Geopark Project- 644015 H2020- Msca- Rise

GEOPARK PROJECT- 644015 H2020- MSCA- RISE

GEOPARK

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS REPORT (3) MONTH 1 – MONTH 36

WP4 Dissemination and Management

JANUARY 2018

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 644015

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GEOPARK PROJECT SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS REPORT (3) M1-M36

1. GENERAL PROGRESS OF THE ACTION

1.1 Please indicate the progress of the action during the period covered by this report:

 The action has fully achieved its objectives for the period.

 The action has achieved most of its objectives for the period with relatively minor deviations.

 The action has achieved some of its objectives but corrective action is required.

 The action has failed to achieve critical objectives and/or is severely delayed.

1.2 GENERAL SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS OF THE ACTION

Most of deliverables anticipated for the period of first 36 months have accomplished on time, although the delayed submission of periodic report has affected implementation of secondment and certain work.

1.2.1 DELIVERABLES

D1.1 Geological inventory (database) (M36): Task 1.1. Petrology, Stratigraphy and Geochemistry 100% Task 1.2. Mineralogy 100% Task 1.3. Structural geology 100% Task 1.4 Contribution to geological mappings 80% Task 1.5 Geology, including Paleontology, related with other significant goods in the case study 80% Task 1.9 Contribution for the Geopark candidature 80%

A reconnaissance field survey was carried out by members of the dept. of Geology at UAB in November-December 2015 with the objective to identify the main lithologic units and tectonic structures. 30 samples were collected along a N-S profile following the valley. A second field survey was carried out in June 2016, and another 40-45 rock samples is being studied. Third field survey took place in the Zat Valley in June-July 2017, with the objective to investigate the constitution, to delimit the extent, and to remark the singularities of each geologic unit in terms of natural heritage.

Results include: The Valley of the river Zat from the geological point of view as well as its biodiversity has remarkable assets, not only material but also cultural, to be able to present its candidacy to the UNESCO to, in the future, be included in the list of Geoparks, always and when the responsible Moroccan authorities take the initiative to start the process involving a long and complex work. From the point of view of geology, the River Zat Valley is located in the central part of the Moroccan Atlas chain, where the highest mountainous heights of the chain are located. Therefore, the orogeny of the chain can be applied to the River Zat Valley, as we explained in the mid-year report for 2016. However, the various missions carried out in 2016 and 2017 allow us to establish various conclusions prior to the annual report, which must be completed with the

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missions scheduled throughout 2018 (April, June and maybe September). The following points have already been established: • A long geological history represented, from Precambrian to Cenozoic (pedagogical Atlas geology) • Diversity of rock types and processes, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary • Pedagogic and accessible exposures of sedimentary rocks • Tectonic evolution can be uniquely deciphered by well-exposed: 1) Syn-sedimentary extensional faults of the rifting stage (Triassic) 2) Folds and thrusts of the Atlas orogeny • Well-expressed relationships geological substratum-vegetation types • Exceptional landscape value (including human-landscape interactions) In terms of geological and natural risks, the Cerdan Eng partner has identified various types, most of them associated with landslides and climatic causes. A detailed description is specified in the bi-annual report sent to the EC at the beginning of the year 2017 Specifically in the Zat River Valley we can identify numerous types of rocks, which we have selected and studied by optical microscopy, various geological structures such as faults and overhungs, geomorphological landscapes, alluvial formations, etc. all this makes the valley a good educational example for geological visits that, of course, should be shown at specific points to inform visitors, through panels in various languages, brochures, videos, etc. It is necessary to be able to collect samples of the various geological materials in order to be shown in a local museum (of the mountain museum type), the same for real geological and / or natural risks as well as their concrete effects, detailed by Cerdan Eng. A separate case is the Yaggour plateau, at more than 3,000 meters above sea level, where there are abundant petroglyphs that constitute a major point of interest that must be protected and preserved. This geological and cultural value should constitute a geo-site in a future geo-park. See below

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY and STRATIGRAPHY (cf. Annex D1.1-1): The Zat Valley represents a SE – NW deep incision in the northern slope of the High Atlas mountain belt, originated by the Zat river long-lasting erosion that allows the outcropping of a complete series of materials ranging from the Proterozoic (~ 2500 Ma), throughout the Mesozoic (~ 250 Ma) up to the Late Terciary ( ~4 Ma). The begining of the Mesozoic records the individualisation of elongated extensional basins that were filled with thick series of red sandstones supplied by the erosion of the preexisting basement crystalline materials. These red sandstones (Oukaimeden formation) are expectacularly shown as dramatic cliffs in several parts of the valley. All the Mesozoic and Terciary materials are folded and faulted by Atlasic (Alpine)-age deformation plus upwelling of the mantle during the Late Terciary (~ 30-10 Ma). This deformational event produced the local thrusting of the Proterozoic crystalline materials (f.i. the Meltsene thrust) onto those of the Mesozoic and has been responsible for the present more-than-4000 mts high relief of the High Atlas mountain belt.

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PETROLOGY AND MINEALOGY (c.f. Annex D1.1-1): Overall, a detailed sampling has been made of the pre-Mesozoic basement crystalline rocks collected along a transect following the ZAT Valley. The sampling has been carried out in three different campaigns during 2016 and 2017 which have supplied a total of 108 samples. On collecting samples, we have payed particular attention to sites showing contact (intrusive) relations between the different outcropping rock types; within these sites we have collected all the appearing rock varieties, and it is worth noting that in several occasions we have collected single samples that contain the contact between two different rock types. For these particular samples we have made more than one single standard petrographic thin section or even a large petrographical in section in order to work out the precise nature of this contact. All the samples have been studied under the petrographic microscope at the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona -description of each of the samples plus accompanying microphotographs of some of them together with field photos and UTM coordinates of the sampling sites will be supplied and presented at due moment.

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Petrological description of geological samples plus field relationships between different igneous rocks of the Zat Valley are finished following the 3rd field collecting samples campaign (June 2017) with 37 field photos taken and 10 microphotographs taken.

PALAEONTOLOGY (cf. Annex D1.1-2) : In November 2016, three missions of prospecting and inventory of the paleontological heritage were carried out within the framework of the Geopark Project H2020. The first two one-day missions each in the region of Larbat Tighadwine (3/11/2016 and 5/11/2016) and a third mission of ten days in the Argana basin in the Western High Atlas (8 to 18/11). These missions were aimed at: searching for Palaeozoic fossil plants, Permian and Triassic vertebrate remains and visiting a site with footprints of dinosaurs. Main results: o Over 20 specimens of fossil plants have been collected and deposited in the collections of the Museum of Natural History of Marrakech. These specimens, after analysis, will be used for the exhibition project as part of the collection (geological history and paleoenvironments of the Zat Valley).

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o More than a dozen localities with remains of tetrapods were located. Around 50 remains of fossil vertebrates were collected and deposited at the Museum of Natural History of Marrakech. Preliminary examination of some remains allows us to attribute them to groups of vertebrates unpublished in Permian of Morocco, procolophonides and gorgonopsiens. If their presence is confirmed, it will be the first mention of these faunas in North Africa.

Besides, methodological research advanced through the international colloquium in Toulouse (France) on 22-26 September 2015 Geoheritage Inventories: Challenges, Achievements and Perspectives leaded by Prof. Patrick de Wever(MNHN). (cf. Annex D1.1-3)

D1.2 Report on environmental aspects (M36): Task 1.6 Environment and pollution 75% Task 1.7 Pollution: state of the Art and Needs (Analytical control) 75% Task 1.8 Evaluation of Geology-Environment and Pollution in the case study 75%

Based on existing literature and fieldwork, a collaborative team of CERDANE/UAB has identified multiple geological and hydrogeological risks due to the weather, geological sediments and civil works (roads) in progress. Major geological risks include rock falls, slopes of roads under construction, small mines (barite), as well as frequent small earthquake in the area that may affect the geological formations and the topography of the region. In addition, the team reveals the danger of water accumulation and unexpected overflow due to sudden weather changes and multiple rockslides. (cf. Annex D1.2)

In the expeditions in the Zat Valley, we to proceeded a first recognition contact in order to determine the vulnerabilities of the territory of the Geopark project. The evidences observed can be used to foresee the likelihood of hazard phenomena in the area. All this will be used to determine which are the areas of natural risk before an exposure scenario of these phenomena. 1.- FLOODS. In this area of the northern of The Atlas, floods have a torrential dynamic at the head of basin, causing the flooding of the middle and lower river, very fast and with sudden floods of the “flash flood” type. We observed the important damages in the infrastructures around the village of Tighdouine. This damage is compounded by the simplicity in the design and execution of the infrastructures. We observed walls using concrete in mass and neither metallic armour. The pillars of the structures are located on foundations based on surface footings. These foundations don’t resist the processes of scour in front of the force of possible river floods. 2.- LANDSLIDES. Although there is not a significant record of damages caused by landslides on a large scale, the truth is that the multiplication of specific phenomena throughout all the area can be a "drip" of damage on roads and trails, with a risk of loss of human lives which will increase as the traffic of people is increased in an area of touristic promotion such this. We can find this kind of phenomena due to the existence of banks of rock with variable features of discontinuity (stratification, joints, faults, schistosity, ...) and orientation (direction and dip).

