie (History of the Danish Brandenburg-Ansbach 277 Woman) 346 Eleanore Magdalene, third Empress of Leopold I Des Marais, Godet, Bishop of Chartres 82, 93 10, 34 Des Ursins, Anne-Marie de la Tremoille, princesse Eleanore Maria Josefa, Archduchess 21 39–40, 79 Eleonore of Pfalz-Neuburg, Empress 110, 115, 233 appointment as Camarera Mayore and political death and funeral 120 ambitions 90 dynastic ambitions 112 dismissal by Elisabeth Farnese 163, 164 her daughters and succession 126 influence on the government of Philip V 160–3, fertility 113 165, 168, 178 fidelity 115 letters from Madame de Maintenon to 96, 99 as regent 123–5 Desmaretz, Nicolas 93, 96 religion 119–22 Diane de Poitiers 78 Elisabeth Christine, Queen of Prussia 300–1, 303, Dictionary of Danish Women’s Biographies 354, 384 (Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksiken) 346 activity during the Seven Years War 309–12 Diet, Swedish (Riksdag) at the court of Berlin 307–14 of 1751 329 early years of marriage to Frederick II 304–5 of 1755 330, 332–3 Enlightenment and her role 315 of 1761 335 lack of authority 313–14 of 1765 335–7 loyalty to Frederick II 315 of 1768 337–8 and religion 307–8 Dodington, George Bubb 167 undermining of her position 6, 315–16

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Elisabeth-Marguérite (Mlle d’Alençon), Abbess of her children 6, 167, 170 Remiremont 21 influence over Philip V 7, 165–7 Elisabeth, Tsarina 323, 335 interest in foreign affairs 170–1 Elisabeth Christine of introduction and marriage to Philip V Braunschweig-Wolfenbuttel,¨ Empress 6, 110, (and Italian ambitions) 162–4 112 and the Palace of Riofrio´ 176 character 113 personality 164–5 conversion to Catholicism 111–12, 113, 122 political influence 156–7, 158, 164–5, 167, and court culture, participation in 5, 11, 118–19 168–70 fertility 113 relationship with Mar´ıa Bárbara of Braganza fidelity 115–17 and Ferdinand VI 174–6 political influence 8, 122–7 relationship with step-sons 172–3 Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia 132, 138 as a widow 175–6 Elizabeth Sophie, third wife of Christian Ernst of as wife and mother 164–7 Bayreuth 228–9 Fauconberg, Lord 22 Emmanuel-Filibert of Savoy, comte de Dreux32, 35 Fedor, Tsar of Russia 133 Enlightenment 11–12, 305–7, 315, 316–17 Felipe V, King of Spain see Philip V, King of Spain English 374–5 Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe 85, German 382 87–8, 99 Protestant 380 Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 119 Ensenada, Zenon´ de Somodevilla, Marquis of 14, Ferdinand VI, King of Spain 155, 156, 165–7, 172, 158, 172, 173, 175, 176–7 173 Entrétiens, Drames, et Contes Moraux à L’usage des becomes king 173–7 Femmes (1801) 385 decline and death 179 Eperon, duchesse d’ (duchesse d’Antin) 193 and the arts 177–8 Erdmuthe Sophie, Duchess of Saxony 255 Ferdinand, Prince, brother of Frederick II 313 Ernest, brother of Queen Charlotte 369, 375, 376 Fersen, leader of the Estate of nobles 330–1 Ernest, Duke of Cumberland 368, 369, 392, 393, Fiholn manor, Västmanland, Sweden 73–4 394–5 Filiberto, Emanuele 20 as King of Hanover 368 Flavacourt, marquise de 204, 205 Ernst August, Duke of York and Albany 281 Fleming, Herman 59 Ernst August, Elector of Hanover 278, 280 Fleury, André Hercule de, Bishop 88, 96, 189–90, Estate of peasants in Swedish Diet 329, 331 191, 193 Esther (1688) 86 his influence over Marie Leszczynska 200, 204, Estrades, Madame d’ 208 205, 206–7 Estrées, César d’, Bishop of Laon 19, 23, 31 plot against 198–9 Estrées, Gabrielle d’ 78 Fleury, Duchesse de 204, 206 Estrées, Maréchal d’ 90 Fontanges, Mlle de 80 Etampes, Duchesse d’ 78 Forstner, Georg Friedrich von 235 Eugène, Prince 112 Francesco, Duke of Parma 162, 170 Eugénie et ses élèves (1787) 385 Francesco, Maurizio, Cardinal 43 Euler, Leonhard 389 Francesco, Tommaso, principe di Carignano 43 Euphrosyne, Maria 63 Francis Stephen of Lorraine 13, 107, 123 François I, King of France 78 Farinelli, Carlo 159 François IV, Duc de la Rochefoucauld 32, 79 Farnese, Elizabeth 7, 14, 155 Françoise de Lorraine, Dowager Duchess de and the arts 171–2, 177–9 Vendomeˆ 22

