DOCSLIB.ORG

Nodding Thistle)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nodding Thistle) 18 MUSK THISTLE (NODDING THISTLE) A. Gassmann1 and L.-T. Kok2 1CABI Bioscience Centre Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland; 2Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA their foraging on other plants, giving musk thistle a PEST STATUS OF WEED competitive advantage. Successful biological control Musk thistle, Carduus nutans L., is an invasive weed of musk thistle (Kok and Surles, 1975) is often ac- that has become widespread in the contiguous states companied by increased growth and coverage of pas- of the United States. It is a highly competitive weed ture grasses such as fescue (Festuca arundinaria of Eurasian origin that has replaced much of the na- Schreb.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tive vegetation in pastures and disturbed areas (Surles or less desirable plants such as spotted knapweed et al., 1974; Kok, 1978a,b). (Kok and Mays, 1991). Extent of losses. The rate of expansion of musk Nature of Damage thistle populations in North America has been very Economic damage. Musk thistle invades pastures, rapid since the mid-1950s, when it was first recog- rangeland, and forest lands, and areas along roadsides, nized as a weed (Dunn, 1976). A single musk thistle 2 railroad right-of-ways, waste areas, and stream banks. per 1.49 m can reduce pasture yields by 23%. In In agricultural systems, the invasive nature and pro- Canada, stands of 150,000/ha have been observed lific seed production of musk thistle result in large (Desrochers et al., 1988a). Direct losses are difficult populations of the weed, which compete with crops to quantify due to lack of long-term monitoring pro- for space, nutrients, and light. Thus, infestations may grams and data. reduce productivity of pasture and rangeland by sup- Geographical Distribution pressing growth of desirable forage plants, as well as preventing livestock from eating plants growing in Musk thistle was first reported in the United States the vicinity of thistles due to the sharp spines on their in 1953 at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (Stuckey and stems, leaf margins and blooms (Trumble and Kok, Forsyth, 1971). In the 1970s, the musk thistle com- 1982; Desrochers et al., 1988a). In the northeastern plex (see Taxonomy for definition) has been found United States, the highest economic losses due to in at least 3,068 counties in 42 of the mainland states, musk thistle infestations occur on fertile soils formed with 12% of those counties rating their infestations over limestone. as economically severe (Dunn, 1976). Musk thistle is Ecological damage. Musk thistle generally does declared a noxious weed in some 20 states, including not pose a great threat to high-quality natural areas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minne- although it has been known to invade native and re- sota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio, stored grasslands despite the presence of dense, na- Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania (USDA, NRCS, 1999). tive prairie vegetation. Musk thistle may retard natu- Thus, musk thistle extends from the east to west coast ral secondary succession processes. Because musk in both the deciduous forest and prairie biomes. It thistle is unpalatable to wildlife and livestock, selec- grows from sea level to about 2,500 m elevation. It tive grazing leads to severe degradation of native prefers moist alluvial soils but will grow in eroded meadows and grasslands as grazing animals focus uplands without difficulty. 229 Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON PEST PLANT Taxonomy The C. nutans complex in North America has been treated either as one species with four subspecies (subsp. nutans, subsp. leiophyllus [Petrovic] Stoj. and Stef., subsp. macrolepis [Peterm.] Kazmi, and subsp. macrocephalus [Desf.] Nyman), or as three species: Carduus nutans with two subspecies (subsp. nutans and subsp. macrolepis), C. thoermeri Weinm., and C. macrocephalus Desf. (McCarty, 1978; Desrocher et Figure 1. Musk thistle rosette. (Photograph by al., 1988b). Recent work by Desrochers et al. (1988b) L.-T. Kok.) has supported the existence, in Canada, of only two closely related groups of taxa referred to as subsp. nutans and subsp. leiophyllus. Carduus thoermeri Weinm. and C. nutans subsp. leiophyllus refer to the same taxon. In North America, C. nutans ssp. mac- rocephalus has only been collected from the United States. Carduus nutans ssp. nutans is distinguished from ssp. leiophyllus by its moderate to dense pubes- cence on leaves and phyllaries, by its generally smaller head diameter (1.5 to 3.5 cm in subsp. nutans and 1.8 to 4.5 cm in subsp. leiophyllus) and by the shape of its phyllary. In subsp. nutans, the lower portion of the phyllary is more or less equal to the upper por- tion, while in subsp. Leiophyllus, the lower portion is distinctly narrower than the upper portion. The two subspecies also can be separated by their fla- vonoid compounds. Carduus nutans subsp. macro- cephalus differs from subsp. nutans by a wider head diameter and phyllaries. It also differs from subsp. leiophyllus by being pubescent on leaves and phyl- Figure 2. Musk thistle in bloom. (Photograph by L.