A Study of Trafficking in Haitian Children

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Study of Trafficking in Haitian Children THE USES OF CHILDREN: A STUDY OF TRAFFICKING IN HAITIAN CHILDREN By Glenn R. Smucker & Gerald F. Murray December 2004 USAID/Haiti Mission Port-au-Prince, Haiti PREFACE This study is based primarily on in-depth tape-recorded interviews with hundreds of Haitians and Dominicans on both sides of the border. Fieldwork was undertaken directly by the two co-authors of this report. Murray assumed primary responsibility for interviews and chapters devoted to the Dominican side of the issues studied, and Smucker to the Haitian side of the border. Smucker accepted prime legal responsibility for the execution of the contract and for communication with USAID. He also undertook the final editing and synthesis of the report. In all other respects the work was totally collaborative. The authors are especially grateful to Philippe Cantave and Sharon Bean and of the Democracy and Governance team at the USAID/Haiti Mission, and for the cooperation and insights of hundreds of persons interviewed in the course of study. The names of institutional personnel and certain key informants are listed in the annexes. Despite the generous help of these persons, the views expessed in this report reflect those of the authors and not of the persons interviewed nor of the USAID/Haiti Mission, the contracting agency. The authors themselves accept responsibility for any errors of fact or interpretation. The authors briefed AID/Washington personnel in July 2004 and USAID/Haiti personnel and partners in September and December 2004. In September Murray was unable to participate as scheduled due to severe weather. A final briefing was therefore scheduled for December 2004 to focus on elements of the report that deal with the Dominican Republic and the Haiti/Dominican border. The authors are grateful for the stimulating questions and comments of participants in these briefings and have taken them into account in final revisions. For a summary of findings comparable to an executive summary, including a detailed listing of recommendations, see Chapter IX, Summary Conclusions and Recommendations, page 108. Readers may contact the authors as noted below: Glenn R. Smucker Gerald F. Murray Smucker Consulting Dept. of Anthropology 127 Santamaria Drive University of Florida Torrington, CT 06790 Gainesville, FL 32611 tel. (860) 482-4031 tel. (352) 392-3830 x302 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] website: http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/murray/ i ACRONYMS ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency BARA Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology CEDEC Centre de Développement Communautaire CIFD Comité Inter-Agences Femmes et Développement COHADDE Coalition Haitienne pour la Defense des Droits de l’Enfant DR Dominican Republic EMMUS Enquête Mortalité, Morbidité, et Utilisation des Services FAFO Institut des Etudes Internationales Appliquées de Norvège GARR Groupe d’Appui aux Rapatriés et Réfugiés GRET Groupe de recherche et d’échanges technologiques HRW Human Rights Watch HSI Haiti Solidarité Internationale ID Identity card or paper IFSI Interim Food Security Information System IHRLC International Human Rights Law Clinic IHSI Institut Haitien de Statistique et d’Informatique ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization for Migration IPEC International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (ILO) IPSOFA Institut Psycho-Social de la Famille KADRET Komite pou akeyi ak defann rapatriye ak refijye nan Tyot MAST Ministère des Affaires Sociales et du Travail MENJS Ministère de l’Education Nationale de la Jeunesse et des Sports, Haiti MHAVE Ministère des Haitiens Vivant à l’Étranger MLIHRC Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee NCHR National Coalition for Haitian Rights OIM Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations OIT Organisation Internationale de Travail PV Plataforma Vida TIP Trafficking in persons RAMAK Rasambleman Medya pou Aksyon Kominotè (Creative Associates) UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development VDH Volontariat pour le Développement d’Haiti ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface................................................................................................................................i Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. iii Chapter I. Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Purpose..........................................................................................................................1 The Concept of Trafficking .............................................................................................1 Research Domain ..........................................................................................................2 The Literature .................................................................................................................3 Smuggling and Trafficking..............................................................................................4 Research Methodology...................................................................................................5 Guiding Questions ..........................................................................................................7 Fieldwork Sites ...............................................................................................................7 The Report....................................................................................................................10 Chapter II. Childhood in Peril............................................................................................11 Historical Background ..................................................................................................11 Attitudes towards Children ...........................................................................................11 Rural Sector in Crisis ...................................................................................................14 Giving and Taking Children...........................................................................................14 How Many Children Live Outside the Home?...............................................................15 Cross-Border Migration of Children..............................................................................18 Haitians in the Dominican Republic .............................................................................19 Chapter III. Children Living with Others............................................................................21 Lexicon of Child Placement..........................................................................................21 Views of Children Sent to Live with Others..................................................................24 Inter-Household Arrangements ....................................................................................26 Class