408

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Franc¸oise-Madeleine, first wife of Carlo Friedrich III of Brandenburg, Elector 277–8, 280, Emanuele II 20, 21 281 see also Frederick I, King in Prussia Frederica Louise (Friederike Luise), Margravine of Friedrich August I, Elector of Saxony see August II, Ansbach 300, 303, 323 King of Poland Frederica, Queen of Hanover 368, 369, 391, 394–5 Friedrich August II see August III, King of Poland Frederica of Prussia, Duchess of York 391 Friedrich Carl, Regent, son of Eberhard III 226–7 Frederick I, King of Prussia 280, 300, 305, 315 Friedrich Christian, son of Maria Josepha and Frederick II, the Great, King of Prussia 300, 302, August III 266–8, 269, 270 303, 354, 378 disability 266, 268 attendance at court events 5, 308, 309, 312–13 Friedrich Eugen, son of Marie Auguste von Thurn attitude to court life 316 und Taxis 244 early years of marriage to Elisabeth Christine Freidrich Ludwig, son of Eberhard Ludwig 236–7 304–5 Friedrich Wilhelm, the Great Elector 277, 314–15 ‘Enlightened’ kingship and Court life 11, 304–5, Friedrich the Wise 252 315, 316–17 Frihetstiden (Age of Liberty) 9, 326–7, 328, 340 invasion of Silesia 115 Frondes 97 and Juliana Marie 360–1 political involvement with his sister Louisa Gabriele of Savoy 26 Ulrica 312, 322, 329, 331–2, 333, 334–5, Gay, John 284, 286 336–7 Genlis, Mme de 385 and the Seven Years War 270, 375 George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland 7 Frederick V, King of Denmark-Norway 9, 347 coronation 285–6 and the arts 381 his court 5, 277, 286–7 character 347 death 291 government 348, 351 relationship with George II and Caroline of marriage to Juliana Marie 354–5 Brandenburg-Ansbach 287–90, 291 Frederick VI see Frederick, Crown Prince of George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland 4, 5 Denmark becomes king 291–5 Frederick, Bishop of Osnabruck¨ 369 children 284, 290, 347 Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark coronation 292–3 (Frederick VI) 353, 355, 360–1, 362, 363–4 integration into English court 286–7 Frederick, Duke of York 377, 392 mistresses 7, 290–1 Frederick Ludwig, son of Eberhard Ludwig and relationship with Caroline of Johanne Elisabethe von Baden-Durlach 230 Brandenburg-Ansbach 276–7, 283–5 Frederick, Prince of Wales, father of George III 350 relationship with George I 287–90 Frederick William I, King in Prussia 236, 300, 303, search for a wife 281–3 304–5, 316, 322–3 George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland Frederick William II, King of Prussia 300, 392–4 368–9 Frederick William III, King of Prussia 300, 392 and Caroline Matilda, his sister 354 marriage to Luise (Louisa) 303, 368, 369, 391 Charlotte’s political influence 377–8 Frederick William, the Great Elector see Friedrich and the marriage of Charlotte’s brothers 375–6 Wilhelm, the Great Elector political idealism 388 Fredrik III, King of Denmark 58 relationship with Georg Christoph Lichtenberg Freemasonry 391, 392 386 French Revolution 391 and the Seven Years War 375 Friederike Luise (Frederica Louise), Margravine of as ‘True Defender of Faith’ 392–3 Ansbach 300, 303, 323 George IV, King of Great Britain 368

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George, brother of Charlotte of Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden 69, 71–2 Mecklenburg-Strelitz 375 Gustav III, King of Sweden 4, 326, 337–8, 340, 349 George Louis, Elector of Hanover 111, 112 Guyon, Jeanne Marie de la Mothe 88 George Wilhelm, Duke of Celle 280, 281 Gyllenstierna, Carl, Count 61, 63 Gergy, Jean-Baptiste-Joséph Languet de 93 German principalities, status and structure of in Halifax, Lord 284 seventeenth century 223–4 Halley, Edmund 295 ‘Gesellschaft der Sklavinnen Oder Leibeigen Hard, Johann Ludwig von 331 Mariens’ 120 Hardenberg family 377 Gessner, Salomon 381 Hat (Hatter) Party 9, 327–9, 331, 332, 333–8 Geyling von Altheim, Leopold Ludwig 235 and the arts 339 Giacinto, Francesco, Duke 43 leader of 326 Giaquinto, Corrado 178 Haussonville, Comte d’ 39 Giordano, Luca 178 Havrincourt, Marquis d’ 327–8, 329–31, 332–3, Giovinazzo, Duque de 33 334, 335 Giudice, Francesco del, Cardinal and Inquisitor Hedwig Eleonora, Queen of Sweden 6, 14, 56–74, General 162–3 233 Glapion, Madame de 91, 95 as builder 62–9 Gobelina, abbé85 as collector of objets d’art 69–74 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 379 as dowager 58–62 Goldene Spiegel, Der (The Golden Mirror) (1773) 385–6 paintings of 68–9 Goldner, Christian Erdmann 265 political ambition 8 Golitsyna, Anastasia Petrovna, Princess 141–3, 144 residences 62 Gomez-Centuri´ on,´ Carlos 169 Hedwig Elizabeth, sister of Eleonore of Gontaut, Duchesse de 197, 204 Pfalz-Neuburg 124, 125 Gonzaga, Eleanora, second wife of Emperor Hedwig Sophia, granddaughter of Hedwig Ferdinand II 32 Eleonora 68 Gonzaga-Nevers, Eleanora, third wife of Heinrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt 313 Emperor Ferdinand II 21, 32 Heinrich, Prince, brother of Frederick II the Great Goodericke, Sir John, English ambassador 336 313, 317 Gournay, Amelot, Marquis de 98 Hénault, President 203, 207–8 Grävenitz, Christina Wilhelmina von 221 Henri II, King of France 78 bigamous marriage to Eberhard Ludwig 230–3 Henri IV, King of France 16, 17, 78, 79 decline and fall from grace 237–9 Henri of Savoy-Nemours, Archbishop of remarriage and return to favour 234–6 Reims 17 in role of consort 236–7 Henrichetta Adela¨ıda, sister of Carlo Emanuele II Gravenitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von 230, 236–7, 239 32 Gripsholm, palace at 62, 63, 68 Henriette-Marie of Great Britain 19 Grund, George 137 Hermann, Father Anton 268–9 Gsell, Georg 147 Herrnals, ‘Calvary’ at 119 Guarini, Guarino 28–9, 31, 44 Hesse-Kassel, Landgrave Carl of 233 Guelph dynasty 223 History of the Danish Woman (Den danske Kvindes Guidobono brothers, Domenico and Bartholomeo Historie) (1917) 346 43 Hjärne, Urban 69 Gunther,¨ Johann Christian 120 Høegh-Guldberg, Ove 357–60, 363 Gusmão, Lu´ısa de 23 Hofkirche (Court Church), Dresden 268, 271 Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden 63 Hohenzollern, Hedwig Sophie von 226

