Collision and Composite Tumors; Radiologic and Pathologic Correlation
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UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Collision and composite tumors; radiologic and pathologic correlation. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zc5h908 Journal Abdominal radiology (New York), 42(12) ISSN 2366-004X Authors Sung, Calvin T Shetty, Anup Menias, Christine O et al. Publication Date 2017-12-01 DOI 10.1007/s00261-017-1200-x License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ª Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017 Abdom Radiol (2017) Abdominal DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1200-x Radiology Collision and composite tumors; radiologic and pathologic correlation Calvin T. Sung,1,2 Anup Shetty,3 Christine O. Menias,4 Roozbeh Houshyar,1 Shreya Chatterjee,1 Thomas K. Lee,1 Paul Tung,1 Mohammed Helmy,1 Chandana Lall1 1Department of Radiological Sciences, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, 101 The City Drive South, Suite #1105, Orange, CA 92868, USA 2School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA 3Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA 4Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA Abstract and immunohistochemically distinct neoplasms coexist- ing within the proximity of the same organ; however, The terms composite and collision tumors have been they have actual cellular intermingling and a common used interchangeably throughout radiological literature. driver mutation that results in divergent histology from a Both composite and collision tumors involve two mor- common source [4, 5]. Although there is no consensus for phologically and immunohistochemically distinct neo- defining synchronous tumors, they generally refer to two plasms coexisting within a single organ. However, behaviorally and histologically distinct tumors that are collision tumors lack the histological cellular intermin- physically separated but occur simultaneously or fol- gling seen in composite tumors. Composite tumors often lowing each other in sequence by less than 2 months [6]. arise from a common driver mutation that induces a The presence of two different cell types can lead to per- divergent histology from a common neoplastic source plexing imaging findings, which at times, makes the while collision tumors may arise from coincidental neo- diagnosis of a collision or composite tumor challenging plastic change. The purpose of this review is to provide and may necessitate a biopsy for confirmation. an overview of abdominal composite and collision tu- Currently there are three hypothesis regarding the mors by discussing hallmark radiographic and patho- pathogenesis of composite and collision tumors. The logical presentations of rare hepatic, renal, and adrenal simplest, although not necessarily the most likely, case studies. A better understanding of the presentation explanation is the coincidental occurrence of two pri- of each lesion is imperative for proper recognition, mary neoplasms within a common location. A second diagnosis, and management of these unique tumor pre- hypothesis suggests that a common carcinogenic stimu- sentations. lus may have altered the cellular microenvironment within the proximity of which two distinct neoplasms Key words: Biphenotypic—Composite hepatocellular arise from. Similarly, the last hypothesis suggests that the and cholangiocarcinoma—Live collision—Composite first tumor may have altered the microenvironment renal cell carcinoma—Collision within the organ and increased the likelihood of devel- cholangiocarcinoma—Renal collision—Adrenal collision oping another primary tumor or facilitated metastatic seeding within the vicinity [7]. Composite and collision tumors are extremely rare, considering that only 63 cases By definition, the term collision tumor refers to inde- of collision tumors were reported in 2015 [3]. While pendently coexisting neoplasms with different behav- imaging alone may not be sufficient to diagnose the tu- ioral, genetic, and histological features that are sharply mors involved, it is imperative to clinically recognize the demarcated and lack significant tissue admixture [1–3]. duality of these lesions since the biopsy of only a single Composite tumors also comprised two morphologically component may result in an incomplete diagnosis, sub- optimal treatment, and adverse consequences. In the Correspondence to: Chandana Lall; email: [email protected] C. T. Sung et al.: Collision and composite tumors; radiologic and pathologic correlation following section, we will correlate the imaging findings hepatitis B or C, aflatoxin exposure, steatohepatitis, and histopathology of composite and collision tumors of hereditary hemochromatosis, and