-T. Kok.) laries, and by having phyllaries that have the lower portion more or less equal to the upper portion. Hy- winter annual. It is 20 to 200 cm tall, with a long, bridization between C. nutans and Carduus fleshy taproot. The taproot is large, corky, and hol- acanthoides L. also has been reported (Warwick et low near the surface of the ground. One or more al., 1990). Presumably, the distribution of subsp. highly branched stems grow from a common nutans in the United States is similar to its distribu- rootcrown. Musk thistle grows in all soil textures, tion in Canada, where it is mainly distributed in the although the soils must be well drained. Leaves are eastern part of the country, while only subsp. dark green with light green midribs with a white leiophyllus and subsp. macrocephalus are present in margin (Fig. 1). The plant blooms in May and June. the Great Plains (McGregor, 1986). The showy flowers (Fig. 2) are terminal, large, soli- Biology tary, and nodding (slightly bent). They are deep rose to violet or purple in color. The seeds are straw col- The biology of musk thistle has been reviewed by ored and do not have a light requirement for germi- Desrochers et al. (1988a). Carduus nutans L. is a her- nation, but are affected by temperature. Higher ger- baceous biennial though occasionally it becomes a mination rates occur at temperatures between 20 and 230 Musk Thistle (Nodding Thistle) 28 °C. Musk thistle does not appear to have any spe- species in the subtribe Carduinae. The history of bio- cific climatic requirements other than a cool period logical control of thistles was reviewed by Dunn of vernalization, a minimum of 40 days below 10 °C (1978) and by Schroeder (1980). for flowering. It does not reproduce vegetatively and is propagated by seeds dispersed primarily by wind. Area of Origin of Weed Most seeds are deposited within 50 m of the release The genus Carduus is native to the Eastern Hemi- point and less than 1% are blown farther than 100 m sphere, where its distribution extends over Europe, (Smith and Kok, 1984). Up to 11,000 achenes may be central Asia, and East Africa. Franco (1976) recog- produced per individual with as many as 1,500 seeds nized 48 species in Flora Europaea. Several taxa have per flower head. Seed viability remains high for more been reported in North America and separated into than ten years. three groups: the slender-flowered thistles (Carduus Analysis of Related Native Plants in the Eastern tenuiflorus Curt. and Carduus pycnocephalus L.), the United States small-flowered thistles (Carduus acanthoides L. and Carduus crispus L.), and the large-flowered thistle There are no native North American species in the (Carduus nutans s.l.). Southern Europe is considered genus Carduus. Carduus nutans belongs to the tribe to be the center of origin for Carduus because of the Cardueae (family Asteraceae) which is largely an Old many endemic Carduus species found there. World group. The tribe is further divided into four subtribes (Echinopsidinae, Carlininae, Carduinae, Areas Surveyed for Natural Enemies and Centaureinae) including some 13 genera in North Areas surveyed included southern England, France, America (Bremer, 1994; USDA, NRCS, 1999). From Austria, Germany, Italy and the northern part of the these, only three contain native species – Centaurea former Yugoslavia (Zwölfer, 1965; Boldt and (two species, subtribe Centaureinae), Saussurea (seven Campobasso, 1978). Other surveys have been car- species, subtribe Carduinae, but the position of the ried out in Pakistan, Iran, and Japan (Schroeder, genus in the tribe remains uncertain), and Cirsium 1980). (subtribe Carduinae). The genus Cirsium includes about 100 native species, of which 21 species occur Natural Enemies Found in the eastern United States. One of these, Cirsium pitcheri (Torr. ex Eat.) Torr. and Gray, is listed as Some 130 insect species have been recorded on C. threatened under the Endangered Species Act. This nutans s.l. in Europe (Zwölfer, 1965; Boldt and species occurs in sand dunes along the shores of the Campobasso, 1978). In Italy alone, 109 species from Great Lakes in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- six orders and 33 families fed or reproduced on musk sin, and Ontario. thistle. Some 25 species were reported to be broadly oligophagous on plants in the subtribe Carduinae (Table 1), and only very few were considered to have a host range restricted to plants in the genera Carduus, HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Cirsium, and Silybum, or to be monophagous. Since EFFORTS IN THE EASTERN there was no concern about non-target impact on na- UNITED STATES tive thistles in the earliest phase of the program, oli- gophagy on several thistle species in the genera Musk thistle was among the first 19 weeds selected Carduus, Cirsium, and Silybum was considered as an for biological control when the USDA overseas labo- advantage and only those species recorded as eco- ratory was established at Rome, Italy in 1959.