Environmental risk (water): Sample Date Zone Description: GPS coordinates: Comments: S1J 2016 Tizintishka Volcanic 31º18’10”N 7º23’51”W S2J 2016 Mine Baritine 31º17’48”N 7º24’48”W S3J 2016 Fountain Mine 31º29’48”N S4J 2016 Valle Zat I, Atzur Carboniferous S5J 2016 Valle Zat II, Río 31.44288-7.53032 period - sandstones S6J 2016 Valle Zat III Water fall 31.39806-7.5129 S7J 2016 Valle Zat IV Village 31,31479-7,49370 S8J 2016 Valle Zat V Fountain High content of clay, algae and

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aquatic and carnivorous plants. It S9J 2016 Iffard-- Yaggour could be eutrophic as an indicator alga was found. Results: Amtax Phopha Ionic Cromatography (ppm) (ppm) x (ppm) DQO Sample pH Cond (mg/L) (uS) + 3- - 2- - - 2- N-NH4 P-PO4 Cl N-NO2 S-SO4 N-NO3 S-S2O3 S1 0.11 0.07 1.60 0.31 0.41 0.56 -- 2.88 6.02 46.1

S2 0.11 0.24 30.31 1.55 0.23 0.01 -- 63.1 7.43 465

S3 0.10 0.11 2.04 0.10 0.43 1.57 -- 1.67 7.77 41.9

S4 0.11 0.11 108.45 1.44 11.74 0.98 -- 4.24 7.97 796

S5 0.10 0.09 10.26 0.95 4.55 0.45 -- 2.76 8.20 303

S6 0.11 0.12 33.55 1.20 -- 1.34 -- 3.58 7.95 613

S7 0.10 0.09 3.13 0.70 2.86 1.16 -- 1.25 8.18 219

S8 0.10 0.11 8.97 1.16 6.66 0.56 -- 2.73 8.41 372

S9 0.39 0.09 44.44 1.10 2.16 0.03 0.01 70.1 6.79 422

Sample Mg Ca Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn As Cd Ba (mg/l) (mg/l) (ug/l) (ug/l) (ug/l) (ug/l) (ug/l) (ug/l) (ug/l) (ug/l) (ug/l) S1 < 1 5,7 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 5 654

S2 9,7 50 < 5 11512 148 5,0 82 < 50 5,4 < 5 5371

S3 < 1 4,2 < 5 < 50 77 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 5 1067

S4 16 70 < 5 < 50 89 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 5 121

S5 6,6 44 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 5 100

S6 19 72 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 5 165

S7 5,8 32 < 5 73 401 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 5 61

S8 16 46 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 50 < 50 < 5 < 5 < 50 Considering the water classification according to their qualities from the reported table: - The Ba concentration is very bad in S3 (fountain near the mine) - Mn concentration is very bad in S2 (inside the mine) - The rest of the parameters in the range of the Excellent and Good qualities

D1.3 Biodiversity report (M36): Task 2.1 Protected areas 70% Task 2.2 Biodiversity conservation (fauna) 80% Task 2.3 Biodiversity conservation (vegetation) 80% Task 2.4 Environmental services 70% Task 2.5 Establishment of ecological indicators 70 % Task 2.6 Pedagogic information 60 %

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Members of ICTA at UAB carried out a diagnostics fieldwork (3rd campaign) in July 2017, with participation of Prof. Martí Boada – Prof. Roser Maneja, Prof. Carles Barriocanal, Dr. Josep Pujantell, Dr. Jaume Marlès, Mrs. Ma Carmen Romera (PhD Student), Mrs. Alejandra Castro (MsC Student). Objective of this diagnosis field work is to put in value the biodiversity and landscapes of the Zat Valley through its patrimonialization.

Preliminary results on biodiversity conservation (c.f. Annex D1.3-1):

Richness of species (S) Trees 22 Shrubs 81 Herbs 65 Liana 14 Vegetation 182 Mammals 3 Birds 52 Reptile 10 Amphibian 4 Fishes 3 Fauna 72 (vertebrates) TOTAL 254

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Results from plant diversity surveys carried out by members of the units of Plant Physiology and Botany at UAB (c.f. Annex D1.3-2): • 171 specimens collected in the spring / summer campaigns of 2016 and 2017. Collection was focused only on taxa of presumed importance for appearing to be rare or endemic. Surveys ware not intended as part of a thorough floristic study. • Contributing ca. 150 taxa • from 54 sites along 9 itineraries within and adjacent to Geopark boundary • Duplicates of specimen, once all fully identified, will be deposited at the Herbarium of Cadi Ayyad University

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Plant communities of interest for biodiversity and conservation: 1) Rupicolous flora of rock cliffs North-face scarpment at base of Jbel Meldsen, prospected at 2700–2800 m (June 2016): Jbel Meldsen Precambrian granites provide an acidic substrate to a number of species restricted to crevices that, in the coolness of high elevation northern exposures, are occupying the fringes of their southernmost range. Most interesting habitats floristically are (a) rock crevices, but also (b) grassy patches on thick humic soils with high species richness. Best represented families are Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, along with various fern families.

Figure 1 left: Leucanthemopsis (Asteraceae); right: Minuartia sp. (Caryophillacea)

South face amphitheater at headwater of Oued Majdi (prospected at ca. 1950 m, summer 2017): The Triassic sandstones of the Oukaimeden formation that make up the scarpment through which Yagour Plateau drains toward the Ourika valley. It includes shaded habitats, always moist due to

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permanent waterfall that feeds Oued Majdi. Best represented families are Asteraceae and Crassulaceae. Rupicolous plants in other mid-elevation scarpments (prospected summer 2017): Maztougs Tazagh scarpement: Quartzitic Triassic scarpment, ca. 1550 m. Isolated carboniferous outcrops on W bank of Oued Zat: The carbonaterich materials that cement the fine layers provide one of the few basic substrates in the Oued Zat basin, at ca. 1100 m (left bank of Oued Zat, pr. Tighdouin). 2. Hydro-/hygro-/helophytic flora of high elevation permanent and seasonal lagoons Iffard-n-Yagour at Yagour Plateau (prospected at ca. 2450 m, Summer 2016): Iffard-n-Yagour is an example of an alpine lake, which are rare throughout Northern Africa (the closest Alpine water body is Lake Oukaïmeden, although very different physically, geologically and floristically). Iffard-n-Yagour is a shallow lagoon occupying the largest depression atop the plateau, with 7.6 ha in area (ca. 1200 m in perimeter) at its maximum, it is the only all-year body of steady water in the Zat basin. The aquatic flora of hydrophytes and helophytes of Iffard-n-Yagour is rather unique, mostly made of isolated disjuncts shared with S. Europe. Some taxa are likely to be endemics, once identifications of fertile material confirm it (fertile material needs to be collected earlier in the season). Secondary seasonal ponds atop the Yagour Plateau (dry at time of our June 2016 campaign) contribute additional species richness of hygrophytes.

Figure 2 Iffard n’Yagour lagoon, view from its NE side: The two white-flowered helophyte species form an outer ring that shows the maximum extension of the lagoon (probably reached earlier in the spring).

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Conservation issues: Grassy meadows atop the plateau are heavily grazed (by sheep and goats) throughout. Livestock trample the edge of the lagoon to access drinking water (hoof marks and dung pellets all around the entire lagoon). It is surprising the diversity of existing native hydro- and helophytes and vegetation at the edge that still remains despite mechanical disturbance and obvious nitrification. This kind of pressure, however, seriously threatens a community that is doomed to disappear if no action is taken.

