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Remote Sensing for Water Quality Monitoring with Particular Reference to NOAA AVHRR Application in the Hawkesbury River Catchment Area

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Remote Sensing for Water Quality Monitoring with Particular Reference to NOAA AVHRR Application in the Hawkesbury River Catchment Area Remote Sensing for Water Quality Monitoring with Particular Reference to NOAA AVHRR Application in the Hawkesbury River Catchment Area. by Li Li A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Surveying The University of New South Wales, Australia February, 1994 UNIVERSITY OF N.S.W. I ' ’ 'Ml. 1395 1 LI B FI A R I E S STATEMENT I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of a higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Li Li February, 1994 ABSTRACT Questions have been raised regarding the rapid deterioration of water quality in the Hawkesbury River. These problems are expected to escalate as the population in Sydney's West doubles to an expected 800,000 people residing in the catchment area by the year 2000. Regular monitoring of the Hawkesbury River tends to be limited, especially in the temporal and spatial domains, because of the costs associated with data collection and laboratory analyses. Satellite remote sensing provides an alternative means for obtaining simultaneous data over a large geographic area, and providing very valuable information at relatively low cost. However, little or no systematic study has been made to monitor the whole of the Hawkesbury River catchment area using such data. For the first time this study uses NOAA AVHRR data to investigate the relationship between surface temperature change, land use change and water quality in the Hawkesbury River Catchment during the period of 1986 to 1991. The aim of this study, therefore, is to develop suitable techniques to relate remote observations from NOAA AVHRR satellite sensors to in situ measurements. However prior to the application of these data a comprehensive analysis of water quality and the application of satellite derived remotely sensed data to its measurement is undertaken. The procedures for the application study involve four steps: 1) Determining the accurate location of the catchment area on the NOAA image using geometric correction and digitized methods; 2) Use of NDVI and Hybrid classification methods to analyse the land use change; 3) Application of a split-window technique to determine the surface temperature of the study area; 4) Comparison of the image processing results with the ground truth data (e.g. land use map, air temperature, water quality data). The results confirm the possibility of using the NOAA AVHRR data for temperature and land use change detection in the catchment area and suggest that the methods obtained can be used for catchment planning and management, and further that NOAA AVHRR data is a useful and economic tool for investigating the catchment environment problem especially for long term monitoring. Because of the limitation of the NOAA resolution it is difficult to quantitatively determine the water quality using NOAA data alone, and better results should be achieved using combined NOAA AVHRR data and high resolution data such as Landsat TM and MSS, or SPOT data. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS jjj LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Objectives 3 1.2 Study Area 4 1.2.1 Physical Characteristics 4 1.2.2 Climatic 8 1.2.3 Population and Land Use 10 1.2.4 Use of the River 12 1.2.5 Transport 13 1.3 The Structure of the Thesis 15 CHAPTER 2 WATER QUALITY 18 2.1 General Concepts of Water Pollution 18 2.2 The Necessity for Monitoring Water Quality 20 2.3 The Source of Water Pollution 21 2.4 Water Quality Parameters 24 2.4.1 Physical Properties 25 2.4.2 Chemical Properties 27 2.4.3 Biological Properties 28 2.5 Water Quality in the Study Area 29 iii CHAPTER 3 THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER 32 3.1 Definition of Some Basic Radiometric Quantities 33 3.2 Inherent and Apparent Optical Properties 35 4.2.1 Inherent Optical Properties 36 4.2.2 Apparent Optical Properties 39 3.3 Scattering and Absorption in Pure Water 40 3.4 Scattering and Absorption in Natural Water 42 3.5 Application of Water Optics to Remote Sensing of Water Quality 46 CHAPTER 4 REMOTE SENSING IN WATER QUALITY MONITORING - AN OVERVIEW 51 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Historical Overview 52 4.3 General Approach 55 4.4 The Measurement of Water Quality Using Remote Sensing Data 57 4.4.1 The Measurement of Suspended Sediment 58 4.4.2 The Measurement of Chlorophyll 61 4.4.3 The Measurement of Dissolved Organic Matter 64 4.4.4 The Measurement of Colour 66 4.4.5 The Measurement of Temperature 68 4.5 The Impacts