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 365 Fauna Vrsta Tephritinae (Tephritidae, Diptera
    M. Bjeliš: Fauna vrsta Tephritinae (Tephritidae, Diptera) sakupljenim u primorskoj Hrvatskoj tijekom 2005. i 2006. godine FAUNA VRSTA TEPHRITINAE (TEPHRITIDAE, DIPTERA) SAKUPLJENIH U PRIMORSKOJ HRVATSKOJ TIJEKOM 2005 I 2006 GODINE. FAUNA OF THE TEPHRITINAE SPECIES (TEPHRITIDAE, DIPTERA) COLLECTED IN THE CROATIAN LITTORAL IN 2005 AND 2006. M. Bjeliš SAŽETAK Tijekom faunističkih istraživanja koja su provedena na području primorske Hrvatske u 2005. i 2006. godini, na osamdeset i jednom lokalitetu, sakupljeno je dvadeset i devet vrsta koje pripadaju u osamnaest rodova. Utvrđena je nazočnost sljedećih vrsta: Acanthiophylus helianthi R., Aciura coryli R., Campiglossa misella L., Campiglosa producta L., Chaetorellia jaceae RD., Chaetostomella cylindrica RD., Dioxyna bidentis RD., Ensina sonchi L., Euaresta bullans L., Myopites stylatus F., Myopites zernii H., Noeeta pupillata F., Orellia falcata S., Oxiaciura tibialis RD., Sphenella marginata F., Tephritis carmen H., Tephritis divisa R., Tephritis formosa L., Tephritis matricariae L., Tephritis praecox L., Tephritis separata R., Terellia gynaeacochroma H., Terellia seratulae L., Terellia tussilaginis F., Trupanea amoena F., Trupanea stelata F., Urophora solstitialis L., Urophora stylata F., i Xyphosia miliaria RD. Ključne riječi: Fauna, primorska Hrvatska, Tephritinae, Tephritidae, ABSTRACT: During the fauna research carried out along the Croatian littoral in the years 2005. and 2006. on eighty one locations, twenty-nine species belonging to the eighteen genus were collected. The following species were confirmed: Acanthiophylus helianthi R., Aciura coryli R., Campiglossa misella L., Campiglosa producta L., Chaetorellia jaceae RD., Chaetostomella cylindrica RD., Dioxyna bidentis RD., Ensina sonchi L., Euaresta bullans L., Myopites stylatus F., Myopites zernii H., Noeeta pupillata F., Orellia falcata S., 365 M. Bjeliš: Fauna vrsta Tephritinae (Tephritidae, Diptera) sakupljenim u primorskoj Hrvatskoj tijekom 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Thistles of Colorado
    Thistles of Colorado About This Guide Identification and Management Guide Many individuals, organizations and agencies from throughout the state (acknowledgements on inside back cover) contributed ideas, content, photos, plant descriptions, management information and printing support toward the completion of this guide. Mountain thistle (Cirsium scopulorum) growing above timberline Casey Cisneros, Tim D’Amato and the Larimer County Department of Natural Resources Weed District collected, compiled and edited information, content and photos for this guide. Produced by the We welcome your comments, corrections, suggestions, and high Larimer County quality photos. If you would like to contribute to future editions, please contact the Larimer County Weed District at 970-498- Weed District 5769 or email [email protected] or [email protected]. Front cover photo of Cirsium eatonii var. hesperium by Janis Huggins Partners in Land Stewardship 2nd Edition 1 2 Table of Contents Introduction 4 Introduction Native Thistles (Pages 6-20) Barneyby’s Thistle (Cirsium barnebyi) 6 Cainville Thistle (Cirsium clacareum) 6 Native thistles are dispersed broadly Eaton’s Thistle (Cirsium eatonii) 8 across many Colorado ecosystems. Individual species occupy niches from Elk or Meadow Thistle (Cirsium scariosum) 8 3,500 feet to above timberline. These Flodman’s Thistle (Cirsium flodmanii) 10 plants are valuable to pollinators, seed Fringed or Fish Lake Thistle (Cirsium 10 feeders, browsing wildlife and to the centaureae or C. clavatum var. beauty and diversity of our native plant americanum) communities. Some non-native species Mountain Thistle (Cirsium scopulorum) 12 have become an invasive threat to New Mexico Thistle (Cirsium 12 agriculture and natural areas. For this reason, native and non-native thistles neomexicanum) alike are often pulled, mowed, clipped or Ousterhout’s or Aspen Thistle (Cirsium 14 sprayed indiscriminately.