3. Halophyte communities associated with salt extraction Salt-extraction operations in the lower Oued Zat basin (prospected Summer 2017): At three locations on the SE edge of the Ait Hamza anticlinal, of various scales. Halophiles are over-represented by endemisms compared to communities from mesic (less harsh) environments, so are prone to concentrate floristic elements of great interest.

Figure 3 Ait Hamza larger salt extraction. Salt deposits are visible at the bed of the incoming oued. Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum (Aizoaceae). Photos: I. Granzow 2017

Besides salt (NaCl), other minerals are common, like gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). High ion concentration in the soil is a strong driver of specific plant communities that are dominated by tolerant halophyles and gypsophiles

GEOPARK Project 644015 H2020-MSCA-RISE Scientific Progress Report (3) 13 4. Relict stands of the endemic Juniperus thurifera subsp. africana: proposal for conservation strategies Isolated patches of scattered J. thurifera (prospected summer 2016): This endemic subspecies has been decimated -especially by browsing by goat herds during dry periods- to a relictual state. Highly threatened. 1–2 patches were located (i.e. the Zib Zguigui - Adarza/Zib Belkous stand that reaches the banks of Oued Warztz). Most suspected stands proved to be either individuals of J. oxycedrus or, at lower elevation, stands of the more Mediterranean J. phoenicia, or even Q. ilex when observed on site.

Figure 4 Juniperus thurifera subsp. africana (Cupressaceae) Photos: I. Granzow 2016

Once the dominant tree species of a fairly dense forest community that thrived in these arid, high elevation steppes. Wood is highly prized by local populations with no access to other sources of timber or firewood. Also, often subject to grazing or pruned for winter forage for goat herds (i.e., massive indiscriminate pruning of the largest limbs). As a result, almost no individual is spared from destructive harvesting. Heavily deforested slopes are prone to increased erosion and landslides as no other plant community seems to replace areas where J. thurifera was extirpated. At this rate of destruction it is easy to estimate how much time these forests have left. As a consequence, the main source of domestic energy in the valley will be lost. Recommendation: Assess the status and health of these forest remnants by: a) determining whether ecological succession is taking place following human-caused disturbance; b) exploring whether there is potential for low-cost/low-energy, for a community-driven restoration effort; at least, c) implementing sustainable harvesting of juniper biomass in selected areas.

D1.4 Expertise report (M38) Task 3.1-(A) Overall description for the Geopark candidature 20% (c.f. Annex D1.4)

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Examples of potential geosites:

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Geosite data sheet are proposed based on the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME, 2009) file with following structure: 1. Geographical setting & GIS data (Ali Aouda et Elisabeth Habert) 2. Socioeconomic setting + ‘Socio-environmental unit’ 3. Geological setting 4. Geological interest 5. Educational interest 6. Touristic interest (with additional data for the organization of visits) 7. Other values (natural & cultural) 8. State of conservation 9. Vulnerability 10. Protection needs & monitoring

Task 3.1-(B) Training and diffusion activities: 80%

Expo, conférence, expo 1 documentary and 9 video clips on GEOPARK project have been produced based on UAB teams and projected in ICTA (UAB) and UNESCO-Abertis Foundation Centre.

Conferences (Agreement UAB–Ave Maria Foundation) from November 2016 to November 2017. Ave Maria Foundation, Sitges. A total of 4 conferences for the first year 2016-2017: 1) Prof. Joan Poch: Montserrat mountain (Geopark) 18 November 2017. Title: “Sense mites ni llegendes: La formació geològica de la muntanya de Montserrat. Without myths and legends: The geological formation of the mountain of Montserrat Geopark Catalonia Central”. 2) Prof. Isabel Brianso: UNESCO Labels (Geoparks and others labels) 3) Prof. Ricard Esparza: Green and Circular Economy “Economia verda en el marc del canvi climàtic i la sostenibilitat” (Protected area) on 10 Feb 2017. 4) Mr. Joaquin Badia: Minerals and art (November 2017)

Fair activity (Barcelona Fair) 1. 11-13 November 2016: ExpoMiner stand (Geopark) 2. 10-12 November 2017: ExpoMiner stand (Geopark) 3. Possibly ExpoMiner 2018 in Sitges town in April or May (under the umbrella of Sitges Convention Bureau)

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Exposition « EXPOMINER » Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona During the several missions to the valley of the river Zat (Morocco), the UAB team took numerous photographs of its geology and its biodiversity. With about 50 selected photos have been realized panels, which have to serve to expose in the UAB (Department of Geology and the ICTA). But the first exhibition was hold on the stand of the UAB-Geopark project at the Barcelona trade fair, called EXPOMINER between 11 and 13 November 2016.

D2.1 Six Reports (M36, submitted in M37): Report (1) Diagnostic Report on the state of poverty, the human, social and environnemental development levels in the Zat valley and around the site of the Rock carvings: To better understand the socio-economic situation of the Zat Valley, a survey was coordinated for the T.1 of WP2, by Abdeljalil Lokrifa, a geographer at Cadi Ayyad University, in collaboration with colleagues such as Khalid ElHousni and Larbi Safaa, who worked on the 2016 data from the Office of the Haut-Commissariat au Plan, whose results were refined and completed by field work (questionnaire attached in the report). In this work, the sample of 220 people was randomly surveyed about issues from poverty to other social, economic, cultural, symbolic aspect that characterize the lives of the inhabitants of the Zat. In this diagnosis of poverty in the Zat, Ali Aouda, a doctoral student at UCA, played a strategic role for the cartographic section because the work he did allowed him to spatialize most of the data collected, which had not been never been mapped so far. This work is essential for deliverables D.2.2 (GIS cartography) and D.2.5 (Virtual Museum).

Report (2) Scientific and recommendations report regarding strategies and actions to fight poverty and promote women’s rights: For the scientific evaluation and the recommendations relating to the fight against poverty, a literature review research was carried out and an interview outline was elaborated by Mohamed Elaklaa, lecturer researcher at UCA. He has conducted about 20 semi-structured interviews with officials of Agence de Développement Social (ADS), Initiative pour le Développement Humain (INDH), and development associations (i.e. Association des amis du Zat), local authorities and beneficiaries of these projects. From all these materials and data collected, he has drawn up a SWOT analysis of the strategies to combat poverty committed in the Zat between 2011 and 2015. In addition to this work, two UCA PhD students, Hanane Bouaabid and Ikram Khartouma, under the respective supervision of Said Boujrouf and Ouidad Tebbaa, for gender and poverty alleviation, conducted qualitative surveys in the Zat Valley, on the carpet and basketry sectors, as part of their PhD theses.

Report (3) Diagnostic Report of the Engravings’ Condition and Their Inventory: This report is the result of fieldwork carried out on the Yagour plateau, by two archaeologists Gwenola Graff of the Museum of Natural History of Paris and Maxence Bailly from Aix-Marseille University. A former doctoral student of UCA, Abdelhadi Ewague, who defended his thesis in 2016, on "Les Gravures rupestres du plateau du Yagour : état des connaissances, corpus, localisation et organisation dans l'espace géographique et anthropique" contributed to the missions of these researchers and the report presented results from their reflections and their common exchanges. The report concludes: The rock heritage of the Yagour Plateau should not be considered as a particularly endangered heritage at present. Although there has been some recent destruction, in particular the very media

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affair of the "disc of the Sun of Yagour" which caused a great stir in Morocco, it seems that the depredations were not brought for religious reasons, as had been indicated at the beginning. Besides, it is certain that the sexual character of a certain number of representations of the plateau can be condemned by some in the current context. This is undoubtedly the reason for the destruction of the anthropomorphic engravings of "Enclosure of Fiances", as this station was the subject of rituals of offering women to get marriage and fertility of the couple, practices inconsistent with the prevailing Muslim orthodoxy. The growing interest of Moroccans in their archaeological heritage and its governance policies and outreach or education of isolated rural populations are very positive markers for the future of engraved sites. In addition, the conservation and preservation of sites is based on a pyramidal system, from the Ministry of Culture to local relays and associative network that allows the flow of information and the relay of conservation measures. The situation for Morocco's tangible cultural heritage is much more favourable and stable than in other countries in the region.

