Phd Thesis Rikke Arnouts Final Version 6-10-2010
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Regional nature governance in the Netherlands Four decades of governance modes and shifts in the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and Midden-Brabant Thesis committee Thesis supervisor Prof. Dr. B.J.M. (Bas) Arts Professor of Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Wageningen University Thesis co-supervisor Dr. M.W. (Mariëlle) van der Zouwen Senior scientific researcher Science System Assessment KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands Other members: Prof. Dr. Ir. C.J.A.M. (Katrien) Termeer Wageningen University Prof. Dr. P. (Pieter) Leroy Radboud University Nijmegen Prof. Dr. Ir. C.S.A (Kris) van Koppen Wageningen University Prof. Dr. K. (Karl) Hogl BOKU University, Vienna, Austria This research was conducted under the auspices of Mansholt Graduate School of Social Sciences Regional nature governance in the Netherlands Four decades of governance modes and shifts in the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and Midden-Brabant Rikke Arnouts Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 15 October 2010 at 4.00 p.m. in the Aula Arnouts, R.C.M. Regional nature governance in the Netherlands: Four decades of governance modes and shifts in the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and Midden-Brabant PhD thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. With summaries in English and Dutch ISBN: 978-90-9025700-6 Acknowledgements On a rainy day in a conference room in Wageningen my FNP colleagues and I were discussing why we had decided to enter the world of scientific research. When I cast my mind around, I decided that, among many reasons, personal development was my main incentive. I remember now because, while writing these acknowledgements, I can’t help secretly thinking: “why did I take up this mad venture in the first place?”. However, in truth, I am glad that I did, and I am grateful, happy and proud to finally announce that the job is finished. I learnt, though, that personal development isn’t a process that you can achieve by yourself. Therefore, I would like to take the opportunity to thank a few people. First of all, my gratitude goes to the people I interviewed. It is largely because of them that I was able to tell the tales of the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and Midden-Brabant. Jim and Bem van Notten even allowed me to climb onto the roof of their house and capture the stunning view of the Utrechtse Heuvelrug that is on the back of this book. Martijn Pasman took the picture, and after that, we went to Midden-Brabant to shoot the photo on the front. A tree, half dead, half alive, with several stones around it, where once a year the aldermen of Midden-Brabant discuss their green policies. It seemed a suitable image. Martijn de Jong designed the eventual cover, and the maps of the Midden-Brabant and Utrechtse Heuvelrug regions were created by Co Onderstal. Thanks! I also want to salute Catherine O’Dea, who edited each and every page. Catherine, I actually feel a bit sad that our cooperation will end. I could not have wished for a more flexible and friendly editor. Marjan Veenman, a big thank you for helping out with the Dutch summary. Subsequently, I would like to thank my supervisors, Bas Arts and Mariëlle van der Zouwen. Bas, you have been my teacher ever since Nijmegen, and I was very happy that you followed me to Wageningen. You taught me that criticism is a present, and although I was not always that delighted with it, in the end, it was exactly that: a gift to help me carry out my own research. Apart from that, I enjoyed the beers and chats we shared. Mariëlle, you showed confidence in me even before I started my PhD, and you’ve continued to do so throughout the years. This kept me going in times when it was hard to see the nice things about doing research. Your positive way of saying things, mixed with your occasional fierceness about me being just plain foolish will always make me smile. Then to my paranimfs, Ramona van Marwijk and Jessica de Koning. Ramona, it has been a pleasure to share an office with you for all these years. You showed me what working spirit, enthusiasm, determination and kindness look like, setting a fine example. As well, without you, my pot plant would never have survived. Jessica, it has been so good to have a colleague who enjoys discussing things that are not at all related to work. Especially football, even though I still do not understand what’s fun about supporting a team that never wins anything. Let’s always keep up our Hertog Jan bets. Besides Ramona and Jessica, over the years I have met many more great colleagues. First and foremost at FNP, thank you all, especially Barbara and Carla, the indispensable secretaries, Wiebren, who helped me with the introduction and conclusion, Marjanke, for discussions on layout and fantasy, Jim, for his knowledge on forestry and ability to organize drinks, and Marleen and Severine, for their conceptual assistance and enthusiasm. I also fondly remember the GoFOR meetings (thank you Lukas, Michael, Johan, Paul, Lars, Tove, Iben, Dorthe, Delia and all the others), the PTWe discussions, the governance talks and the PhD workshops and conferences. I subsequently would like to thank my friends for the fact that I can still call them that, despite my many absences, especially during the last few years. In Leende and surroundings, I owe thanks to Lennert, my buddy since kindergarten, Suze, Arno, Roger, Jeroen, Floris, Bart, Joris and the guys from the handball team. From my Nijmegen connections, I salute Maurice, Pascal, Doenja, Martijn, Kim, Ans, Miek, Mar, Mara and all the others. In Utrecht, thank you to Q, Martin, Rutger, Judith and the “Te Pletter” ladies. To Arnhem go thanks for Annemiek and Martijn. In The Hague I would like to thank Jasper and Anne-geer. In London I owe thanks to Marcel, Gianluca and Elma. That leaves the most important faction in my life, namely my family. To my parents Henk and Clemy, my brother Dirk and my sister Annelien I would like to say that I could not have wished for a better place to have grown up and to keep on returning to, not because of the location (which is also nice), but because you’re there. Thank you. And then finally, Sietske, I dedicate this book to you. You’re the family of my own choosing, and I could not have made a better choice. Your unconditional support, ability to get me off the couch and show me where the nice things in life are hidden, endless strength, energy, empathy, sense of humor, beauty and not to mention your great modesty have enriched my life and will continue to do so in the future, especially now that two will become three. I think you’re sweet… or cute? Thank you, thank you, thank you. Table of contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE GOVERNANCE OF DUTCH NATURE ....................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Governmental and non-governmental undertakings: an overview ..................... 2 1.1.2 Sixty years of Dutch nature policy: a brief historical sketch .............................. 3 1.2 THE GOVERNANCE PUZZLE .......................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Governance and a shift in governance: a brief introduction .............................. 8 1.2.2 Governance in Dutch nature policy: puzzlement .............................................. 10 1.3 RESEARCH GOAL AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................... 11 1.4 GENERAL OUTLINE .................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 17 2.1 ELABORATING GOVERNANCE .................................................................................... 17 2.1.1 A state of the art ................................................................................................ 17 2.1.2 Three governance perspectives ......................................................................... 23 2.2 MODES OF GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Creating analytical clarity: the policy arrangement approach ........................ 25 2.2.2 Four governance modes .................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 A governance typology: the four modes in PAA terms ...................................... 38 2.2.4 Applying the PAA and the governance typology ............................................... 44 2.3 SHIFTS IN GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................ 46 2.3.1 Factors for arrangement change ....................................................................... 46 2.3.2 The governance puzzle in terms of modes and shifts ......................................... 49 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGICAL ACCOUNT ....................................................... 51 3.1 RESEARCH STRATEGY : THE CASE STUDY ................................................................... 51 3.2 SELECTION OF THE CASES .......................................................................................... 54 3.2.1 Reasons for choosing two regions ..................................................................... 54 3.2.2 Why Utrechtse Heuvelrug