Dynamics...........................................................................................................28 Other Categories of Child Placement ..........................................................................30 Coming of Age..............................................................................................................33 Continuum of Children Living with Others....................................................................35 Trafficking .....................................................................................................................36 Indicators of Children at Risk .......................................................................................37 Chapter IV. Child Labor, the Border, and Trafficking .......................................................39 Child Labor in Haiti........................................................................................................39 The Border....................................................................................................................41 Localities near the Border ............................................................................................45 Miigrants and Smugglers..............................................................................................51 Trafficking and Abuse...................................................................................................62 Chapter V. Haitians in the Dominican Republic ...............................................................65 General Overview .........................................................................................................65 Haitians in the Dominican economy.............................................................................68 How do Haitians cross the border?..............................................................................68 Haitians in the Hands of Dominican Soldiers...............................................................69 Haitian Children and the State: The Laws of the lands ................................................70 Chapter VI. Haitian Children in Dominican Homes ..........................................................78 The Dominican Child Placement System ....................................................................78 Comparing Haitian Restavèk
Recommended publications
  • Voting for Hope Elections in Haiti
    COMMENTARY Voting for hope Elections in Haiti Peter Hallward ate in the night of 29 February 2004, after weeks of confusion and uncertainty, the enemies of Haitiʼs president Jean-Bertrand Aristide forced him into exile Lfor the second time. There was plenty of ground for confusion. Although twice elected with landslide majorities, by 2004 Aristide was routinely identified as an enemy of democracy. Although political violence declined dramatically during his years in office, he was just as regularly condemned as an enemy of human rights. Although he was prepared to make far-reaching compromises with his opponents, he was attacked as intolerant of dissent. Although still immensely popular among the poor, he was derided as aloof and corrupt. And although his enemies presented themselves as the friends of democracy, pluralism and civil society, the only way they could get rid of their nemesis was through foreign intervention and military force. Four times postponed, the election of Aristideʼs successor finally took place a few months ago, in February 2006. These elections were supposed to clear up the confusion of 2004 once and for all. With Aristide safely out of the picture, they were supposed to show how his violent and illegal expulsion had actually been a victory for democracy. With his Fanmi Lavalas party broken and divided, they were intended to give the true friends of pluralism and civil society that democratic mandate they had so long been denied. Haitiʼs career politicians, confined to the margins since Aristideʼs first election back in 1990, were finally to be given a chance to inherit their rightful place.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Three the Genesis of the Black Legend
    1 Chapter Three The Genesis of the Black Legend "Todo esto yo lo vide con mis ojos corporates mortales." Bartolomé de las Casas, 1504. "I saw all this with my very own eyes." “ I watched as the Lamb opened the first of the seven seals. Then I heard one of the four living creatures say in a voice like thunder, “Come!” I looked, and there before me was a white horse! Its rider held a bow, and he was given a crown, and he rode out as a conqueror bent on conquest.” [Revelation 6:1,2] Or, in Latin as Las Casas may have been accustomed to reading it “Et vidi quod aperuisset agnus unum de septem signaculis et audivi unum de quattuor animalibus dicentem tamquam vocem tonitrui veni. Et vidi et ecce equus albus et qui sedebat super illum habebat arcum et data est ei corona et exivit vincens ut vinceret.” 1Perhaps he also read it in Spanish: “Vi cuando el Cordero abrió uno de los sellos, y oí a uno de los cuatro seres vivientes decir como con voz un trueno: Ven y mira. Y miré, y he aquí un caballo banco; y el que lo montaba tenía un arco; le fue dada una corona, y salió venciendo, y para vencer.” "Like a partridge that hatches eggs it did not lay is the man who gains riches by unjust means." Jeremiah 17:11 Next to climbing aboard a ship for a long journey, there is probably nothing more exciting than getting off that same ship! Especially if after a long voyage, sometimes made terrifying by the perils of the sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns
    Order Code RL32294 Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns Updated January 25, 2008 Maureen Taft-Morales Specialist in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Clare Ribando Seelke Analyst in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns Summary Following the first free and fair elections in Haiti’s history, Jean-Bertrand Aristide first became Haitian President in February 1991. He was overthrown by a military coup in September 1991. For over three years, the military regime resisted international demands that Aristide be restored to office. In September 1994, after a U.S. military intervention had been launched, the military regime agreed to Aristide’s return, the immediate, unopposed entry of U.S. troops, and the resignation of its leadership. President Aristide returned to Haiti in October 1994 under the protection of some 20,000 U.S. troops, and disbanded the Haitian army. U.S. aid helped train a civilian police force. Subsequently, critics charged Aristide with politicizing that force and engaging in corrupt practices. Elections held under Aristide and his successor, René Préval (1996-2000), including the one in which Aristide was reelected in 2000, were marred by alleged irregularities, low voter turnout, and opposition boycotts. Efforts to negotiate a resolution to the electoral dispute frustrated the international community for years. Tension and violence continued throughout Aristide’s second term, culminating in his departure from office in February 2004, after the opposition repeatedly refused to negotiate a political solution and armed groups took control of half the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Trafficking in America's Schools