Report (4) Report on identification of threats to the conservation of the Zat Valley’s Heritage and action plan for training of youths about engravings of the Yagour plateau and rupestral art: The work on the heritage of rock engravings was conducted by a team from the Museum of Natural History, under the direction of archaeologist Gwenola Graff from the angle of technical analysis and the issues of heritage conservation Yagour Rock. Complementary work has been undertaken by the Cadi Ayyad University team including Faysal Lemjidi, archaeologist and doctoral student whose thesis entitled "Contribution à l’étude des gravures rupestres de l’Anti-Atlas et du Yagour : analyse, interprétation, chronologie et mis en tourisme" deals with the link between the preservation of the rock art heritage and its setting in tourism. The report on the threats to the Yagour Plateau and its heritage is the result of its field work.

Report (5) Analysis of the focus groups with stakeholders on the patrimonialisation process/ the challenges of the implementation of an equitable an integrated tourism in the Zat Valley: This report is the result of a fieldwork in the Zat led by Professor Said Boujrouf and a group of PhD students of UCA. It aims essentially, through this qualitative survey, to identify as closely as possible the relationship that the population has with the processes of patrimonialization and tourism undertaken in the valley of Zat. The report concludes the potential mutual impacts between a UNESCO geopark label and local population as: There is a very high sensitivity of the population to any delimitation of territory that would deprive them of their ancestral rights. Long time and short time: the urgent interests of the population are opposed to the safeguarding and preservation / conservation which is usually in the long term. The interviews show that there is an awareness of the richness and diversity of the different components of heritage. But the majority do not know what they mean and how to exploit them (example of rock engravings). This situation shows the need to develop information and awareness actions for this population. Heritage components exist through the different looks worn by individuals and the community. The contours of their heritage remained unclear. The relationship to these heritage objects may change depending on the circumstances and the interest of the local population. We have observed positive and / or negative attitudes or rejection towards the protection of the local environment according to the position of each.

Report (6) The nature of the users’ relation to the engravings sites and the challenges of the implementation of an equitable and integrated tourism in the Zat Valley : This work is the result of field work initiated two years ago by the doctoral student Ayoub El Ouarti whose thesis focuses on the process of heritage and implementation in tourism at work on the Yagour plateau in the Zat valley. As part of this thesis, the PhD student was asked to do many field missions, sometimes several weeks to follow the course of pastors during the transhumance period on the Yagour Plateau and to study precisely the elements that in this report: a) the nature of the relations between users of the Yagour Plateau and the site of rock carvings; b) the difficulties and challenges to be met for the implementation of fair tourism around the site of rock engravings and the challenges of its heritageization; and c) possible forms of tourism development to be promoted on the Yagour Plateau and their degree of compatibility with the Agdal system and the preservation of the rock engravings site. Conclusion includes : The households very invested in tourism tend to abandon

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pastoralism (guides, caterers, muleteers ...). The tourist use of sheepfolds and pastoral communes are tolerated as long as it does not compromise the "access" of the right-holders to the resource (eg, the Agdal Abedouz conflict, and the Ousertek conflict). The period of the Moussem and the festival of Oukaimeden attracts more transhumant, riparian villagers and tourists (not the case for Yagour). Young people are less and less attracted by peasant life or by the profession of businessmen, but continue to invest in it by necessity / obligation. Winter tourism in oukaimden represents a real alternative for local youth in terms of employment (temporary attachment of young people on the territory = participation in agropastoral life and transmission of know-how). One of the highlights of recent years is that pastoral commons are claimed territories and used by new actors. According to Eychenne & Lazaro (2014): the development of recreational uses of pastoral spaces and interest in the preservation of heritage tend towards a transformation of these common goods (pastoral areas) whose sole managers were agro-pastoralists to property global collectives claimed and managed by various actors from different scales (international, national and local). This is the full meaning of the changes that Agdal of Yagour is experiencing today.

D2.2 GIS cartography (M48): A UCAM/MNHN team has built a GIS database of the study area, the Zat Valley. It includes the following layers of information: administrative boundaries, tribal areas, watersheds, roads, geology and relief. The collected data collected by partner teams (GPS, statistics, photos, ...) as part of the Geopark H2020 program will be collected in a common database. They concern the following topics: - Socio-economic (collected by UCAM): Poverty in 2014 in Morocco; Poverty in 2014 (municipalities); Population by municipality Poverty rate; Severity index; Volumetric index; Illiteracy rate; Scolarisation rate; Activity rate; Unemployment rate; NHRIs. - Tourism (collected by UCAM): accessibility; planning; walking trails; accommodation - Natural heritage (by UAB): Geology; Geosites; Biodiversity and conservation; Plant and animal biodiversity - Cultural heritage(by MNHN/AMU/UCA): Rock carvings The GIS data will be associated with a descriptive sheet (metadata) (c.f. Annex D.2.2-1 and D2.2- 2) whose model was defined in October 2017 (E. Habert mission in Marrakech) and will be completed by the partners of the scientific project (see attached sheet). Ali Aouda, geomatician of the University of Marrakech will carry out a mission in March 2018 to finalize the GIS database and set up the model of the museum online.

D2.3 One survey (M36): The survey conducted by the UCA team in November and December 2017 mobilized several professors and a dozen doctoral students from the UCA. It concerned the populations of the entire Zat valley (9 communes). The number of completed questionnaires is 405 and the sampling method chosen is proportional to the number of inhabitants in each commune.

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Figure 5 Survey at commune de Tighdouine. Source: Bouaabid H. (2017)

The work took place in several phases: - phase 1: zoning and design of the questionnaire (September 2017) - phase 2: preparation of data collection and sampling (October, November 2017) - phase 3: data collection (December 2018) - phase 4: data capture, validation and analysis (January-mid February 2018)

The sampling method used in the survey is proportional to the number of inhabitants in each municipality (see table below). Nb. Obs Freq.

Ighrem N'ougdal 50 12,3% Iguerferouane 48 11,9% Seti Fadma 59 14,6% Tamaguert 62 15,3% Tidili mesfioua 58 14,3% Tighdouine 76 18,8% Touama 13 3,2% Tidili 13 3,2% Zerkten 26 6,4% TOTAL. 405 100% Table 1Number of inhabitants per commune

The first results are as follows: - The family situation throughout the Zat Valley, confirms the primacy of traditional family structures with a relatively low rate of celibacy, a near zero divorce rate, in a region where marriage remains a fundamental value and a necessary step in all this rural society. - We also note that the illiteracy rate is still very high in Zat (out of 405 respondents, more than half are illiterate) and only 1/8 of respondents have secondary education. Women are significantly behind men: 2/3 of men have been educated against 1/3 for women. - Given the average income per municipality, mostly less than 1000dh (100 euros), very low access to the Zat Valley, the monetary economy. Productive work that leads to remuneration is therefore rare but we have shown two major disparities: One between the communes, in terms of income and thus socio-economic development: some like that of Touama or Tidili are very late compared to others like that of Tighdouine. The other in terms of gender,

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because there is a gap between men and women: the contribution of the latter to directly productive activities (agricultural and other) is never taken into account. Only work paid for and reported to competent authorities is taken into account, resulting in low income from land or from land rents, not to mention the fact that we are dealing with patriarchal social structures, few favorable for women, with few women gaining employment status (124 men versus 25 women). According to our survey, the work of women outside the so-called domestic tasks varies very clearly from one commune to another. In Zerkten, for example, out of 26 women surveyed, only 6 said they had an activity, while in Ighrem N'ougdal, 43 out of 50 said they had an activity outside the family circle. The predominant sectors of women's activity are the artisanal sector, the agricultural sector, tourism and livestock. Qualitative surveys conducted by two UCA PhD students, Hanane Bouaabid and Ikram Khartouma, reveal the high exploitation of women, their low profit margin, their inability to control the marketing circuit of their products, hence their excessive dependence on intermediaries at the interface between producers and their buyers. Despite this state of affairs, this sector is expanding like tourism. With regard to the agricultural sector; the majority of women interviewed do not have the means of agricultural production. Few of them have their own sheep, goats or both. But they have poultry or rabbits ... As is reported to all the women surveyed, the capital they have is growing. Finally, it appears that women in the Zat valley have only very limited access to the monetary economy, namely very little access to financing, be it bank financing or other forms of financing. financing. Access to finance is mainly through micro-credit or tontines and to a lesser extent by bank loans.

D2.4 Four peer-reviewed articles (M48): Publication associated with WP2 : 1 articles anticipated : Bouaabid, H et Adam, A, Du tapis des femmes au miel des hommes : comment des savoirs nouveaux perturbent des rapports de pouvoir ancestraux ?

