Architectures, De Saint-Louis À Douala

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Architectures, De Saint-Louis À Douala Collection Architectures traditionnelles Parenthèses - Orstom S COLONIALES ARCHITECTURES, DE SAINT-LOUIS À DOUALA Sous la direction de Jacques Soulillou Collection Architectures traditionnelles dirigée par Christian Seignobos Monographie RIVES COLONIALES ARCHITECTURES, DE SAINT-LOUIS À DOUALA Sous la direction de Jacques Soulillou Contributions de Françoise Doutreuwe Luc Gnacadja Odile Goerg Anthony Hyland Thierry Lulle Alain Sinou Alan Vaughan-Richards Editions Parenthèses / Editions de l'Orstom Cel ouvrage eslesi dédié à Alan Vaughan-Richards Les auteurs: Françoise Doutreuwe est architecte. Odile Goerg est maître de conférences en histoire contemporaine à l'université de Strasbourg II.ll. Luc-M.C. Gnacadja,G nacadja, architecte, dirige un bureabureauu d'élUdesd'études à Cotonou. Anthony D.C. Hyland, architecte, a Photographies: professéprofo::ssé de 1961 il 1978 au Ghana. 11Il enseignec.:nsèip.ne ilà l'écolel'écolc d'architecture de l'uni'.er,itél'uni'. el>iIé de Newcastle upon Tyne. Sauf mention particulière, le crédit Thierry Lulle, architecte et des photographies est allribué aux urbaniste, a mené des études sur les auteurs. pratiques et représentations spatiales en particulier au Togo. Il Archives de la C.F.A.O. (Paris) : poursuit des Iratravauxvaux pp. 111g,lllg, 114h, 162,24Ib,98db,162, 241b, 98db, d'anthropologie urbaine en 111III hg, 111IIIbg, 96b, 97h, 98dh, 72, Colombie. 74hg, 162,241, 272b, 273. Alain Sinou, architecte-urbaniste, Niels Bech: pp. 139, 142dh, 151h. docleurdocteur en sociologie, est chargé de 152,154, 161bg, 161bd, 164. recherche à l'OR5TOM.I·ORSTOM. The British Library:Library : p. 143. Jacques Sou~lIou.Soutillou. docteur en Ouvrage publié avec le concours du Eduardo Di Muro: p. 264hg. philosophie, a travaillétravaiJlé au MinistèreMjnisti:r~ de la Coopération et du Documentation française (Paris) : Cameroun etel au Nigeria de 1980 àil Développement. pp. JOl,101,102,177.102, 177. J1987.91l7. 11Il est,eSI, depuis 1991, chargé de mission aux Services culturels Ju~etJutiet Highet:Highet : pp. 255,255.258,266, 258, 266, français à New York. 267b. Alan Vaughan-Richards Musewn für Volkerkunde (Ber~n): Musewn für Volkerkunde (Bertin): (1925-1989), architecte, était p.247h. (1925-1989), architecte, était p.247h. spécialiste en architecture tropicale.Iropicale. Copyright © 1993, National Maritime Museum A partir de 1%1, il travaiUetravaille àil Lagos pour lala conception, le texte, (Londres) : p. 246. où il dirigeait son agence les dessins et les photographies.photographies, d'architecture. Editions Parenthèses, ArchivesA rchives Parenthèses:Pa renthèses : pp. 123, 124. 72, cours Julien, Public Record Office (Richmond) : 13006 MarseilleMarseiUe - France pp. 67, 68, 70. 73. 75. ctel Editions de l'OR5TOM,l'ORSTOM, Paris. Les articles consacrés à la Gambie, Vincent Richman:Richman : pp. 216, 219bd,219bd. au Ghana el au Nigeria ont été ISSN 0291-4921 221, 222d, 224b, 226bg, 226d, 231, traduits de l'anglais par Irène Lambert. IS BN 2-86364-056-9 234b,236g. Irène Lambert. 7 Table 11 Avant-propos par Jacques Soulillou 15 La côte de Saint-Louis à Douala: Une perspective historique par Odile Goerg 31 Le Sénégal par Alain Sinou 63 La Gambie par Anthony Hyland 79 La Guinée Conakry par Odile Goerg 105 La Côte d'Ivoire par Françoise Doutreuwe 135 Le Ghana par Anthony Hyland 171 Le Togo par Thierry Lulle 207 Le Bénin par Luc Gnacadja 243 Le Nigeria par Alan Vaughan-Richards 289 Le Cameroun par Jacques SoulWou 315 Bibliographie Rives coloniales architectures, de Saint-Louis à Douala 11 Avant-propos parJacques Sou/WouSoulWou Ce livre retrace l'histoire des formes et des modèles archi­ tecturaux qui, depuis la fin du xV' siècle, période à laquelle les Portugais établirent leurs premiers comptoirs, jusqu'aux indépendances des années 1950 et 1960, coexistèrent et/ou se succédèrent le long de la côte de l'Afrique de l'Ouest del'em­ bouchure du fleuve Sénégal jusqu'à Douala, sur les rives du Wouri. Pendant près de quatre siècles cette côte a été sou­ mise à une série d'impacts de provenances très diverses parmi lesquelles on retiendra: - Impact de la présence européenne - portugaise, hol­ landaise, anglaise, française, danoise... - dont les implants architecturaux vont du château fort médiéval à l'immeuble de rapport en béton précontraint en passant par la maison préfabriquée. - Impact européen indirect en provenance du Brésil vé­ hiculé par les esclaves affranchis revenus s'installer sur la terre de leurs ancêtres apportant avec eux des savoir-faire et des styles architecturaux inédits. Un phénomène semblable eut lieu à partir de l'Amérique du Nord avec pour point de chute le Libéria. - Influences orientale et nord-africaine dont le vecteur principal est J'Islam.j'Islam. - Influences intra-africaines avec pour sources le Libéria ou le Togo. Tous ces apports interagissent plus ou moins profondé­ ment avec l'architecture vernaculaire africaine au sens strict. A cet égard, on ne soulignera jamais