    Human Trafficking in AMERICA’S SCHOOLS 2015 JANUARY Human Trafficking in AMERICA’S SCHOOLS i This report was written under U.S. Department of Education Grant Number Q184L070139 by Jeneé Littrell of the Grossmont Union High School District. Eve Birge served as the grant monitor. This report was designed for the U.S. Department of Education under Contract Number EDESE12O0035 with American Institutes for Research, Inc. Rita Foy Moss served as the contracting officer’s representative for the National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments technical assistance center (NCSSLE). The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the positions or policies of the Department of Education. No official endorsement by the Department of any product, commodity, service or enterprise mentioned in this publication is intended or should be inferred. For the reader’s convenience, this publication contains information about and from outside organizations, including hyperlinks and URLs. Inclusion of such information does not constitute the Department’s endorsement. Office of Safe and Healthy Students David Esquith Director January 2015 This report is in the public domain. Authorization to reproduce it in whole or in part is granted. While permission to reprint this publication is not necessary, the citation should be U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Healthy Students, Human Trafficking in America’s Schools, Washington, D.C., 2015. This report is available for free at http://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/human-trafficking-americas-schools. Availability of Alternate Formats Requests for documents in alternate formats such as Braille or large print should be submitted to the Alternate Format Center by calling 202.260.0852 or by contacting the 504 coordinator via email at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Election-Violence-Mo
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF IMMIGRATION REVIEW IMMIGRATION COURT xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx In the Matter of: IN REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS XX YYY xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx DECLARATION OF ZZZZZZ I, ZZZZZ, hereby declare under penalty of perjury that the following statements are true and correct to the best of my knowledge. 1. I do not recall having ever met XX YYY in person. This affidavit is based on my review of Mr. YYY’s Application for Asylum and my knowledge of relevant conditions in Haiti. I am familiar with the broader context of Mr. YYY’s application for asylum, including the history of political violence in Haiti, especially surrounding elections, attacks against journalists and the current security and human rights conditions in Haiti. Radio in Haiti 2. In Haiti, radio is by far the most important media format. Only a small percentage of the population can afford television, and electricity shortages limit the usefulness of the televisions that are in service. An even smaller percentage can afford internet access. Over half the people do not read well, and newspaper circulation is minuscule. There are many radio stations in Haiti, with reception available in almost every corner of the country. Radios are inexpensive to buy and can operate without municipal electricity. 3. Radio’s general importance makes it particularly important for elections. Radio programs, especially call-in shows, are Haiti’s most important forum for discussing candidates and parties. As a result, radio stations become contested ground for political advocacy, especially around elections. Candidates, officials and others involved in politics work hard and spend money to obtain favorable coverage.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Arbovirus Disease and Transmission Risk at the Municipality
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 1 1 Title: Quantifying arbovirus disease and transmission risk at the municipality 2 level in the Dominican Republic: the inception of Rm 3 Short title: Epidemic Metrics for Municipalities 4 Rhys Kingston1, Isobel Routledge1, Samir Bhatt1, Leigh R Bowman1* 5 1. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, UK 6 *Corresponding author 7 [email protected] 8 9 NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. 1 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 2 10 Abstract 11 Arboviruses remain a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and economic cost 12 across the global human population. Epidemics of arboviral disease, such as Zika 13 and dengue, also cause significant disruption to health services at local and national 14 levels. This study examined 2014-16 Zika and dengue epidemic data at the sub- 15 national level to characterise transmission across the Dominican Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Victims of Early and Forced Marriages
    5 Chapter 1: Victims of early and forced marriages The purpose of this chapter isn’t to deal term provides a clearer definition, among exhaustively with the issue of forced marriages other things, of the control exerted over a in connection (or not) with human trafficking. person within the framework of a forced marriage, with a view to their exploitation4. Instead, it aims to provide an introduction to the problem, specifically concerning minors, Forced, arranged, sham, early, customary, based on several cases that came to Myria’s white, or grey marriages: these terms are attention. frequently used and sometimes confused. What is the current situation regarding these 5 1. The concept of forced marriage terms ? The aim of European directive 2011/36 on Also note that these concepts are a particular human trafficking1 is to tackle recent source of debate when they concern couples developments in trafficking by including forms where one or both partners don’t have Belgian nationality, given that family migration of exploitation such as forced begging and the 6 exploitation of criminal activities. In this is one of the only legal migration channels . respect, preamble 11 of the directive specifies that the definition also includes other behaviours “such as illegal adoption or forced 1° for the purposes of the exploitation of prostitution or marriage, insofar as they fulfil the constitutive other forms of sexual exploitation; elements of trafficking in human beings”. 2° for the purposes of the exploitation of begging; 3° for the purposes of work or services, in conditions contrary to human dignity; The Belgian legislator, on the other hand, 4° for the purposes of organ harvesting in violation of decided not to explicitly include illegal the Law of 13 June 1986 on the harvesting and adoption or forced marriages in the definition transplantation of organs, or human biological material of trafficking and, more particularly, as a form in violation of the Law of 19 December 2008 relating to 2 the collection and use of human biological material of exploitation .