Accepted and in press:

Brianso I. & Tebbaa `O. (2018, sous presse). La notion de patrimoine selon l’UNESCO : entre discours et glissement catégoriel. Ouvrage collectif (sous presse- 2018) L’odyssée des mots du patrimoine sera édité par les Presses de l’UQAM et diffusées en France par les PUR, sous la direction de Vincent Négri et de Nathalie Lancret. [This article tries to confront different levels of actors involved in heritage process and to identify tensions occurred between them. It compares their discourse and identity dynamics in action, especially as patrimonialisation generates a touristic development - source of alienation but also of re-configurations of identity and social innovations] Bouaabid, H., le réseau d’acteurs entre femmes tisseuses et intermédiaires au Ait Ouaouzguite, Numéro thématique de la revue Maghreb-Machrek consacré au projet GEOPARK (2018)

Published : Oiry Vaccara, M., Tebbaa, O., Expressions identitaires féminines et développement touristique dans les arrières pays marocains, in Les terroirs au sud, vers un nouveau modèle ? IRD Editions, Université Mohamed V de Rabat, 2016 Abdollah, A et Bouaabid,H., Tourisme et valorisation des spécificités locales, les terroirs au Sud in Les terroirs au sud, vers un nouveau modèle ? IRD Editions, pp : 311-328.

The drafting of a scientific paper is being prepared by Pr. Said Boujrouf (UCA) and Pr. Angela Barthes (MNHN). This paper will cover the challenges of the implementation of a fair tourism integrated in the Valley Zat, by taking account of positive and negative experiences of Atlasic valleys such as that of Ourika and Ait Bouguemmez (Geopark M'Goun).

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D2.5 Virtual museum (M48): A mission in Zat Valley in preparation for the conception of participatory cartography was realised during July-August 2016. The participatory cartography will provide a multi-layered presentation on different aspect of the territory (geological heritage, biodiversity, cultural diversity, etc.) and integrate content of the exhibition (D4.4) in the interactive presentation. Under the responsibility of and Elisabeth Habert a photographic database (with GPS coordinates, captions, and short text of interpretation of the photograph) will be constituted according to a matrix provided to each researcher with the aim of achieving a GIS. The data are expected by the end of February, as they will be processed in March in Paris. This database will also make it possible to set up a virtual museum, open free of charge to the population, and showcasing all the heritage resources of the Zat valley. The aim will therefore be to present information (in interactive form) on elements of the geological, ecological, socio-environmental and cultural heritage associated with the Zat valley, which have been established by all the researchers of the project. Accessible to a wide audience, the virtual museum proposes to associate maps of narrative / explanatory text, geolocated images and multimedia content. From the location of a point on the map of the Zat valley, we can unfold a story related to this point. We will rely on photos, small explanatory texts, 3D scene, videos, hyperlinks and offer a bibliography to allow users who wish to complete their knowledge

As was presented in the scientific progress report (2), we have also started elaborating a virtual museum for UNESCO Global Geopark of Catalunya Central as a comparative case to the Zat Valle, and collected information has been transmitted to local authorities.

D3.1 Training session (1) (M12, achieved on M13): A first Winter University (WU) or training session was organised in Barcelona UAB-ICTA on 18-22 January 2016 within the framework of the consortium. It aimed to contribute to the scientific collaboration between partners and produce first step materials (power point) regarding the European Master degree (Month 48). 25 colleagues from GEOPARK consortium attended the WU with interdisciplinary focus

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(biodiversity, tourism, cultural heritage, Geopark methodology) and 12 postgraduate students (ICTA, Unity of Vegetal Physiology and Geology Department) were also invited to participate. A consortium report on the first WU was submitted to REA in February 2016 as a first didactical feedback on training sessions. (cf. Annex D3.1)

D3.2 Distance Learning: Master (II) programme (M48) we have obtained administrative approvals for the new master programme and experimental distance learning course will be tested in September 2018. Regular collaborative meetings have been organised by MNHN between educators and engineers with experience in distance education planning, and various pedagogical materials are being prepared for the need of the new curriculum. Theoretical consolidation is under way regarding to methodology of geological inventory, participatory cartography, place-based education (article published) and so on. The consortium intends to build a close link between the future Master programme and the website of project (Deliverable 4.1) by making the latter a display window of the Master.

D3.3 Workshop (1) (M18, achieved in M20): The first international workshop “Geopark and territorial development: What benefits for local population?” was organised in Marrakech in October 2016. The consortium decided to postpone the D3.3 Workshop (1) (M18) to M22, October 2016 (see explanations below).. The three-day event was organized by Prof. Ouidad Teebba. Over 30 students and researchers participated in the workshop. Participants include not only members of the consortium, but also guests from academia (Prof. Igor Babou from Paris Diderot University, Associate Prof. Kejian Xu from China University of Geoscience), industry (director of M’goun Geopark, scientific leader of Shennongjia Global Geopark), and ONG (ICOFOM; Fondation Mohamed VI; Fondation Albertis). (cf. Annex D3.3)

D3.4 Workshop (2) (M36, achieved in M35): (c.f. D3.4) The second international workshop “Education in Geopark and protected areas” took place from 7 to 9 November 2017 in Paris. On the whole of the three days 20 presentations were given by researchers and practitioners in fields of education, parks, museums or other geopark related subjects. Chaired by Professor Yves Girault from National Museum of Natural History (MNHN) in Paris, this International Workshop questions the links between geoparks and geotourism development, with special focus on education. On average 30 students (including 6 doctoral students) and about fifteen students of master museology, professionals and researchers participated the workshop. It integrates the one-week training session in Paris, in order to concretize the transfer of knowledge and expertise and also to situate students in the center of actual issues in the field of Geopark on a wider stage.

D3.5 Training Session (2) (M24, achieved in M20): With the theme “Geoparks and local development: what impact for local population?”, the Second Autumn University (training session II) took place from 17 to 21 October 2016 in Marrakech (Morocco). The consortium decided to integrate the first workshop of Geopark project as the epilogue of this training session, as to concretize the transfer of expertise and strengthen the connections. During 2 days of courses, 1 day of field trip and 2 days of international workshop, the Autumn University provides an interdisciplinary syllabus with both theoretical lectures and empirical study to students, showing them different angles to analyse realities in Southern countries, from participatory museology to economic study of social inclusion. (cf. Annex D3.5)

D3.6 Training Session (3) (M36, achieved in M35): The third Autumn University (training session 3) took place from 7 to 10 November 2017 in Paris. Chaired by Professor Yves Girault from National Museum of Natural History (MNHN) in Paris, this third training session aims to strengthen the educational programme and capacity building (students and professionals) in geoparks related subjects by taking into account local features and issues as a systemic approach (heritage, education, territory, geology, tourism, etc.). About 30 participants including 6 doctoral students and fifteen students of master museology, professionals and researchers participated the training. (c.f. Annex D3.6)

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D4.1 Website (M48): The website of GEOPARK Project is designed to fulfil two objectives: (a) disseminate scientific results and share knowledge in and beyond the network of the project, and (b) provide additional learning support for the future Master 2 programme. As is conceived to be hosted by MNHN, the website has followed a general structure provided by the Multimedia Service of MNHN (led by Stéphanie Targuy) with a customised visual identity. Methodological and empirical information is structured based on five themes: geopark, geoheritage, inventory, geotourism, and museology, along with two columns presenting the GEOPARK Project and members of our team. 47 pages have been created in total, and we have finished the content editing for 15 pages. By month 36, 5 articles have been uploaded on the website and will be released at the end of the project. Uploaded articles: • (in the Gepark section) patrimoine naturel et culturel • (in the Geoheritage section) spécificités du patrimoine géologique • (in the Inventory section) Méthodologies d’inventaire (a. Cartographie, b. Méthodes des sciences participatives, c. Approche méthodologique innovante en archéologie). Articles about « les Inventaire du patrimoine de la Vallée du Zat (Anthropologie culturelle, Archéologie, Botanique, Écologie, Géologie, Minéralogie, Paléontologie, Zoologie) » will be uploaded in the first trimestre of 2018.

D4.2 Multimedia tools (M24, achieved in M24): We have created a blog (geopark-h2020.fr) and published by now 127 articles in English and in French. In 2017, 47 new articles has been published, making a total of 174 articles on the project blog. In addition, 1 documentary and 9 video clips on GEOPARK project have been produced based on UAB teams and projected in ICTA (UAB) and UNESCO-Abertis Foundation Centre.