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Biological Control of Nodding and Plumeless Thistles
    Biological Control 21, 206–213 (2001) doi:10.1006/bcon.2001.0940, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Classical Biological Control of Nodding and Plumeless Thistles L. T. Kok Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0319 Received March 15, 2001; accepted March 20, 2001; published online May 22, 2001 group. Both thistles are winter annuals or biennials. Nodding (musk) thistle (Carduus thoermeri Wein- Seeds produced in summer form rosettes which over- mann in the Carduus nutans L. group) and plumeless winter. The rosettes resume development in spring, thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) are introduced nox- followed by stem elongation and flowering. Nodding ious weeds of Eurasian origin. Both weeds are prob- thistle was first recorded in 1853 at Harrisburg, Penn- lematic in pastures, rangelands, and croplands and sylvania (Stuckey and Forsyth, 1971) and has been along state highways in many parts of the United reported in 40 of the 48 contiguous states (Frick, 1978). States. The success of both species of thistles is largely Plumeless thistle first appeared in 1878 at Camden, due to their prolific seed production, seed longevity, New Jersey and in Ohio (Batra, 1978) and is found in competitive ability, and lack of natural enemies. Clas- sical biological control of nodding thistle in Virginia 19 states (Frick, 1978). The two thistle species often has been achieved with three exotic thistle herbivores, occupy the same habitats in the northeast, such as Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich (Coleoptera: Curculion- overgrazed pastures and disturbed roadsides, some- idae), Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: times occurring in mixed stands (Batra, 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Insects: a Hidden Biodiversity Crisis? 1
    Chapter 7—Terrestrial Insects: A Hidden Biodiversity Crisis? 1 Chapter 7 Terrestrial Insects: A Hidden Biodiversity Crisis? C.H. Dietrich Illinois Natural History Survey OBJECTIVES Like most other elements of the biota, the terrestrial insect fauna of Illinois has undergone drastic change since European colonization of the state. Although data are sparse or entirely lacking for most species, it is clear that many formerly abundant native species are now exceedingly rare while a few previously uncommon or undocumented species, both native and exotic, are now abundant. Much of this change may be attributable to fragmentation and loss of native habitats (e.g., deforestation, draining of wetlands, agricultural conversion and intensification, urbanization), although other factors such as invasion by exotic species (including plants, insects and pathogens), misuse of pesticides, and improper management of native ecosystems have probably also been involved. Data from Illinois and elsewhere in the north temperate zone provide evidence that at least some groups of terrestrial insects have undergone dramatic declines over the past several decades, suggesting that insects are no less vulnerable to anthropogenic environmental change than other groups of organisms Yet, insects continue to be under-represented on official lists of threatened or endangered species and conservation programs focus primarily on vertebrates and plants. This chapter summarizes available information on long-term changes in the terrestrial insect fauna of Illinois, reviews possible causes for these changes, highlights some urgent research needs, and provides recommendations for conservation and management of terrestrial insect communities. INTRODUCTION Insects are among the most important “little things that run the world” (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Milk Thistle
