The Brewing Process
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Hops Beer What are hops? How are hops used in The Brewing Process. ROLVENDENThe hop, Humulus lupulus (1753), belongs to the beer-making? 1. Malting Cannabaceae family of plants which also includes The brewing process starts with grains, usually barley (wheat or The ingredients of beer are simple... rye). The grains are harvested through a process of heating, drying hemp and is related to the nettle and elm families. out and cracking in an Oast House, commonly seen in the Kent countryside. The main aim of MALTING is to isolate the enzymes ROLVENDEN needed for brewing so that it is ready for the next step, which is It is a herbaceous hardy perennial on a permanent Barley plus hops plus water plus yeast = beer mashing. rootstock and can root 12 feet into the ground. It Four basic ingredients: barley, water, hops and yeast. 2. Mashing HISTORY GROUP dies back to the base every year and can climb to a The idea is to extract the sugars from the grains At the brewery, the grain (grist) height of 20 foot. and hot liquor (water with (usually barley) so that the yeast can turn it into added minerals) are mashed alcohol and CO creating Beer. together, in the Mash Tun for The hop climbs with tiny hairs on the stem and the 2 about one hour. This activates enzymes in the malt that cause back of the leaves. Leaves are alternate, usually three it to break down and release its The lupulin in the hop cones contains alpha acid sugars – this sugar will ferment to seven lobed. The flowers are small and green. The the yeast. This sticky, sweet which bitters and helps preserve the beer so that liquid is called WORT. More hot male and female flowers are on separate plants. The liquor is then sprinkled over the grain to wash all the goodness out, it can be stored and transported without rapid a process called ‘sparging’. The wort is drained from the Mash Tun larger female cones, made up of many bracts give the into the COPPER. The grain, which is retained in the Mash Tun by a deterioration. perforated floor, is collected by a local farmer for cattle feed. Hopping fruit that is commercially important. An essential oil in the cones imparts flavour and 3. Boiling aroma to the beer. The Hop: HISTORY The WORT is boiled for about one hour in the COPPER while A cure for all ills...? the hops are added in stages. The variety of hop will affect the flavour of the beer. During the boil, natural resins are extracted from the hops and in Rolvenden Culpepper’s Herbal - Government and Virtues. bitterness is released, late hop additions impart more flavour and aroma. Boiling makes the It is under the dominion of Mars. This will open wort sterile and also removes BRUNO DEL TUFO BRUNO DEL proteins which would otherwise obstructions of the liver and spleen, cleanse the blood, cause a haze in the beer. Hops, which are grown extensively in loosen the belly, cleanse the reins from gravel, and Kent, provide bitterness to balance out all the sugar in the Wort and provide flavour. They also act as a preservative, which is what they 2018 Exhibition provoke urine. The decoction of the tops cleanses the were first used for. blood, cures the venereal disease, and all kinds of scabs, itch and other breakings out of the body; as also tetters, 4. Fermentation ringworms, spreading sores, the morphew, and all As the male flower produces a lot of pollen, for Once the hour-long boil discolourings of the skin. The decoction of the flowers is over the Wort is cooled, and tops help to expel poison. Half a dram of the seed many years hop growers planted one male to about via a heat exchanger, from around 102 degrees to 18 powder, taken in drink, kills worm in the body, brings one hundred female plants in a hop garden. Hop degrees, and transferred to GROUP the FERMENTATION TANK down women’s courses, and expels urine. A syrup made cones bear glands which contain resins and oils; and the yeast is added. Yeast of the juice and sugar, cures the yellow jaundice, eases is added to the fermenter to the substance known as lupulin is one of them. The begin fermentation. The yeast the headache that comes of heat, and tempers the heat consumes the sugar from the malt to produce alcohol and carbon resins provide the bitterness and the preservative dioxide. Heat is given off as the yeast grows and the temperature of of the liver and stomach, and is profitable given in long the brew is carefully controlled to allow flavours to develop slowly. and hot agues that arise from choler and blood. The qualities, and the oils the flavour. After several days, when the