D4.3 International conference (M46): The consortium has planned to hold the final international conference between 12 and 14 November 2018 in Barcelona. As a preparation to the final International conference, a first edition of Postgraduate Symposium on UNESCO protected area was organised by the consortium on 24th and 25th May 2016. This event aimed to foster knowledge sharing and strengthen the network of international cooperation with special focus in developing countries (Africa, Latin America and Asia).

D4.4 Exhibition (M48): The project of exhibition has finished its first stage - information gathering, and entered in the stage of conception. On 17 and 18 January, members of the Geopark programme, belonging to various teams (UAB, UCA, MNHN) met at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris to begin work on the design of an exhibition to be presented in the Zat Valley. This work was initiated following the completion of the inventory work carried out during the first three years of the Zat Valley programme. As the work of heritage inventory and database progressed, we were then able to better define the objectives of the Zat valley exhibition with regard to both the target audiences and the content of the exhibition.

The exhibition will be carried out for the inhabitants of the Zat valley with a two fold objective: to present and enhance all the heritage resources of the valley, and to stimulate debate on whether or not to develop nature tourism, particularly in the context of the creation of a geopark. The title chosen to date is "The Zat Valley: between heritage conservation and development". The texts will be written in Arabic and French. Video presentations were envisaged depending on the local reception structures. Short oral presentations in Amazigh were also considered. After long and constructive exchanges, a first narrative framework was chosen. The exhibition will consist of 12 panels, and for each panel a scientific referent has been named. The exhibition will be directed by Jean Guy Michard and Nour-Eddine Jalil (MNHN, Paris) 1. Geographical and landscape location. 2. The Zat: a valley to protect. (Yves Girault, MNHN) 3. The Zat: a developing valley (Yves Girault, MNHN) 4. Circulate through the valley. (Lokrifa, UCA) 5. Water sharing. (Saïd Bourjouf, UCA) 6. Tonsil, tradition and evolution. (Saïd Bourjouf, UCA)

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7. The Yaggour Plateau and engraved rocks. Gwenola Graaf (MNNH/IRD & Maxence Bailly (AMU) 8. The geosites tell us the story of the Atlas. (Juan Poch UAB) 9. Biodiversity in the valley. (Roser Maneja Zaragoza UAB & ICTA) 10. Socio-environmental heritage. (Roser Maneja Zaragoza UAB & ICTA) 11. Women and crafts. (Ouidad Tebaa, UCA) 12. Endemic protected species. (Roser Maneja Zaragoza UAB & ICTA) The first deliverable of texts and captioned photos are expected by 25 April 2018.

Participants : MNHN : Jean Guy Michard, Yves Girault, Nour - Eddine Jalil, Elisabeth Habert UAB : Roser Maneja, Joan Poch UCA : Ouidad Tebbaa, Saïd Bourjouf

D4.5 Book (M48): A book on methodology of geoheritage inventory was published by MNHN team, which will contribute to the final book on methodology of geopark in developing countries. Call of contribution has been released and we are awaiting abstracts for mid-Feb to structure the book.

1.2.2 MILESTONES

MS1 Kick-off meeting (M1, achieved in M2): A first kick-off meeting was organised in Marrakech in order to start GEOPARK project to discuss scientific & administrative issues. A consortium report (D4.6) has been submitted to the EC in Autumn 2015 as a global feedback of the administrative and scientific issues linked to Geopark project. Fund transfer and mobility financial understanding (European rules) have to be discussed and clarified for partners in order to start working on WPs and prepare listed activities.

MS3 Steering scientific meeting (1) (M12, achieved in M13): A first steering scientific meeting was organised in Barcelona in January 2016. Issues discussed include feedbacks of the Winter University, clarification of RISE protocol, project implementation and corrective measures. A consortium progress report (D4.8) has been submitted on 1 March 2016, detailing scientific progress, secondment implementation and administrative issues of the first 12 months.

MS4 Steering scientific meeting (2) (M24, achieved in M22): A second steering scientific meeting was organised in Marrakech in October 2016. At this meeting, the consortium discussed

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the work progress and their future planning. We have in particular organized joint missions in the first half of 2017, and planed a few publications with co-authors from different teams. Furthermore, the consortium exchanged views on the upcoming organization of the website project (attributing editorial tasks, discussing film project on the Zat valley, etc.) and of the future Master programme, for which we hope to be able to collaborate with the new partners joining the project from 2017.

2. CORRECTIVE MEASURES

2.1 Please explain any delays accumulated in the secondments / activities / deliverables foreseen in the Grant Agreement and the measures taken to oversee them.

2.1.1 Secondments According to data of Researcher Declarations in Researcher Portal (update on 5 Feb 2018), implementation statistics are shown on the following table1. Not all secondments are uploaded by this date due to technical problems encountered by certain beneficiaries (i.e. AMU).

Anticipated Nb of implemented sec. duration sec. duration Partner Organization 2015-2016 2017 Total (by Total (M1-M24) (M25-M36) M36) Museum National D'histoire 27.2 12.2 39.40 58 Naturelle Universitat Autonoma De 45.69 23.01 68.73 77 Barcelona Cerdan Ingenieros S.l. 6.50 0 6.50 10 Universite Cadi Ayyad 41.13 22,20 63.33 97 Universite D'aix Marseille 6.16 0 6.16 23 Universite Paris Diderot - Paris 0.93 0 0.93 2 7 Universite D'avignon Et Des 0.23 0 0.23 4 Pays De Vaucluse Universite Paris 3 Sorbonne 2.93 4,93 7.87 10 Nouvelle TOTAL 193.17 288

2.1.2 Management

The consortium realizes that the submission of periodic report, which is supposed to be finished within 60 days following the end of Month 24, has been largely delayed due to various reasons.

We have in fact started the preparation of technical part of periodic report since the beginning of 2017, even though it was not possible to complete and submit the periodic report via the electronic exchange system in the Participant Portal for that the Reporting and Payment (REPA) module was not yet fully deployed. By the time when the periodic report section was opened in the Portal in March 2017, the part B of technical report has almost finished according to the reporting template.

1 Partner organizations not on the list have 0 secondment by the date of update according to data of Researcher Declaration.

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However, the submission of periodic report was postponed as we were suggested to prioritize the amendment preparation, which would then affect the composition of periodic report. In December 2016 we have launch the procedure on this subject and request for the possibility of an amendment to “Annex 1 Description of the Action”, in order to regularize the administrative dysfunction resulted by the French structure of joint research unit and formally integrate into the project all organizations concerned, as is requested by our second Project Officer Mr. Thierry Jacquin. In addition, given the scientific progress of project on the Higher-Education in Geopark Issues (WP3), the consortium was enlarged with new international and intersectoral partner organisations joining in the project. Among the 9 newly integrated partner organizations, most have no or little experience with Europe-funded research projects, meaning no PIC code nor LEAR and PLSign were appointed, which made the preparation of amendment a complex and time-consuming process and the document was not signed until July 2017.

Once the amendment signed, researcher declarations in Part A of technical report were then immediately updated, and combinations were made in accordance with requirement given by our Project Officer Mr Gianluca Coluccio. The Part B of technical report and additional materials requested were also sent by email to our PO and his colleague by August. We were nevertheless blocked by integrating Form C of the total 13 beneficiaries. Several new beneficiaries needed to familiarize with the Researcher Portal and be assisted on FLSign appointment and submission of their Form C. Others preferred to sign firstly the Partnership Agreement of the consortium before submitting their financial report. In fact, as the consortium was enlarged by the amendment, the coordinator organisation Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle has started drafting a new Partnership Agreement from June 2017 in consultation with the consortium. Still, validation from Legal service of MNHN came only in December 2017, and the procedure of signature took even longer time considering the necessary feedback collecting period for each beneficiary.

As consequence, periodic report was not yet submitted electronically in the Researcher Portal by the end of 2017.

3. ETHICAL ISSUES

3.1 Please indicate how the ethical issues have been addressed during the period covered by this report and mention all the approvals/authorisations already provided to the REA (if applicable).

The research activities developed within GEOPARK are focused on capacity building (training sessions, distance-learning programme, and workshops) and heritage protection and conservation (heritage inventories, virtual museum, expertise reports on biodiversity, etc.).

Concerning the local population (adults in Atlas Mountains) involved in field research (inquiries, surveys and interviews), it will follow an ethical protocol agreed by European & Moroccan legislation and the local authorities.