alpha-1-antitrypsin hepatobiliary, renal, and adrenal origins. deficiency with or without cirrhosis, which is the greatest single risk factor for developing HCC [25]. CC is an Hepatobiliary composite tumors adenocarcinoma that arises from the biliary epithelium due to parasitic infections, biliary duct cysts, and pri- The co-existence of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) mary sclerosing cholangitis [26]. CCs are divided into and cholangiocarcinoma (CCs) is the most commonly intrahepatic (20%) and extrahepatic (80%) tumors based described form of composite (combined or mixed) tumor not only on anatomic location but also differences in according to literature, even though this type of lesion their risk factors, clinical presentations, and therapies constitutes less than 1% of all HCCs [2, 8]. Hepatocel- [27]. lular cholangiocarcinomas (HCC–CCs) are primary liver Detailed histopathologic evaluation with specific composite carcinomas with biphenotypic differentiation immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers is also critical in that stem from either common progenitor cell lineages or confirming the diagnosis of HCC–CC. Immunohisto- the dedifferentiation of mature liver cells [9]. Studies chemistry markers for HCC include CD 10, alpha-feto- indicate that HCC–CCs have a worse prognosis than protein (aFP), cytoplasmic hepatocyte paraffin 1, and either HCC or CC alone [10–16]. Treatment modalities polyclonal CEA, while biliary markers for CC include include local radiofrequency ablative therapy, the carbohydrate antigens keratin 7 and 19 [28, 29]. Al- chemotherapy, transarterial chemoembolization, liver though these tumor markers are not extremely specific or transplantation, and radical resection, which is preferred sensitive for HCC–CC, it is important to consider HCC– over nonoperative management in terms of survival CC if both markers are overlapping or if the antigens outcome (16.5 months) [13, 15, 17, 18]. Approximately corresponding to one tumor are elevated in discordance. 20% of all liver transplants in the United States are Polyclonal CEA when present with cytoplasmic hepato- performed for HCC, and current guidelines state that cyte paraffin 1 is sufficient for the diagnosis of HCC. CC pathologic proof is not required if MRI and CT imaging in cirrhotic livers is difficult to diagnose and may be with contrast is concordant [18, 19]. Before conducting mistaken for HCC, which further reinforces the impor- invasive treatment prior to pathology, the findings that tance of utilizing serum tumor markers and atypical HCC–CC has a 78% 5-year recurrence rate compared to vascular enhancement patterns along with core needle 17% in HCC patients should be considered in regards to biopsies to reach a proper diagnosis (Figs. 1, 2, 3). the patient’s prognosis despite the fact that HCC–CCs constitute less than 1% of all HCCs [9, 20]. Composite hepatocellular carcinoma Primary malignant liver tumors resemble and arise and cholangiocarcinoma from major constituent liver cells [21]. For example, hepatocytes give rise to HCC, biliary epithelial cells to Classic discriminating features such as biliary duct dila- CC and biliary cystadenocarcinoma, and endothelial tion and characteristic enhancement patterns may not cells to angiosarcoma and epithelioid hemangioen- always be present [9]. The degree of attenuation, signal dothelioma [21]. When determining etiology, it should be intensity, and specific enhancement patterns relate to the noted that metastases outnumber primary liver malig- proportional dominance and distribution of the HCC nant tumors 30–1 [21]. Composite HCC–CC is and CC component within the composite tumor [30]. acknowledged as a distinct subtype of CC [22, 23]. World Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and CT are the Health Organization (WHO) guidelines define HCC–CC imaging modalities of choice [31]. HCC characteristically as a tumor with unequivocal, intermixed elements of display arterial hyperenhancement with washout during HCC and CC [19]. HCC–CC is subdivided into type A the portal venous or delayed phase and a hallmark (separate foci of HCC and CC within the same liver enhancing pseudocapsule on delayed phase images [31]. lobe), type B (adjacent HCC and CC comingling with HCC is also strongly associated with vascular invasion of continued growth), and type C (components of HCC and the portal or hepatic venous system CCs have varied CC within the same mass) according to the Allen and enhancement patterns but generally display a continuous Lisa’s classification scheme [9, 24]. Similarly, Goodman peripheral rim enhancement during early phase with et al. categorized HCC–CC with type I tumors (HCC hyperenhancement in the central portion of the tumor and CC within the same liver),