yeast has produced the correct level of alcohol, the temperature is reduced. young hop sprouts, which appear in March and April, being mild, if boiled and served up like asparagus, are a Hops are widely grown for brewing. In England the Racking wholesome as well as pleasant tasted spring food. They main brewing areas are: the Weald of Kent, Sussex, purify the blood, and keep the body gently opening. The beer is racked off into casks (or bottles) and left to condition Hereford and Worcester for several days in a cold store. Cask beer or ‘real ale’ carries a portion of yeast in it. Residual sugar from the fermentation is slowly Nicholas Culpepper (1616-1654) consumed by this yeast in the cask to produce a natural carbonation or ‘condition’. When the beer is racked, isinglass finings (made from the swim bladders of fish) are added, they sink to the bottom of the cask with any sediments, clearing the beer. Below: Ed Wray, head brewer in The Old Dairy at Rolvenden, 2011 Information from The Old Dairy The Early Days Rolvenden Timeline How did hops get to Rolvenden? Where are hops in the history of Rolvenden? The first recorded reference to the hop was in the EnglandROLVENDEN exported considerable quantities of beer in The timeline below shows some key events in the life of the nation, in Rolvenden itself and developments in 6th century BC. In the 7th century AD, monasteries the sixteenth century. A successful year of growing the hop industry to provide context for Rolvenden’s hop history. in Germany and France cultivated hops and their an acre of good hops could yield more than 50 acres records made reference to the hops’ medicinal of arable land. Some farmers, however, would not 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 properties as well as their value for flavouring and grow hops because of the erratic yield caused by preserving drinks. drought, wet periods and mildew. It was in the 15th Century that John the Fearless, Picking was costly for the farmer because many Spinning Jenny invented Count of Flanders, founded the ‘Order of the Hop’ men, women and children had to be hired. George by James Hargreaves in and encouraged hop growing in Flanders. Franklyn on 29th August 1603 arranged for 50 or 1764 Tim Berners -Lee invents 60 to meet at his hop-grounds at Chart Sutton: as in Battle of Printing Francis Drake Pilgrim Fathers Great Plague Jethro Tull died in 1741, First Forster’s the World Agincourt Caxton sets up begins his three 1620 sailing of the 1665 Great Plague invented the seed drill, the Railway Education Wide Web It is believed that beer first arrived in England in 1415 printing press in year voyage Pilgrim Fathers on the of London precedes horse drawn hoe and seen as a Stockton to Act previous years they included poor and lame people, EVENTS NATIONAL 1990 EVENTS NATIONAL Westminster 1476 around the world Mayflower to Cape the 1666 Great Fire of key figure in the development Darlington 1870 puts 1400, at Winchelsea Harbour. The use of hops in ‘yea, many soe extreame poore that they did lyve upon in 1577 Cod Massachusetts London of modern agriculture. opened elementary Micro- 1825 education brewing beer was forbidden in some towns, and hops were Flying Shuttle within the becomes a the alms of the parishes and poore mens boxe where Lady Jane Grey invented by reach of phenomenon Queen for 9 days in 1553 blamed for inciting the men involved in Jack Cade’s John Key in 1733 every child in the 1970s they were resident’, suggesting that some may have (she was related to the was a major in Britain Guildefordes of Halden First Census Rebellion (1450). contribution to come several miles for work. Men were given 1s a Place) and was executed in Rolvenden the Industrial 1554 Population 889 day, women 6d or less. Revolution The tradition is that the first hop garden was planted HISTORY in 1520 in Westbere near Canterbury, but there is a South Chapel Rolvenden Church Tower The Windmill Hops in Rolvenden! John Wesley Emigration School built Infant school Hop Picking Protest Hop Picking In the first decades of the seventeenth century, hop- St Mary’s South Completed in 1480 The first post preaching under Ranter’s 1837 built 1876 Machine Halden mill built in Oak and at Wesley Farm Place installs strong alternative suggestion for a site at Little Chart Chapel dedicated William Freeman of During 1830s some In 1908 a protest gardens were becoming widely established in the Rolvenden 1596 House in the1730s First game of Rolvenden’s in 1444, built Rolvenden in December 200 people from was organised in John Frankyshe cricket recorded first hop picking near Ashford.