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Holstein, Karl Friedrich, Duke of 139, 149 and Ove Høegh-Guldberg, shared regime Holy Roman Empire, women’s position in 225 357–60, 363 Holy Shroud 28, 41 political influence 354–5, 360–1, 362 Honourable Mirror of Youth, The (1717) 146 Juvarra, Filippo 41–4, 171 Horn, Gustav Jakob von 331 Howard, Henrietta 7, 290–1 Kameke, Frau von 307 Huescar, Fernando de Silva Alvarez de Toledo, Karl VI see Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor Duke of 175 Karl X Gustav, King of Sweden 56, 64 Huguenots 11, 84, 89 coronation and marriage 57–8 hunting 24 death 58 tapestry collection 73 Illuminati Order 391 Karl XI, King of Sweden 56, 58–9, 73 Innocent XII, Pope 87 celebrations for marriage 59, 61 Irby, William, Lord Boston 387 paintings of 67–8 Isabel Luisa Josefa, Infanta 34–6 Karl XII, King of Sweden 56 Isabella, Empress, wife of Charles V 155 death 74, 326 Ivan VI, Tsar of Russia 361 military campaigns 57, 137, 186–7, 257–8 Ivan, brother of Peter I 134 as prospective husband 229 Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein 139, 149 Jacobinism 391, 392 Karl Peter Ulrik, Duke see Peter III, Tsar of Russia Jagellonica, Katarina 63 Karlberg Palace 62, 63 James I and VI of England and Scotland 278 Katsch, Frau von 307 James II and VII of England and Scotland 38, 85 Keene, Benjamin 164, 176–7, 180 Jan (John) III Sobieski, King of Poland 256 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb 381, 385 Jansenism 97–8, 122 Knigge, Baron Jerusalem, Johann Frederick Wilhelm 382–3 Knights of the Golden Fleece 119 Johann III, King of Sweden 63 Konigsmark,¨ Maria Aurora von 256 Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Kunigunde, Theresia, Electress 226 Brandenburg-Asbach 277 Johann Georg III, Elector of Saxony 256 L’Homme Machine (1749) 383 Johann Georg IV, Elector of Saxony 255, 277 La Beaumelle, Angliviel de 79 Johann Georg, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach 277 La Chaise, Père 88, 93, 94, 97 Johanne Elisabethe von Baden-Durlach see La Fayette, Comtesse de 31–2 Baden-Durlach, Johanne Elisabethe von La Fite, Daniel de 385 John (Jan) III Sobieski, King of Poland 256 La Fite, Marie Elisabeth de 373, 380, 381, 383, 384, John V 175 385–6, 389 John William, Elector Palatine 124 La Gardie, Magnus Gabriel de 58, 63 Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 110, 123, 232, 233, La Gardie, Maria Euphrosyne de 68 265 La Granja de San Ildefonso 171–2, 173, 176, 178 death 110, 115 La Luzerne, French ambassador 368 familial devotion 115 La Mettrie, Julien Offray de 383 fidelity 116 La Mothe, Comte de 206 marriage negotiations 111–13 La Motte-Houdancourt, maréchale 80 Juel, Just 137, 138 La Porte de La Meilleraye, Armande-Félicité, Juliana Maria, Queen of Denmark-Norway 6, marquise de Nesle 193 349–50, 353, 354, 373 La Roche, Abbot of Cherbourg 94 maternal ambition 9, 355–9, 362–4 La Roche, Sophie von 385