assez combien les no­ tions d'influence ou d'impact doivent être manipulées avec prudence tant elles recèlent d'équivoques et de malentendus lorsqu'on examine de plus près la manière dont certains mo- 12 dèles architecturaux importés prirent pied dans le contexte créatif du terme. Dans tous les cas on la crédite d'une certaine culturel africain. On sait par exemple que les maisons préfa­ unité formelle ou typologique. briquées venues d'Angleterre aux XVIII" et XIX" siècles, ache­ Le premier enseignement, le plus palpable, des études qui tées par des chefs ou commerçants Efik du Vieux CalaCalabarbar suivent est de montrer que cette unité n'existe pas; cel1ainscertains (Nigeria) pour être installées dans leur compound, n'étaient types de bâtiments ont bénéficié d'une visibilité plus large en fait pas habitées par leurs acquéreurs. Ces monuments de parce qu'ils entraient en résonance avec un certain imagi­ la fonctionnalité et de l'efiicacité,l'efiïcacité, résultats d'une intégration naire colonial. socio-industrielle puissante, se voyaient vidés de leur conte­ Cet ouvrage révèle une très grande variété typologique nu, réduits à un signe pur renvoyant à la position sociale de qui va bien au-delà de la maison à véranda: forts de la côte leur détenteur. De concrète, la «fonctionnalité préfabriquée» ghanéenne qui font de ce rivage lointain un prolongement de était devenue symbolique. Une forme déterritorialisée à l'ex­ l'économie politique médiévale européenne; architecture trême comme peut l'être le préfabriqué se trouvait reterrito­ palatiale au Nigeria en particulier qui combinent des apports rialisé au service d'une tout autre finalité. étrangers (portugais) et un agencement spatial indigène; Dans ce cas, l'interaction entre une fomle architecturale multiples formes d'architecture vernaculaire en provenance exogène et une société africaine prend d'abord l'allure d'une de l'Europe, de l'Afrique du Nord, ou de l'Amérique latine, capture: la maison est exposée comme un trophée; puis suffiraient à montrer que l'image traditionnelle de l'architec­ vient une phase au cours de laquelle elle exerce progressive­ ture dite coloniale est loin de couvrir la complexité des ment une influence (matériaux, procédés de fabrication, toi­ formes architecturales de la côte africaine. Ce livre aura ture, fenêtre, etc.). Elle est pour ainsi dire peu à peu digérée atteint son but s'il réussit à ruiner définitivement l'image et diffuse dans le corps social tout entier. C'est moins semble­ monolithique de l'architecture coloniale pour ouvrir le t-illa présence du modèle en lui-même qui constitue le point champ à une recherche attentivea ttentive aux micros formations de départ d'une séquence de transformations qu'un élément architecturales, à leurs articulations aux systèmes de repré­ qui en est détaché, comme la toiture par exemple. Le passage sentations dits traditionnelles et aux modèles de large diffu­ du végétal au métal sous forme de tôles ondulées met fin à sion territoriale catalogués de coloniaux. une certaine organisation sociale du travail parce qu'il ne né­ L'acception traditionnelle du concept d'architecture colo­ cessite pas un renouvellement aussi fréquent que la couver­ niale enveloppe une équivoque entre un sens restreint et un ture végétale et libère du temps, enfin parce qu'il suppose sens élargi. Dans ce second sens on ouvre grand les portes: une épargne et un système monétaire. colonial renvoie alors à tout ce qui a pu être bâti par les Dans le prolongement de cette remarque, on sera sensible nations européennes ou influencé par elles sur le continent au déploiement des séries, séries exubérantes des escaliers, africain depuis les premiers contacts. des encadrements de fenêtres ou des porches qui recoupent Pourtant, le château fort érigé sur un promontoire commecorrune des types. Mais il n'y a pas nécessairement adéquation entre à Elmi.naElmina ou sur une plage comme à Ouidah ne peuvent être tels éléments des séries et tel type de bâtiment administratif catalogués de coloniaux que par un abus de langage même si ou de maison individuelle. Cette rigidité typologique existe leur architecture est importée, pour la bonne et simple raison mais elle est un cas limite pris dans un ensemble plus vaste où qu'ils n'exercaient qu'une fonction défensive. Le fort est lié à les clivages sont plus flous, les séries sont décalées par rapport la traite et au comptoir et son influence «idéologique» est très aux types où on pensait les trouver - tel escalier monumen­ limitée géographiquement. La mise en place du système colo­ tal à l'arrondi complexe se trouve accolé à tel bâtimentbâtinlent admi­ nial avec son ambition d'un contrôle extensif de l'espace le nistratif par ailleurs dénué de toute recherche formelle. rendra obsolète. Au sens restreint l'architecture coloniale L'architecture coloniale souffre d'une mauvaise image. A s'apparente à une transplantation artificielle dont le para­ la fois auprès de ceux dont le pays a subi la tutelle coloniale digme pourrait être la maison préfabriquée.
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