of Land Use on Water Quality 71 4.6 Problems and Limitations 73 CHAPTER 5 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 76 5.1 NOAA AVHRR Data 76 5.2 Water Quality Data 77 5.3 Air Temperature Data 79 5.4 Land Use Map 80 iv CHAPTER 6 IMAGE PREPROCESSING 82 6.1 Geometric Correction 83 6.1.1 Sources of Geometric Distortion 83 6.1.2 Methodology of Geometric Correction 84 6.1.2.1 Selecting GCPs 85 6.1.2.2 Calculation of the Transformation Matrix 87 6.1.2.1 Interpolation Using Coordinate Transformation 89 6.2 Image to Image Registration 90 6.3 Atmospheric Correction 96 CHAPTER 7 CHANGE DETECTION 100 7.1 The Techniques for Change Detection 100 7.1.1 Image Differencing 100 7.1.2 Image Regression 101 7.1.3 Image Ratioing 102 7.1.4 Normalized Vegetation Index Differencing 103 7.1.5 Principal Component Analysis 104 7.1.6 Post Classification Comparison 104 7.1.7 Direct Multidate Classification 105 7.1.8 Change Vector Analysis 106 7.1.9 Summary 107 7.2 Application of the NDVI Method 108 7.3 Application of Post Classification Comparison 116 7.4 Surface Temperature Retrievals 121 CHAPTER 8 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 126 8.1 Land Use Change Discussion 126 8.1.1 Comparison of Classified Map 126 8.1.2 Land Use Change Discussion 127 8.1 Temperature Change Discussion 130 8.2.1 Temperature Change Analysis 130 8.2.2 Urban Heat Island Effect 137 8.2.3 The Relationship between Urbanization and Water Quality 138 8.1 Conclusion 139 REFERENCES 142 APPENDIX A 161 SATELLITES EMPLOYED FOR WATER POLLUTION MONITORING 161 A.1 NOAA VHRR/AVHRR (Tiros-N) 162 A.2 Landsat Series 164 A.3 Spot Series 168 A.4 The Coastal Zone Colour Scanner on Nimbus-7 170 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1-1: Hawkesbury River Catchment 5 1-2: Hawkesbury River Catchment Area on the NOAA Image 6 3-1: Interaction of Light and Water 32 3-2: Absorption Coefficient a 36 3-3: Volume Scattering Function p(0,(p) 37 3-4: Volume Scattering Function for Isotopic Scattering, Rayleigh (Molecular) Scattering, and Mie (Particle Scattering) 38 3-5: Inherent Optical Properties a and b of Pure Water 42 3-6: Cumulative Particle Size Distributions 43 5- 1: Sampling Sites along Hawkesbury River 78 6- 1: Control Point Residual Plot 94 6- 2: Disk Pixel vs Disk Lines Plot 95 7- 1: Histograms of the NDVI's for the 1987 Image 110 7-2: Histograms of the NDVI's for the 1989 Image 111 7-3: Histograms of the NDVI's for the 1991 Image 112 7-4: NDVI Image of 24 September 1987 113 7-5: NDVI Image of 24 September 1989 114 7-6: NDVI Image of 30 September 1991 115 7-7: Classified Image of 24 September 1987 118 7-8: Classified Image of 24 September 1989 119 7-9: Classified Image of 30 September 1991 120 7-10: Surface Temperature of 24 September 1987 123 7-11: Surface Temperature of 24 September 1989 124 7- 12: Surface Temperature of 30 September 1991 125 8- 1: Land Use Map in the Hawkesbury River Catchment 128 8-2: Mean Daily Maximum Temperature at Sydney 132 8-3: Mean Daily Maximum Temperature at Richmond 132 8-4: Mean Daily Maximum Temperature at Camden 133 8-5: Mean Daily Maximum Temperature at Katoomba 133 8-6: Mean Daily Maximum Temperature at Goulburn 134 8-7: Some Meteorological Station on a NOAA AVHRR Image 135 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1-1: Rainfall Characteristics of 30 Years Record to 1979 9 1-2: Population Growth 11 1-3: Land-Use Patterns 12 3-1: Radiometric Quantities for Remote Sensing Use 34 3- 2: Specific Absorption Coefficient ac(X) of Phaeopigments and of Suspended and Dissolved Matter aM(A.) 45 4- 1: Some Applications in Remote Sensing of Water Quality 54 4- 2: List of Some Published Spilt Window Functions 70 5- 1: NOAA AVHRR Data Details 77 5-2: Mean Daily Minimum Temperature (°C) at Different Station 79 5- 3: Mean Daily Maximum Temperature (°C) at Different Station 80 6- 1: The Coordinates of the GCPs from the Map 86 6-2: Statistics for GCPs 93 8-1: Classified Difference of 1987, 1989 and 1991 127 8-2: Comparison of Land Use Patterns Changes 129 8-3: Comparison between Ground and Satellite Derived Temperature 136 A-1: Wavebands of Tiros-N/NOAA 163 A-2: Characteristics of the Evolving Family of Multichannel Radiometers on NOAA Satellites, 1972-2000 164 A-3: Wavebands and Applications of MSS on Landsat 1-3 165 A-4: Characteristics of the MSS and TM Carried on Landsat 4-7 166 A-5: Orbital and Sensor Characteristics of the SPOT-1 Satellite 169 A-6: Spectral Range and Applications of CZCS 170 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is very difficult to express in words my gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Bruce Forster for the professional advice, and patient guidance, especially for the many critical and constructive comments during the period of my study.
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