411

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La Rochefoucauld, François IV, duc de 32, 79 marriage to Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de La Tour, Maurice Quentin de 209 Maintenon 77–9, 82–99 La Tournelle, marquise de (duchesse de and marriage negotiations for Carlo Châteauroux) 204–6 Emanuele II 20–2 La Tremoille, abbéde97 and marriage negotiations for Vittorio La Tremoille, Anne-Marie de see Des Ursins, Amadeo II 35–7 Anne Marie de la Tremoille, princesse des nervous breakdown 91 La Vallière, Louise de 83 mistresses 80–2 La Vrillière, Louis II Phélypeaux, marquis political relationship with Maria Giovanna de 89 Battista 32–3 Lamberg, Count Ferdinand von 233 Louis XV, King of France 44, 79 Lamberg, Count Johann Philip von 116 marriage to Marie Leszczynska´ 191 Lavater, Johann Kaspar 384, 387 mistresses 198, 203–6 Lavy, Lorenzo 44 and the plot against Fleury 198–200 Law of Indigenous Rights (1776) 359 potential brides 188–91 Le Camus, Etienne, Bishop of Grenoble 31 Louis, brother of Frederick William III 369 le paquet d’Espagne 90 Louis, duc de Bourgogne 87, 92, 96 Le Roman Comique 79 Louis, duc d’Orléans 187–8, 190 Le Tellier, Père 97 Louis-George-Simpert of Baden 187 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 112, 285, 300, Louis, the Grand Dauphin (Monseigneur) 85, 96, 389 99 Leitner, Hildegarde 121 Louisa, Queen of Denmark-Norway 6, 9, 347, Lely, Sir Peter 64 362–3 Lemke, Johan Philip 66 Louisa, Queen of Prussia see Luise, Queen of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 110, 227 Prussia death 116 Louisa Ulrica (Luise Ulrike), Queen of Prussia 14, marriage alliances for his children 110–13 312 pactum mutuae successionis 129–7 ambitions 9, 327–8, 341 Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau 388, 390 background 322–3 Lepautre, Jean 68 character 322, 323, 332 Less, Gottfried 384 coronation 328 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 382 failed royal coup 330–2 Leszczynska´ see Marie Leszczynska,´ Queen of foreign political involvement 333–8 France; Stanislas Leszczynski´ internal political involvement 4, 328–33 Letters on the Religious Education of Infancy 393 last years 340–1 Lettres Physiques et Morales sur L’Histoire de la Terre et patroness of the arts and science 11, 339–40 l’Homme (1778) 389 Louise Amalie, sister of Elisabeth Christine of Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph 380, 386 Prussia 309, 314 Linnaeus, Carl (Carl von Linné) 340 Louise Augusta, Princess, daughter of Caroline Liselotte, sister-in-law of Louis XIV, duchesse Matilda of Denmark-Norway 353, 355, 362 d’Orléans = MADAME 82, 84, 87, 89 Louise Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha, Princess 389 Lopukhina, Evdokia 134, 137 Louise-Félicité, duchesse d’Agenois 202 Louis II Phélypeaux, marquis de la Vrillière 89 Louise Henriette, consort of the Great Louis XIII, King of France 16, 78 Elector 307 Louis XIV, King of France 6 Louville, Charles-Auguste d’Allonville, advice to Philip V 159, 160 Marquis de 90 and Marie-Adéla¨ıde’s letters 39 Louvois, François Michel le Tellier, Marquis de 86