    [Show full text]
  • Orphanage Entrepreneurs: the Trafficking of Haiti's Invisible Children
    Protecting Children. Providing Solutions. Orphanage Entrepreneurs: The Trafficking of Haiti’s Invisible Children 2 Orphanage Entrepreneurs: The Trafficking of Haiti’s Invisible Children Authors Georgette Mulheir with Mara Cavanagh and colleagues. Contributors and researchers Eugene Guillaume, Jamie McMutrie, Ali McMutrie, Morgan Wienberg and Matthew Thomas. Orphanage Entrepreneurs: The Trafficking of Haiti’s Invisible Children 3 Contents Executive Summary 5 Purpose of this document 7 A forgotten history 7 The harm caused by institutionalisation 8 Violence and abuse in children’s institutions 9 Institutionalisation and trafficking 10 Definitions 11 Children in orphanages and institutions in Haiti 12 Trafficking in Haiti 13 The international and national legislative and policy framework 14 Research evidence on institutionalisation and trafficking of children in Haiti 15 Case evidence of trafficking children in institutions in Haiti 17 Patterns of abuse and trafficking in institutions 26 How to close an orphanage that is trafficking children 28 Outcomes of the Lumos intervention in three orphanages 30 Money: part of the problem and a possible solution 30 Faith-based funding and support of orphanages 34 Conclusions 35 Recommendations 36 4 Orphanage Entrepreneurs: The Trafficking of Haiti’s Invisible Children Orphanage Entrepreneurs: The Trafficking of Haiti’s Invisible Children 5 Executive summary An estimated 32,000 children live in orphanages in Haiti. More than 80% are not orphans. 80 years of research demonstrates the harm caused by raising children in institutions. As a result, most countries in the developed world moved away from this form of care decades ago. The Haitian government has prioritised reducing reliance on orphanage care, to ensure children can be raised in families.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Médar De La Cruz Serrata 2009
    Copyright by Médar de la Cruz Serrata 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Médar de la Cruz Serrata Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Epic and Dictatorship in the Dominican Republic: The Struggles of Trujillo’s Intellectuals Committee: César A. Salgado, Co-Supervisor Jossianna Arroyo, Co-Supervisor Naomi Lindstrom James Nicolopulos Vance Holloway Adam Z. Newton Epic and Dictatorship in the Dominican Republic: The Struggles of Trujillo’s Intellectuals by Médar de la Cruz Serrata, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May, 2009 Dedication I want to dedicate this dissertation to the loving memory of my mother, Tomasina Serrata (Doña Grey), and to my father, Medardo de la Cruz. To my children, Paloma and Médar Issam, a constant source of joy and inspiration. To Rebeca, who took my hand, brought me back to school and has been by my side at every step of the way: por la alegría compartida . Acknowledgements I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my dissertation supervisors, César A. Salgado and Jossianna Arroyo, for their constant guidance and encouragement. I am also indebted to James Nicolopulous, who introduced me to the world of epic poetry, and to Naomi Lindstrom, Lily Litvak, Enrique Fierro and Vance Holloway, for their suggestions and their generosity. Many thanks to my friends and colleagues from the Department of Spanish and Portuguese for their support, and to those in the Dominican Republic who gave access to their libraries and offered me advice—especially to Alejandro Paulino, Odalís Pérez, and Plinio Chahín.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Empowerment in the Dominican Republic
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2020 Women's Empowerment in the Dominican Republic Yisbell Lucia Marrero [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, Development Studies Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, and the Organization Development Commons Recommended Citation Marrero, Yisbell Lucia, "Women's Empowerment in the Dominican Republic". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2020. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/852 Women’s Empowerment in the Dominican Republic 1 Women’s Empowerment in the Dominican Republic Understanding the Dominican Women’s Perspectives on their empowerment in Santiago and Santo Domingo. Yisbell Marrero 2 For my mother, Sudelania Cabrera, and my grandmothers, Ana Morel and Isabel Marrero 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… 5 Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………….10 Chapter 2: Situating Santo Domingo and Situating Santiago de Los Caballeros……. 