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF EXOTIC T RU E T HISTL E S RACHEL WINSTON , RICH HANSEN , MA R K SCH W A R ZLÄNDE R , ER IC COO M BS , CA R OL BELL RANDALL , AND RODNEY LY M FHTET-2007-05 U.S. Department Forest September 2008 of Agriculture Service FHTET he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ On the cover: Italian thistle. Photo: ©Saint Mary’s College of California. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Thistle Identification
    Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service PSS-2776 Thistle Identification January 2021 Laura Goodman Extension Rangeland Ecology Specialist Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: Tom Royer extension.okstate.edu Extension Entomologist Alex Rocateli can often develop. The current Thistle Law includes three of Forage Systems Extension Specialist the five species. However, all introduced thistles should be considered invasive. Oklahoma’s Noxious Weed Law, first enacted in 1994 in four counties in northeastern Oklahoma (Code 35:30-36-13) Thistles Listed in the Noxious Weed Law was amended in 1995, 1998 and 1999. The current law de- Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is an introduced peren- clares musk, scotch and Canada thistles to be noxious weeds nial thistle widely distributed in Nebraska and other northern and public nuisances in all counties of the state. states. At present, it does not appear to be a major threat in There are about a dozen purple-flowered spiny thistle Oklahoma. Several plants were collected in the panhandle species that occur in Oklahoma. Oklahoma’s Noxious Weed counties in the 1950s and several more in Bryan County in Law can raise concern among landowners if they do not the 1970s, but currently, no infestations are known to exist in know which thistles on their land they are required to control. the state. In a 1998 survey of noxious weeds in Meade County The purpose of this publication is to describe the introduced Kansas, north of Beaver County, Oklahoma, reported a small thistles, selected common native thistles and provide infor- infestation of Canada thistle.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Control of Noxious Weeds in Oregon
    Biological Control of What is Biological Weed Control? DALMATIAN TOADFLAX GORSE Linaria dalmatica Ulex europaeus Invasive noxious weeds in Oregon cost millions of dollars It is important to make sure the correct species of biocontrol Key to Biocontrol Agent Status Noxious Weeds in Oregon in economic and environmental damage. Biological agents are released, to use the most effective species, and to Gorse seed weevil control is a tool vegetation managers employ to help The following general information is provided for each document the release and establishment of weed biocontrol Exapion ulicis naturally suppress weed infestations. This pamphlet agents. biocontrol agent. shows many of the common biological agents you may Year: 1956 Distribution: Widespread A guide to common biological Since 1947, 77 species of biocontrol agents have been released Year: Year of introduction. encounter in Oregon. Attack rate: Heavy Control: Good control agents found in Oregon in Oregon against 32 species of targeted weeds. A total of Distribution: Distribution of agent in host infested counties. Collectability: Mass Release No. 100 Classical biological control is the use of selected natural Dalmatian toadflax stem weevil 67 species are established. The majority of the bioagents Widespread >50% Limited <50% Timing: Apr–May Method: Sweep net/ enemies to control targeted weeds. Most of our worst are insects (71), plus three mites, one nematode, and two Mecinus janthiniformis racquet Stage: Adult Comment: No need for Attack rate: noxious weeds originated from other continents. pathogens. Successful projects can generate 15:1 benefit to Percent of plants attacked. Year: 2001 Distribution: Widespread redistribution. Prospective biocontrol agents are thoroughly tested to cost ratios.