412

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Ludwig Eugen, son of Marie Auguste von Thurn political influence 9, 77–9, 82–3, 90–3, 95–7, und Taxis 227, 244 98–9 Luis I, King of Spain 44, 165–7, 172, 173, 188 prudence 94–5 Luis, son of Elizabeth Farnese 167, 175 quarters and household 83 Lu´ısa Francisca de Gusmão (de Guzmán), Queen religious influence 10–11, 83, 84, 87–8, 93–4, of Portugal 19 98 Luise (Louisa), Queen of Prussia 300, 317–8, 368, and Saint-Cyr Finishing School 11, 83, 86–7, 88, 369, 391, 392 97, 99 as mother 302, 303–9 and state affairs, involvement in 88–9 political influence 303, 393–4 as surrogate mother 85 Luise Ulrike, Queen of Prussia see Louisa Ulrica, Makarov, Aleksei 136 Queen of Prussia Mallet, Paul-Henri 381 Luther, Martin 252, 264 Mancini, Hortense, duchesse de Mazarin 25–6, Lutheranism 252–5, 256, 258–9, 262–5 31 Luxembourg, François Henri de Mancini, Olympe 20 Montmorency-Bouteville, maréchal de 86 Mandel, Carl Christoffer 71 Luynes, Cardinal de 206 Man’s Destination (1748) 384 Luynes, duchesse de 197, 204, 206, 208 Mansart, Jules-Hardouin 83 Luynes, Jeanne-Baptiste d’Albret de, Contessa di Marguérite of Lorraine 20 Verrua 44 Marguérite-Louise, wife of Cosimo III de’ Medici 20 Macanaz, Melchor de 158 Maria Amalia, daughter of Charles VI and Madrid, Royal Palace in 171, 175 Elizabeth Christine 115 Magalotti, Lorenzo 60–1 Maria Amalia, daughter of Joseph I 111 Magdalene Sybille, Duchess, mother of Duke Maria Anna, daughter of Leopold I 110 Eberhard Ludwig 226, 240, 245 Maria Anna, sister of Eleonore of Pfalz-Neuburg Magdalene Wilhelmina, sister of Duke Eberhard 124 Ludwig 226, 229 Maria Anna Victoria, Infanta 188–9 Mailly, Louis, comte de 84 Maria Antonia of Bavaria 267–8, 270 Mailly, (first) comtesse de 191, 197 Mar´ıa Antonia, daughter of Elizabeth Farnese 167, Mailly, Françoise de, duchesse de Mazarin 197–8, 175, 176 204 Mar´ıa Bárbara of Braganza 3, 6, 7, 14, 155 Mailly-Nesle, Louise-Julie de (second comtesse and the arts 177–9 de Mailly, mistress of Louis XV) 198, death 179 203–6 political influence 9, 156–7, 174 Maine, Louis Auguste, duc du 80, 85, 87, 91 Maria Eleonora, widow of Gustav II Adolf of Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de 3, Sweden 69, 71 13, 39, 191, 197 Maria Elisabeth of Saxony 58 advancement of her relatives and friends 84–5 Maria Elizabeth, Archduchess 112 attendance at unofficial royal engagements 87 Maria Francisca Isabel background 79–82 (Marie-Françoise-Elisabeth), Queen of in disfavour (Quietist scandal) 88, 98 Portugal 12–13, 17, 39–40 as family mediator 6, 95 death 37 marriage to Louis XIV 77, 82 marriage 23 and military matters, involvement with 86, 87, marriage arrangements for her daughter 35–6 89–90, 92–3, 95 relationship with her sister Maria Giovanna as philanthropist 94–5 Battista 17, 39–40

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Maria Giovanna Battista (Marie-Jeanne-Baptiste), and the king’s mistresses 203–6 Duchess of Savoy-Nemours 3, 6, 10, 12–13, marriage to Louis XV 191 16 and the plot hatched with the duc de Bourbon architectural projects 17–41, 44 and Mme de Prie 198–9 death 44–6 political and dynastic influence 9, 201–3 as dowager 37–6 portraits of 209 and hunting 24 potential husbands 187–91 institutions created by 29–31 reputation earned 209–13 lovers 7, 33–4 Marie-Louise-Gabrielle of Savoy 39–40, 155, 162 marriage and early years 17–28 her children 6, 165–7, 172, 173 as regent 8, 26–34 death 161 renunciation 37 domination of Philip V 160, 165 Maria Josepha, Electress of Saxony, Queen of political influence 156–7 Poland 6, 8, 111, 252 Marie Luisa Gabriella, daughter of Vittorio and Catholicism 10, 266, 268–9 Amadeo II see Marie-Louise-Gabrielle of children 265–8, 269–70 Savoy death 271 Marie of Orléans-Longueville 17 marriage to Friedrich August II (August III) Marie Sofie of Pfalz-Neuberg 34 265–6 Marie-Thérèse, Queen of France 79, 82 resting place 271 Marlborough, Duchess of 287 role in Seven Years War 270–1 Marlborough, Duke of 284 Maria Theresa of Austria 13, 107, 115, Marly, château of 87, 90, 94 123 Mary II, Queen of Great Britain 72, 292 Marian cult 120, 122 Mary of Modena 13, 85, 292 Mariana of Pfalz-Neuburg, Dowager Queen of Masino, Carlo Francesco di Valperga, Spain 163 Conte di 34 Marie-Adéla¨ıde, daughter of Vittorio Amadeo II Matignon, marquise de 193 39–40 Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de 339 Marie-Anne-Christine of Bavaria 80 Maurepas, comtesse de 197 Marie-Anne-Christine-Victoire of Bavaria 31 Maurepas, Minister 204, 206 Marie Antoine, Archduchess, daughter of MaxEmmanuel, Prince, son of Henriette Adelaide Leopold I 34 35, 110–11 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 186, 197 Maximilian II of Bavaria, Elector 124 Marie-Christine of Bourbon and Savoy 16–17, 19, Maximilian Wilhelm, brother of George I 262 20, 21, 41, 43, 45 Mazarin, Françoise de Mailly, duchesse de 197–8, Marie-Françoise-Elisabeth see Maria Francisca 204 Isabel of Portugal Mazarin, Hortense Mancini, duchesse de 25–6, Marie-Jeanne-Baptiste see Maria Giovanna Battista 31 of Savoy-Nemours Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal 20, 25, 86 Marie Leszczynska,´ Queen of France 3, 10, 13 Menshikov, Alexander 131, 135, 136, 149, 150 background 186 Merck, J. H. 379 characteristics 186–7 Mercure Danois 381 children 201–2, 209 Mesmes di Marolles, Gabriella di, Contessa delle correspondence with Fleury 201, 202, 204 Lanze 25 in disfavour 200–1 Messias 381 expenditure 207 Methuen, Paul 170–1 household members 191–8, 206–8 Meyer, Johan 68