In terms of collecting data regarding to heritage inventories (geology and biodiversity), our action has been conducted with permission of the Direction of Heritage of Morocco particularly for actions related to archaeology, and with permission of the Morocco’s Customs Services for the transport of samples studied in UAB and MNHN. Concerning the filmmaking in Morocco, permission will be asked in advance at all level of territory, both at national level and at local level of the filmed population.

Concerning the potential ethical issues linked with the personal data protection in WP2, socio- geographical surveys are independently conducted by local researchers from the partner organization of the consortium, Université Cadi Ayyad (Morocco), and no personal date import

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or export has occurred. The University of Cadi Ayyad (Marrakech, Morocco) has led field research activities (surveys, interviews, field data) with local population (adults exclusively) in accordance with Moroccan legislations. For each field trips, surveys and interviews in the Zat Valley included in WP2, permission is required in advance, which includes: 1) A mission order which is the authorization of exit, signed by the Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences of the UCA, mentioning the names of the teachers and all the doctoral students who take part in the exit; 2) A letter sent by the Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences of the UCA to the Governor of the province of Haouz, which is the highest administrative authority of the High Atlas, to ask him permission to make this mission and to carry out these investigations. Without the authorization of the Governor, field work cannot take place, according to the regulations in use in Morocco.

Besides, workshops on ethical issues for student investigators have been carried out since the beginning of the project by Professors Saïd Boujrouf and Abdeljalil Lokrifa (coordinators of field investigation work), stressing on:

- previous consent of all respondents - absolute respect of their personal data: both for the questionnaires and for the maintenance guides (anonymous) - prohibition to photograph the respondents without prior authorization - prohibition of filming the interviewees without prior authorization

According to the regulations in force, any documentary that could be made within the framework of the GEOPARK project, also had to obtain a prior written authorization from the Moroccan cinematographic center, the only body authorized in Morocco in conducting such work. Finally, sensitive data like detailed GIS information of venerable heritage sites are stocked at the local partner and will only be partially accessible though the virtual museum elaborated in the project. A more comprehensive policy on data management is under discussion within the consortium.

4. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

4.1 Please indicate any additional information which you may consider useful to assess the project implementation during the period covered by this report, including management issues.

4.1 Drafting of Partnership Agreement

The amendment of Annex I requested by the consortium was approved and signed by ERA in July 2017. The MNHN has drafted a new Partnership Agreement, which came into consultation within the consortium in December 2017 and is expected to be validated and signed by each of beneficiaries by February 2018. The latest version of Partnership Agreement is enclosed as Annex 4.1.

4.2 Update in data management plan

As the project progresses, the need to create a clear data management plan for the project becomes prominent. The consortium has prepared a draft version of Data Management Plan (DMP) (c.f. Annex 4.2) and appointed Élisabeth Habert from MNHN as data management officer of the project.

4.3 Further collaborations within the consortium

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During 2017, three collaborative projects have been submitted to enhance the long-term partnerships created within the consortium.

Project 1 : ERASMUS + AL: Technology and Innovation Management Master – EULA GTEC (Accepted and funded with 999,750 EUR)

Innovation is fundamental for development and progress. Any country to achieve a good level of wealth should adopt a strategy fostering innovation together with the dynamicity of local entrepreneurship, knowledge generation, technology transfer, intelligent regions approach. Europe is a very competitive region in knowledge generation, but the "European paradox" shows that, despite a recognized excellence in generating new knowledge, there are many difficulties in transferring it to the industry. The project helped to articulate a strategy of global cooperation between the developing countries of Latin America and the European Union in the areas of science and industry. He proposed a series of projects, networks and initiatives that foster collaboration, the promotion of knowledge sharing and the creation of new links. Partners : 1. UNLU (Argentina) Coordinator 2. UAB (Spain) Co-coordinator (GEOPARK partner) 3. Universita’ Di Bologna – UNIBO 4. Aix-Marseille Université – AMU (GEOPARK parftner) 5. Instituto Superior de Ciências Socias e da Empresa - Instituto Universitario de Lisboa – IUL 6. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú – PUCP 7. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia – PUCH 8. Fundaçao de Apoio a Universidade de Sao Paulo – FAUSP 9. National University of Mar del Plata (UNMDP) 10. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN

Project 2: TRAINRURALHER (TRAINing in RURAL HERitage): “Definition of a transversal plan of education and training aimed at meeting a need for new professions in the field of the environment based on the concept of a rural and isolated territory, as is the case of deltas (wetlands)." Research Caixa, in evaluation period. Budget: 99.850 EUR Partners: UAB (Geology and ICTA), AMU (Angela Barthes) University of Avignon (Isabel Brianso)

Project 3: LABEL INNO (rejected. Budget 4 000 000 euros): Through this project, we compare and benchmark natural labeled sites with current innovative initiatives to better address the need for public engagement in environmental issues and sustainable development. Focus areas include education, co-creation, co-learning and civic engagement through cross-disciplinary and social inclusion approaches. This will ultimately allow the definition of roadmaps and guidelines to share with natural site community and further build eviden ce for policy. Partners involved in Geopark: AMU and UAB

4.4 Publications 2017/2016/2015: 1) in preparation Bouaabid, H et Adam, A, Du tapis des femmes au miel des hommes : comment des savoirs nouveaux perturbent des rapports de pouvoir ancestraux ? Girault Y. Geotourism activities and educational programs related to geoheritage. Special Issue of International Journal of Geoheritage (Ed), March, 2018 Girault Y., Zwang A. (eds) L’éducation à l’environnement au sein des aires protégées et des musées. Numéro thématique de la revue Education Relative à l’Environnement (Québec, Montréal) (2018)

2) in press:

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Brianso I. & Tebbaa `O. (2018, sous presse). La notion de patrimoine selon l’UNESCO : entre discours et glissement catégoriel. Ouvrage collectif (sous presse- 2018) L’odyssée des mots du patrimoine sera édité par les Presses de l’UQAM et diffusées en France par les PUR, sous la direction de Vincent Négri et de Nathalie Lancret. Bouaabid, H., le réseau d’acteurs entre femmes tisseuses et intermédiaires au Ait Ouaouzguite, Numéro thématique de la revue Maghreb-Machrek consacré au projet GEOPARK (2018) Girault Y. (accepté) La recherche contemporaine en éducation relative à l’environnement au sein de la francophonie : où en est-on ? Vol 14, Revue ERE. Perez, N.D., Teixell A., Gómez-Gras D., and Stockli D.F. The impact of multiphase tectonic events on sediment routing evolution and drainage reorganization in the Marrakech High Atlas. Basin Research (in press)

3) published:

2017 Barthes, A. et Blanc-Maximin, S. (2017). Quelles évolutions de l’école française face à l’éducation au patrimoine ? Revue des sciences de l’éducation. Vol 43. n°1. pp. 85-115. Montréal

Barthes, A. (2017). Éducation au patrimoine in Barthes, Lange, et Tutiaux-Guillon N. (dir.). Dictionnaire critique des enjeux et concepts des éducations à, L’Harmattan, Paris, pp.182-191.