28 Chapter 3: Social Empowerment…………………………………………………... 47 Chapter 4: Economic Empowerment…………………………………………….... 63 Chapter 5: Political Empowerment ………………………………………………... 78 Chapter 6: Moving Forward……………………………………………………….. 95 References………………………………………………………………………… 97 4 Acknowledgments In 2003, at age 4, I migrated to the United States from the Dominican Republic. My mother left behind her cosmetology business, a house, and financial independence with the goal of establishing a new future in the United States. Everything that would grant her the status as an empowered woman in the perspective of liberal feminists. However, the empowerment she thought she would achieve in the United States ended up being subjectively insufficient and something that could not fulfill her “true” ambition. The moment we set foot in Jersey City, New Jersey, we began our journey as migrant Dominican women in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • When the One Who Bears the Scars Is the One Who Strikes the Blow: History, Human Rights, and Haiti’S Restavèks
    WHEN THE ONE WHO BEARS THE SCARS IS THE ONE WHO STRIKES THE BLOW: HISTORY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND HAITI’S RESTAVÈKS Laura Rose Wagner A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Michele Rivkin-Fish Peter Redfield Karla Slocum ©2008 Laura Rose Wagner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT LAURA WAGNER : When the One Who Bears the Scars is the One Who Strikes the Blow: History, Human Rights, and Haiti’s Restavèks (Under the direction of Michele Rivkin-Fish and Peter Redfield) The practice of keeping restavèks , or unpaid domestic child laborers, in Haiti has come under scrutiny by both human rights activists and journalists, many of whom describe it as a form of slavery. While this description is not entirely inaccurate and may also be useful, it fails to reflect the variability of treatment of restavèks , the complex ways in which power is exercised, the ways in which people occupy “oppressor” and “oppressed” roles simultaneously, the various local understandings of restavèk relationships and human rights, and the particular historical meanings and memories attached to slavery in Haiti. By critically examining descriptions of restavèks in activist and journalistic discourse, and analyzing the data collected during my fieldwork in the Haitian community in South Florida, I point to more syncretic and inclusive ways of understanding and reforming the practice of keeping restavèk s. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks first of all to my committee members, Michele Rivkin-Fish, Karla Slocum, and Peter Redfield, for their time, patience, advice, good humor, transcendence of geographical distance, and above all their insightful readings of my work.
    [Show full text]
  • 2714 Surcharge Supp Eng.V.1
    Worldwide Worldwide International Extended Area Delivery Surcharge ➜ Locate the destination country. ➜ Locate the Postal Code or city. ➜ If the Postal Code or city is not listed, the entry All other points will apply. ➜ A surcharge will apply only when a “Yes” is shown in the Extended Area Surcharge column. If a surcharge applies, add $30.00 per shipment or $0.30 per pound ($0.67 per kilogram), whichever is greater, to the charges for your shipment. COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE ARGENTINA BOLIVIA (CONT.) BRAZIL (CONT.) CHILE (CONT.) COLOMBIA (CONT.) COLOMBIA (CONT.) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (CONT.) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (CONT.) 1891 – 1899 Yes Machacamarca Yes 29100 – 29999 Yes El Bosque No Barrancabermeja No Valledupar No Duarte Yes Monte Plata Yes 1901 – 1999 Yes Mizque Yes 32000 – 39999 Yes Estación Central No Barrancas No Villa de Leiva No Duverge Yes Nagua Yes 2001 – 4999 Yes Oruro Yes 44471 – 59999 Yes Huachipato No Barranquilla No Villavicencio No El Cacao Yes Neiba Yes 5001 – 5499 Yes Pantaleón Dalence Yes 68000 – 68999 Yes Huechuraba No Bogotá No Yopal No El Cercado Yes Neyba Yes 5501 – 9999 Yes Portachuelo Yes 70640 – 70699 Yes Independencia No Bucaramanga
    [Show full text]