414

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Michaelis, J D 384 Northern Spectator, The 384 Millich, Nicolaes 64, 67 Northern War 257–8 Miloslavskaia, Maria 133 Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, comte Olearius, Adam 58 de 308 Olsuf’eva, Evva 147 Miseroni, Ottavio 72 Opalinska, Catherine 186 Modène, duc de, French ambassador 337 Oppenheimer, Joseph Suss¨ 243 Moltke, Adam Gottlob, Lord Chamberlain 9, 348, Order of the SS Annunziata 29 351, 354, 362 Order of St Catherine (Order of Liberation) 138–9 Monbijou Palace 313 Order of the Visitation 121 Mons, Anna 134 Orléans, duchesse d’ 97 Mons, William 140–1 Orléans, Gaston d’ 20 Montchevreuil, Henri 85 Orléans, Philippe, duc d’ 85, 188 Montchevreuil, Madame de 84–5 Ornehufvud,¨ Olof Hansson 63 Montespan, Athénais, marquise de 80–2, 83 Oudenarde, battle of 92 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat 339 Oxenstierna, Axel 63 Montmorency-Bouteville, François Henri de, Oxenstierna, Count Johann 73 Maréchal de Luxembourg 86 Mornay-Montchevreuil, Henri Charles 85, 97 Pacification Parliament 257, 265 Morosini, Venetian ambassador 173 Pacta Conventa 256, 257, 258, 259 Moser,¨ Justus 388 Palazzo Madama 41, 43–4 Mraz, Gerda 121 Pálffy, Marianne 116, 124 Muenter, Balthasar, pastor 381–2, 383, 384 partido espanol˜ (Spanish Party) 172–3 Muratori, Lodovico 112 Patino,˜ José 158, 172 Murillo, Bartolome 172 Paul, Jean 369 Mursay, Henry Villette, marquis de 84 Paul of Russia, Grand-Duke 312, 316 Mustapha, Aga 308 Pelham, Henry 295 Pescatori, Laura 159, 163, 173 Nangis, marquis de 206 Peter I, the Great, Tsar of Russia 4, 125, 131–4 Nanteuil, Robert 29 art collection 146–7 Naryshkina, Natalia 133 creation of a new court calendar 10, 138 Nattier, Jean-Marc 147–9, 209 death 149 Nattmossor see Cap Party programme of Westernisation 141 Nemours, Elisabeth de (Elisabeth de Vendome)ˆ 17, relationship with Catherine 134–41 19–20, 21 succession law 149 Nesle, Armande-Félicité La Porte de La Meilleraye, Peter II, Alekseevich 149 marquise de 193 Peter III (Duke Karl Peter Ulrik), Tsar of Russia Neue Orientalische Reise (1647) 58 149, 323, 335 Neuffer, Philip Jacob 239 Peter of Holstein 378 Nicole, Pierre 98 Pfalz-Neuburg, Philip, Wilhelm von, Elector night-caps see Cap Party Palatine 110–11 Nine Years War (1688–97) 86 Philip II, King of Spain 155 Noailles, Anne Jules, duc de 92, 94 Philip V, King of Spain 7, 39, 155, 156 Noailles, Duchesse de 79 abdication and resumption of throne 173 Noailles family 88 and the arts 177–8 Noailles, Louis-Antoine de, Cardinal-Archbishop children 172–3 88, 93, 98 consort’s domination of 159