Graff G. Azrou Iklane (2017). Une pierre tatouée aux marges du Sahara (province d’Assa –Zag, Maroc). Actes de la 1ère Conférence Nationale sur l’Art Rupestre du Maroc, Agadir, mai 2017. 7 pages. Graff G. Azrou Iklane, présentation d’un site des marges sahariennes (province Assa-Zag, Maroc). Centre Saharien Des Études Et Recherches De Terrain d’Assa (Maroc), actes du colloque international « Lier le présent au passé est une prospection d’avenir ». 14 pages. Girault Y. (2017) Les politiques patrimoniales de l’UNESCO : de la prise en compte du patrimoine naturel et culturel à la gouvernance internationale du patrimoine sacré. In, Sacralité et enjeux politiques des patrimoines (article publié en arabe) in Karamti Y., Girault ﻣﺠﻤﻊ . ﻟﻠﺘﺮاث اﻟﺠﯿﻮﺳﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ واﻟﺮھﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﺪاﺳﺔ ﴾۲۰۱۷﴿ ﴾ﻦﺍﺭﺮﺣﻣﻠﺍ﴿ ﺇ ﺟﯿﺮو٬ ﻮ ﻱ ﻜﺮاﻤﺘﻲ٬- (Y/ (EdS 2017 ,(Sacralité et enjeux politiques des patrimoines. (eds .۳۱۸ص ﺘﻮﻨﺲ٬ ٬اﻠﻣﺨﺗﺺ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎب اﻷطﺮش Latrach éditions, Tunis. 318 p, 9-37. Gonzalez-Tejada C., Du Y., Read M., Girault Y. (2017) From nature conservation to geotourism development: examining ambivalent attitudes towards UNESCO directives with the Global Geopark Network. International Journal of Geoheritage. Vol. 5, no. 2. pp.1-20. Habert E. (2017) De l’État au citoyen, redistribution des cartes : éléments d’une histoire de la cartographie. In : Robert Pascale de (ed.), Duvail Stéphanie (ed.), Habert Elisabeth (ed.). Cartographie participative (2). Revue d’Ethnoécologie, 11, 16 p. اﻟﺠﯿﻮﺳﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ واﻟﺮھﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﺪاﺳﺔ ﴾۲۰۱۷﴿ ﴾ﻦﺍﺭﺮﺣﻣﻠﺍ﴿ ﺇ ﺟﯿﺮو٬ ﻮ ﻱ ﻜﺮاﻤﺘﻲ٬- (Karamti Y., Girault Y(Eds.) (2017 Sacralité et enjeux politiques des .۳۱۸ص ﺘﻮﻨﺲ٬ ٬اﻠﻣﺨﺗﺺ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎب اﻷطﺮش ﻣﺠﻤﻊ . ﻟﻠﺘﺮاث patrimoines. (eds), Latrach éditions, Tunis. 318 p. Robert P., Duvail S., Habert E. (2017) Cartographies participatives : diversité des situations, diversité des pratiques [introduction]. In : Robert Pascale de (ed.), Duvail Stéphanie (ed.), Habert Elisabeth (ed.). Cartographie participative (2). Revue d’Ethnoécologie, 11, 2 p. Simenel R., Bailly M., Graff G., Alaoui A. & Gavelle J. (2017) Quelques réflexions sur la continuité graphique sur le temps long dans l’art rupestre marocain. INORA n° 77 : 18-26.

2016 Abdollah, A et Bouaabid,H., Tourisme et valorisation des spécificités locales, les terroirs au Sud in Les terroirs au sud, vers un nouveau modèle ? IRD Editions, pp : 311-328. Barthes, A., Alpe, Y. et Ekobevet Allogo Y. (2016). Légitimité sociale des savoirs construits dans la labélisation des territoires. Exemple des géoparcs. Actes du 7eme colloque international

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développement durable et lien social : les parcs naturels entre patrimonialisation et innovation, 5-6 septembre 2016, Agadir, Université Ibn Zohr d’Agadir. Barthes, A. et Blanc-Maximin, S. (2016). L’éducation au patrimoine, un outil pour un développement local durable, ou une instrumentalisation de l’éducation au service de la labellisation des territoires ? Revue francophone du développement durable, l’éducation au patrimoine, Hors-série n°3, pp 8 -22. Clermont Ferrand. Bretton, L., Moisseron, J.-Y., Tebbaa, O. (2016) Femme et climat au Maroc : Un nouvel horizon après la COP22. Éditions de la croisée des chemins. Cornée A., Egoroff G., De Wewer P., Lalanne A., et Duranthon F. (eds) (2016).- Actes du congrès international « Les inventaires du géopatrimoine », 22-26 septembre 2015, Toulouse. Ekobevet-Allogo Y. et Barthes, A., (2016). Nouveau rôle des citoyens et gouvernance démocratique 32. Exemple de l’Unesco-Géoparc des Alpes de Haute Provence, Actes du 7eme colloque international développement durable et lien social : les parcs naturels entre patrimonialisation et innovation, 5-6 septembre, Agadir, Maroc Ekobevet Allogo Y, Barthes A. (2016), Formes de créativité et innovation dans les géoparcs Unesco : vers l’émergence de nouvelles pratiques éducationnelles ? Actes du colloque « De la créativité à l’innovation dans les dispositifs et les pratiques, pédagogiques et professionnelles, Eduquer et former au monde de demain », 7-8 avril 2016, Clermont-Ferrand, ESPE de Clermont-Ferrand. Girault Y., Barthes A. (2016). Postures épistémologiques et cadres théoriques des principaux courants de l’éducation aux territoires. In Éducation relative à l’Environnement : Regards - Recherches - Réflexions, 13. Graff G., Simenel R. & BaillyM. La longue durée de l’Art rupestre au Sahara, questions et enjeux: l’exemple d’Azrou Klane (Sud Maroc, région de Guelmin), Les Chroniques de Préhméd Guillaud D., Juhé-Beaulaton D., Cormier-Salem M.C., Girault Y. (Dir.) (2016) Ambivalences patrimoniales au Sud : mises en scène et jeux d’acteurs. Editions Karthala, 276p. Oiry Vaccara, M., Tebbaa, O., Expressions identitaires féminines et développement touristique dans les arrières pays marocains, in Les terroirs au sud, vers un nouveau modèle ? IRD Editions, Université Mohamed V de Rabat, 2016

2015: Barthes, A. et Blanc-Maximin, S. (2015). L’éducation au patrimoine, un outil pour un développement local durable, ou une instrumentalisation de l’éducation au service de la labellisation des territoires ? Le cas des géoparcs. Revue francophone du développement durable, l’éducation au patrimoine, Hors-série n°3, pp8 -22 Boujrouf S. et Tebbaa O. (Sous la direction scientifique de), 2015 — le rapport aux autres à travers le rapport au territoire, des entrées à des cas marocains par les ressources territoriales, le développement et la gouvernance, LCPT et LERMA éditeurs, Watanya, Marrakech, 383 p. De Wever P., Alterio I., Egoroff G., Cornée A., Bobrowsky P., Collin G., Duranthon F., Hill W., Lalanne A., vv Page K. (2015) — Geoheritage, a National Inventory in France, Geoheritage, Vol. 7, Number 3, pp.205- 247. Poch, J., Montero, V. y Medina, J.J., (2015) — El Hierro se convierte en el primer geoparque de las Islas Canarias. De Re Metallica, 24; pp. 19-24.

4.4 Conference Communication Alfonso, A. Camprubi, C. Canet, F. Climent, A. Conde, E. Cruz-Chávez, M. García-Vallès, A. Gil, C. Guzmán, A. Iglesias, A. Jiménez, A.B. Jiménez, J.M. Mata-Perelló, M. Mendoza, J.C. Mora, D. Parcerisa, B. Peláez- Pavón, J. Poch, M. Ramírez-Cardona, O. Sterpone, M. Yáñez, D. Zamudio (2015) — v Mexico ‘s geopark project of the « comarca Minera » Hidalgo state European Geoparks Conference. Septermber 3rd-th 2015. Rokua, Finland. Book of Abstracts, p. 30. Barthes A. (2017). Les éducations à et les territoires : vers une hybridation de l’éducation formelle et non formelle. Congrès de l’ACFAS. Colloque « l’émergence des éducations à : entre continuités et ruptures », 10 mai, Université Mc. Gill, Montréal

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Barthes A. (2016). La créativité et les médiateurs éducationnels dans les géoparcs Unesco : vers l’émergence de nouveaux rapports aux savoirs et aux territoires ? Colloque éducation et environnement, Points de rencontres vers une transformation éco-sociale, 88ème congrès de l’ACFAS, 7-9 Mai, Montréal De Wever, P. (2016). « Géologie et vin ». Rencontres Géosciences : Roches & Activités humaines CNAM/MNHN/SGF/ParisTech Musée, 5 décembre 2016, Paris. Girault Y. (2017). From the history of ideas about Nature to the evolution of natural history museums – Current history and trends to participatory museology or how to associate local populations to foster local development. Workshop on environment and heritage interpretation. Beijing Normal University, 28 March 2017, Beijing. Girault Y. (2017). Quelques remarques sur la visite du géoparc de Dali. UNESCO Global Geopark of Dali Cangshan, 15 March 2017, Dali. Girault Y. & Le Marec J. (2016) « Impliquer la recherche sur les patrimoines et l’enseignement interdisciplinaire dans un dispositif international émergent : les Géoparcs ». Colloque inaugural Observatoire des patrimoines, Sorbonne Université Mardi 18 octobre 2016, Paris. (cf. Annex 4.3) Simenel, R. "De la continuité graphique dans l'Art rupestre du Sud marocain : Exemple de la dalle gravée d'Azrou Iklane (région d'Assa)", Colloque international du Moussem d'Assa, organisé par Conseil provincial d'Assa-Zag et le Centre saharien des études et recherches de terrain, 11 décembre 2016.

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