    [Show full text]
  • Noxious Weed Risk Assessment
    Sugarberry Project Final Noxious Weed Risk Assessment Appendix C Noxious Weed Risk Assessment Sugarberry Project Prepared for: USDA Forest Service Plumas National Forest Feather River Ranger District Prepared by: Date Chris Christofferson, Assistant District Botanist Plumas National Forest, Feather River Ranger District Reviewed and edited by: Date Linnea Hanson, District Botanist Plumas National Forest, Feather River Ranger District G:\~USFS WEBSITES\plumas\projects_and_plans\sugarberry_project\pdf\feis_specialist_reports\Botany\Appendix_C_N WRA_040307_FINAL.doc - 1 - Sugarberry Project Final Noxious Weed Risk Assessment INTRODUCTION This Noxious Weed Risk Assessment has been prepared to evaluate the effect of the Sugarberry project on California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) listed noxious weeds and other invasive non-native plant species. This assessment is in compliance with the Plumas National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (USDA Forest Service 1988), the Herger-Feinstein Quincy Library Group Forest Recovery Act Final Environmental Impact Statement (USDA Forest Service 1999), the Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Final Environmental Impact Statement Record of Decision (USDA Forest Service 2001), and the direction in the Forest Service Manual section 2080, Noxious Weed Management (amendment effective since 11/29/95) (USDA Forest Service 1991), which includes a policy statement calling for a risk assessment for noxious weeds to be completed for every project. The overriding principle stated in these documents is that “…it is much cheaper to prevent an infestation from becoming established than to try to eliminate it once it has begun to spread, or deal with the effects of a degraded plant community.” Specifically, the manual states: 2081.03 - Policy. When any ground disturbing action or activity is proposed, determine the risk of introducing or spreading noxious weeds associated with the proposed action.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; Download Unter
    © Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; download unter www.zobodat.at Entomofauna ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ENTOMOLOGIE Band 36, Heft 10: 121-176 ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 2. Januar 2015 An annotated catalogue of the Iranian Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Neveen S. GADALLAH & Hassan GHAHARI Abstract The present work comprises a comprehensive faunistic catalogue of the Braconinae collected and recorded from the different localities of Iran over the past fifty years. It includes 115 species and subspecies in 11 genera (Atanycolus FÖRSTER, Baryproctus ASHMEAD, Bracon FABRICIUS, Coeloides WESMAEL, Glyptomorpha HOLMGREN, Habrobracon ASHMEAD, Iphiaulax FOERSTER, Megalommum SZÉPLIGETI, Pseudovipio SZÉPLIGETI, Rhadinobracon SZÉPLIGETI and Vipio LATREILLE) and four tribes (Aphrastobraconini, Braconini, Coeloidini, Glyptomorphini). Synonymies, distribution and host data are given. Key words: Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae, catalogue, Iran. Zusammenfassung Vorliegende Arbeit behandelt einen flächendeckenden faunistischen Katalog der Braconidae des Irans im Beobachtungszeitraum der letzten fünfzig Jahre. Es gelang der Nachweis von 115 Arten und Unterarten aus den 11 Gattungen Atanycolus FÖRSTER, Baryproctus ASHMEAD, Bracon FABRICIUS, Coeloides WESMAEL, Glyptomorpha 121 © Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; download unter www.zobodat.at HOLMGREN, Habrobracon ASHMEAD, Iphiaulax FOERSTER, Megalommum SZÉPLIGETI, Pseudovipio SZÉPLIGETI, Rhadinobracon SZÉPLIGETI und Vipio LATREILLE. Angaben zur Synonymie und Verbreitung sowie zu Wirtsarten werden angeführt. Introduction Braconinae is a large subfamily of cyclostomes group of parasitic wasps in the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). They constitute more than 2900 described species that are mostly tropical and subtropical (YU et al. 2012). Members of this subfamily are often black, red, orange and/or white in colours. They are small to medium-sized insects, characterized by their concave labrum, absence of epicnemial carina, absence of occipital carina, females have extended ovipositor (SHARKEY 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Insects and Fungi Associated with Carduus Thistles (Com­ Positae)