415

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Philip V, King of Spain (cont.) Rastrelli, Carlo 150 correspondence with Mme de Maintenon Rávago, Francisco 175 89–90, 94 Reale, Madama see Maria Giovanna Battista of death 173 Savoy-Nemours depression 165 Reale, Palazzo 43 domestication of politics 168–70 Reale, Piazza (Piazza S. Carlo) 41–3 Italian policy 170–1 Rébenec, French ambassador 39 personality 156, 159, 160, 165 Reichstag 32, 232 war and policy reforms 158 Remchingen, General Franz Joseph von 242–3 Philip, Duke of Anjou 114 see also Philip V, Republic of Letters 380 King of Spain Reverdil, E. S. 381 Philip, Duke of Parma 167, 170 Reversalien 242, 243 Philippe, duc d’Orléans 85, 188 Richardson, Samuel 381 Philippe, marquis de Villette 84 Richelieu, Armand Jean Duplessis, Cardinal, duc Phillippine Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel¨ de 16, 79, 204 323 Riddarholmskyrkan (Riddarholm church), Royal Phull, Conrad Christoph von 235 Burial Church, Stockholm 59, 74 pietas austriaca 10, 116, 119–22, 268–9 chandelier in 73 Pietism 229, 230, 259, 347, 382, 384 Riksdag (Diet) 326–7, 329, 330, 332–3, 335–8 Plélo, comte de 202 Riquetti, Honoré Gabriel, comte de Mirabeau 308 Pléneuf, Jeanne Agnes Berthelot de see Prie, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 385, 390 Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, Royal Law (1665) (Denmark) 344, 355–7 marquise de Rubens, Peter Paul 68 Poland, civil war in 265 Rudenschold,¨ Baron von 322 Polignac, Cardinal de 198 Rudolf II, Emperor of Austria 72 Pompadour, (Madame de), Jeanne Antoinette Rupelmonde, marquise de 193, 197 Poisson, marquise de 79, 201, 203, 205–6, 209, 315 S. Brigida, church of, Turin 44 Potter, John, Bishop of Oxford 292–3 S. Carlo, church of, Turin 41 Pragmatic Sanction 265 S. Carlo, Piazza (Piazza Reale), Turin 41–3 Praslin, duc de 336 S. Christina, church of, Turin 41–3, 44 Precht, Burchardt 68, 73 S. Lorenzo, church of, Turin 28 Prie, Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, Sachsen, Moritz von (Maurice de Saxe) 256 marquise de 193 Saint-Aignan, Duke of 165 influence over Marie Leszczynska’s´ household Saint Catherine 142 188, 189–90, 191–8 Order of 138–9 plot against Fleury 198–9 Saint-Cyr Finishing School 11, 83, 86–7, 88, 97, 99 Prior, Matthew 99 Saint-Denys, abbey of 86 Prokopovich, Feofan 136, 139, 150 Saint-Florentin, minister 207 Proyart, Abbé 187 Saint-Hermine, Louis Henri, comte de 84 Saint-Hermine, Marie Anne Françoise de 84 Quietism 98 Saint-Maurice, Charles-Christian Chabod, comte Quetist scandal 88 de 33–4 Saint-Maurice, François-Thomas de Chabod, Raab, Bishop of 256–7, 259 marquis de 33 Racine, Jean 85, 86 Saint-Simon, duc de 40, 82, 93, 99, 165, 168, 186 Ranft, Michael 262, 264 Sainte-Chapelle, Chambéry 41

416

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Salesian Order 121 Sophie Charlotte, Queen of Prussia see Sophia Sales, François de 22–3, 121 Charlotte, Queen of Prussia Salm, Prince 112, 114, 123 Sophie Dorothea, Queen of Prussia 300, 302–4, Sancta Clara, Abraham à 120 307, 313, 316, 322, 335 Sanssouci, Palace of 306–7, 308, 313 Sophie Luise, Duchess of Wurttemberg¨ 255 women at 315 Sophie, Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt 323 Saxe, Maurice de (Moritz von Sachsen) 256 Sorrows of Sophia von Sternheim, The 385 Scarron, Mme see Maintenon, Françoise Spalding, Johan Joachim 11, 384 d’Aubigné, marquise de Spanish royal politics, domestication of 167–70 Scarron, Paul 79–86 Spener, Philip Jakob 259 SchloßHartenfels castle 260 SS. Sindone, chapel of, Turin 29 Schlozer,¨ August 390 St Carlo Borromeo 41 Schonborn,¨ Bishop Friedrich Carl von 238, 243 St François de Sales 22–3 Schonhausen,¨ Palace of 307–8, 313 Staffhorst, Baron Johann Friedrich von 230 Schutz,¨ Johann Heinrich von 234, 235, 237 Stair, Sir John Dalrymple, first Earl of 77 Scotti, Annibale 175, 178 Stadtschloß,Royal City Palace 306 Scudéry, Madeleine, de 79, 85 Stanhope, General James 284 Seilern, Baron, Chancellor 126 Stanislas Leszczynski´ 4, 13–14, 186–8, 190–1, Seven Years War 270, 313, 315 200–1, 202, 257, 265 Sévigné, Madame de, marquise de 32, 77, 80, Starhemberg, Hofkammerpräsident 123 85 Steenstrup, Johannes 346 Sheremetev, Boris 131, 134 Sternkreuzorden 120 Signac, Pierre 71 Stockholm, Royal Palace at 62, 63 Signac, Paul 72 Storia Metallica della Real Casa di Savoia (1828) 45 Silva Alvarez de Toledo, Fernando de, Duke of Stradella, Alessandro 24 Huescar 175 Struensee, Johann Friedrich 7, 9, 350, 351–3, Simiane, Carlo Emanuele Filiberto di, Marchese di 355–9, 362, 363 Pianezza 34 conversion to Christianity 381–3, 384 Sinz, Johann Gottlob 264 Stuart, James ‘III’ the Old Pretender 125 Skavronskii, Martha see Catherine I, Empress of Stuarts, the Russia invasion of Scotland 92 Skelton, Bevil 38 Madame de Maintenon’s connection with 85–6 Sloane, Sir Hans 283 Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna 66 Society of Jesus 118 Summer Palace, St Petersburg 146–7 Somodevilla, Zenon´ de, Marquis of Ensenada 14, Sunderland, Earl of 284 158, 172, 173, 175, 176–7 Schwartz, Daniel 72 Sophia, Electress of Hanover 278, 280, 281, 283, Swedish Countess, The 383 285, 291 Sylvius, Johan 64 Sophia, Regent of Russia 134, 312 Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia 300, 304, 307 Tallard, Duchesse de 191–3 becomes queen consort 280 Tesauros, Emmanuele 64 death 283 Tessin, Carl Gustav, Count, Swedish ambassador and husband’s infidelity 291 312, 326, 329, 339, 340 relationship with Caroline of Tessin, Nicodemus (the elder) 63–6 Brandenburg-Ansbach 279–80, 281 Tessin, Nicodemus (the younger) 61, 64, 69, 73 Sophia Magdelena, daughter of Louise of Thaer, Albert 388 Denmark 349 Theatrum Sabaudiae 29

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Thérèse, of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, niece of Queen Villars, maréchale de 193 Charlotte 368–9 Villars, marquis de 80 Thomas-Louis of Savoy, comte de Soissons 29 Villeroy, duc de 96, 99 Thoughts on the Value of Feelings in Religion 384 Villette, Henry, marquis de Mursay 84 Thurn und Taxis, Marie Auguste von 6, 8, 221, 239, Villette, Marthe-Marguerite 84 240–6 Villette, Philippe, marquis de 84 Thurn und Taxis, Prince of 368–9 Virgin, cult of the 120 Tigny, Louis d’Aubignéde93 Visconti, Primi 80–2 Tillotson, John 383 Vittoria Francesca, illegitimate daughter of Tonnerre, duchesse de 204 Vittorio Amedeo II 44 Toqué, Louis 209 Vittorio Amedeo I, Duke of Savoy 41, 43 Torcy, Colbert de 90, 95 Vittorio Amedeo II, King of Sardinia 23, 29, 33, Treaty of Montmartre 21 189, 190 Trecesson, Marie-Jeanne de, Marchesa di detachment from Louis XIV 38–9 Cavour 25 health 35 Trianon, château of 87 kingship 40–1, 44 Triumph of Catherine, The 147 marriage negotiations 34–7 Triumph of Minerva, The 147 Vittorio Amedeo Francesco see Vittorio Triumph of Russia, The 147 Amedeo II 23, 29, 33 Vittorio Amedeo, Principe di Piemonte, son of Ulrica Eleonora, granddaughter of Hedwig Vittorio Amedeo II 40–1 Eleonora 71 Vittorio Amedeo Teodora, duc d’Aosta 44 Ulrika Eleonora, consort of Karl XI 62, 68, Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de 82–3, 339, 340, 74 389 Ulriksdal Palace 69, 74 Voyer, Marc-Pierre de, comte d’Argenson 187, Unigenitus 98 190–1 Uppsala cathedral 73 Voysin, Daniel 93, 96

Valentino, Castello di 43 Wagenheim, General 378 Vallée, Jean de la 69 Wagner, Francis 120–1 Valperga, Carlo Francesco di, Conte di Wall, Richard 175, 176–7 Masino 34 Walmoden, Amalie von 291 Valsecchi, Franco 164 Walpole, Horatio 284 Van Loo, Louis-Michel 209 War of the Austria Succession, 1740–8 244 Vanbrugh, Sir John 284 War of the Bavarian Succession, 1778–9 378 Vasconcelos e Sousa, Lu´ıs de 23 War of the Polish Succession, 1733–5 239 Väster˚as, Bishop 331 War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–13 89–90, Vauréal, Bishop of Rennes 164–5 234 Venaria Reale, Savoy 24 Warsaw Confederation 265 Vendome,ˆ duc de 92 Werneck, Christoph Friedrich von 243–4 Vendome,ˆ Elisabeth de (Elisabeth de Nemours) 17, Whitelocke, Bulstrode 57 19–20, 21 Whitworth, Charles 137, 138 Ventadour, duchesse de 96, 193, 197 Wieland, Christoph M 379, 385 Verney, Pâris du 198, 199 Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Wurttemberg¨ 226 Villars, Claude Louis Hector, duc de Wilhelmina, Duchess of Orange 312, 392, 393 (Marshal of France) 92–3, 94, 96, 99, 199 Wilhelmina, Margravine of Bayreuth 225–6, 323, Villars, duchesse de 204, 208 335

418

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Wilhelmine Amalia of Braunschweig-Luneburg¨ Wolff, Christian 305 110, 111, 112–13, 268 Wortley Montagu, Lady Mary 118 burial of 120 Wrangel, Carl Gustaf 59 and court culture 118 Wrangel, Erik von 331 her daughters and succession 126–7 Wratislaw, Count 123 educational reforms 122 Wunder, Heide 107 fertility 113–14 Wurben,¨ Count Franz Ferdinand von 234 fidelity 115–17 Wurttemberg,¨ position of in the Empire 223 involvement in political affairs 122–7 Wurttemberg-Neuenstaat,¨ Carl Rudolph von 242, spirituality 10, 121–2 243 William III, King of Great Britain 280 Wurttemberg-Neuenstaat,¨ Friedrich von 227 William IV, King of Great Britain 368 Wurttemberg-Oels,¨ Friedrich Carl von 243 Wittelsbach dynasty 223 Wittkopf, Rudolf 73 Zimmerman, J. G. 384, 391

419