    t I:iiW 12.5 I:iiW 1.0 W ~ 1.0 W ~ wW .2 J wW l. W 1- W II:"" W "II ""II.i W ft ~ :: ~ ........ 1.1 ....... j 11111.1 I II f .I I ,'"'' 1.25 ""11.4 111111.6 ""'1.25 111111.4 11111 /.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART I NATIONAL BlIREAU Of STANDARDS-1963-A NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A I~~SECTS AND FUNGI ;\SSOCIATED WITH (~ARDUUS THISTLES (COMPOSITAE) r.-::;;;:;· UNITED STATES TECHNICAL PREPARED BY • DEPARTMENT OF BULLETIN SCIENCE AND G AGRICULTURE NUMBER 1616 EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION ABSTRACT Batra, S. W. T., J. R. Coulson, P. H. Dunn, and P. E. Boldt. 1981. Insects and fungi associated with Carduus thistles (Com­ positae). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1616, 100 pp. Six Eurasian species of Carduus thistles (Compositae: Cynareael are troublesome weeds in North America. They are attacked by about 340 species of phytophagous insects, including 71 that are oligophagous on Cynareae. Of these Eurasian insects, 39 were ex­ tensively tested for host specificity, and 5 of them were sufficiently damf..ghg and stenophagous to warrant their release as biological control agents in North America. They include four beetles: Altica carduorum Guerin-Meneville, repeatedly released but not estab­ lished; Ceutorhynchus litura (F.), established in Canada and Montana on Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.; Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich), widely established in the United States and Canada and beginning to reduce Carduus nutans L. populations; Trichosirocalus horridus ~Panzer), established on Carduus nutans in Virginia; and the fly Urophora stylata (F.), established on Cirsium in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Rüsselkäfer (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) Der Schweiz – Checkliste Mit Verbreitungsangaben Nach Biogeografischen Regionen
    MITTEILUNGEN DER SCHWEIZERISCHEN ENTOMOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ ENTOMOLOGIQUE SUISSE 83: 41–118, 2010 Die Rüsselkäfer (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) der Schweiz – Checkliste mit Verbreitungsangaben nach biogeografischen Regionen CHRISTOPH GERMANN Natur-Museum Luzern, Kasernenplatz 6, 6003 Luzern und Naturhistorisches Museum der Burger ge - meinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, 3006 Bern; Email: [email protected] The weevils of Switzerland – Checklist (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea), with distribution data by bio - geo graphic regions. – A checklist of the Swiss weevils (Curculionoidea) including distributional pat- terns based on 6 bio-geographical regions is presented. Altogether, the 1060 species and subspecies out of the 10 families are composed of 21 Anthribidae, 129 Apionidae, 3 Attelabidae, 847 Cur cu lio - ni dae, 7 Dryophthoridae, 9 Erirhinidae, 13 Nanophyidae, 3 Nemonychidae, 3 Raymondionymidae, and 25 Rhynchitidae. Further, 13 synanthropic, 42 introduced species as well as 127 species, solely known based on old records, are given. For all species their synonymous names used in Swiss litera- ture are provided. 151 species classified as doubtful for the Swiss fauna are listed separately. Keywords: Curculionoidea, Checklist, Switzerland, faunistics, distribution EINLEITUNG Rüsselkäfer im weiteren Sinn (Curculionoidea) stellen mit über 62.000 bisher beschriebenen Arten und gut weiteren 150.000 zu erwartenden Arten (Oberprieler et al. 2007) die artenreichste Käferfamilie weltweit dar. Die ungeheure Vielfalt an Arten, Farben und Formen oder verschiedenartigsten Lebensweisen und damit ein - her gehenden Anpassungen fasziniert immer wieder aufs Neue. Eine auffällige Gemein samkeit aller Rüsselkäfer ist der verlängerte Kopf, welcher als «Rostrum» (Rüssel) bezeichnet wird. Rüsselkäfer sind als Phyto phage stets auf ihre Wirts- pflanzen angewiesen und folgen diesen bei uns von Unter wasser-Biotopen im pla- naren Bereich (u.a.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhinocyllus Conicus Froel
    Rhinocyllus conicus Froel INVASIVE SPECIES ATTACKED: Nodding thistle (Carduus nutans L.), bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.), Canada thistle (C. arvense (L.) Scop.), marsh plume thistle (C. palustre (L.) Scop.) and plumeless thistle (C. acanthoides L.) TYPE OF AGENT: Seed feeding beetle (weevil) COLLECTABILITY: Mass ORIGIN: France DESCRIPTION AND LIFE CYCLE Adult: Adults are 3 - 7 mm long, oblong, black weevils (Powell et al. 1994; Harris 2005). They have patches of brown and light grey hairs distributed over their backs. Their rostrum (nose) is short, making it distinctly different from Larinus planus which occurs on many of the same plants (Harris 2005). The summer generation adults emerging in August have the same hair tufts as the spring generation, but the hair appears patchy yellow at first, which gives them the appearance of being covered with pollen (Coombs et al. 1996). Adults emerge from overwintering locations in the spring depending on the latitude, for example, in mid to late April in Virginia U.S.A. while in Alberta they appeared in early June Fig. 1. R. conicus adult (credit Powell et al. 1994) (Gassmann and Louda 2001). Emerged adults feed on foliage and disperse by flying, typically in the spring to seek out host plants for feeding, then breed and oviposit. Mating and egg-laying begins in early summer (Powell et al. 1994). Oviposition is concentrated at the beginning of the flowering season in Canada. The length of the oviposition period was found to vary from year to year in Montana (Gassmann and Louda 2001). Eggs are laid during the entire single flower phase of nodding thistle, but only during three waves of the plumeless thistle bloom phase.
    [Show full text]