DOCSLIB.ORG

Clh Report Sodium Chlorate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Clh Report Sodium Chlorate CLH REPORT SODIUM CHLORATE CLH report Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling Based on Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), Annex VI, Part 2 International Chemical Identification: Sodium chlorate EC Number: 231-887-4 CAS Number: 7775-09-9 Index Number: 017-005-00-9 Contact details for dossier submitter: Swedish Chemicals Agency Esplanaden 3a, P.O Box 2 SE-172 13 Sundbyberg, Sweden [email protected] +46 8 519 41 100 Version number: 5 Date: 03/04/2020 1 CLH REPORT SODIUM CHLORATE CONTENTS 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 NAME AND OTHER IDENTIFIERS OF THE SUBSTANCE .............................................................................................. 3 1.2 COMPOSITION OF THE SUBSTANCE ........................................................................................................................ 3 2 PROPOSED HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING ........................................................... 5 PROPOSED HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING ACCORDING TO THE CLP CRITERIA ........................... 5 3 HISTORY OF THE PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING ..................................................... 6 4 JUSTIFICATION THAT ACTION IS NEEDED AT COMMUNITY LEVEL ................................................ 7 5 IDENTIFIED USES ................................................................................................................................................ 7 6 DATA SOURCES.................................................................................................................................................... 7 7 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ................................................................................................................ 8 8 EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL HAZARDS ....................................................................................................... 9 9 TOXICOKINETICS (ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION) ............. 9 10 EVALUATION OF HEALTH HAZARDS ........................................................................................................... 9 ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY ..................................................................................................................................... 9 ACUTE TOXICITY - ORAL ROUTE .................................................................................................................... 9 10.2.1 Short summary and overall relevance of the provided information on acute oral toxicity ............... 15 10.2.2 Comparison with the CLP criteria ...................................................................................................... 17 10.2.3 Conclusion on classification and labelling for acute oral toxicity .................................................... 17 11 EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ...................................................................................... 19 RAPID DEGRADABILITY OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES ......................................................................................... 20 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATION OF METALS OR INORGANIC METALS COMPOUNDS ................................. 20 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION ....................................................................... 20 11.3.1 Ready biodegradability ........................................................................................................................ 20 11.3.2 Hydrolysis ............................................................................................................................................ 22 11.3.3 Other convincing scientific evidence .................................................................................................... 23 BIOACCUMULATION ....................................................................................................................................... 23 ACUTE AQUATIC HAZARD ............................................................................................................................... 23 11.5.1 Acute (short-term) toxicity to fish ......................................................................................................... 24 11.5.2 Acute (short-term) toxicity to aquatic invertebrates ............................................................................ 24 11.5.3 Acute (short-term) toxicity to algae or other aquatic plants ................................................................ 25 11.5.4 Acute (short-term) toxicity to other aquatic organisms ....................................................................... 27 LONG-TERM AQUATIC HAZARD ...................................................................................................................... 28 11.6.1 Chronic toxicity to fish ......................................................................................................................... 28 11.6.2 Chronic toxicity to aquatic invertebrates ............................................................................................. 29 11.6.3 Chronic toxicity to algae or other aquatic plants ................................................................................ 29 11.6.4 Chronic toxicity to other aquatic organisms ........................................................................................ 32 COMPARISON WITH THE CLP CRITERIA .......................................................................................................... 32 11.7.1 Acute aquatic hazard............................................................................................................................ 32 11.7.2 Long-term aquatic hazard (including bioaccumulation potential and degradation) ........................... 33 CONCLUSION ON CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ...... 34 12 EVALUATION OF ADDITIONAL HAZARDS ................................................................................................ 34 13 ADDITIONAL LABELLING .............................................................................................................................. 34 14 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................... 35 2 CLH REPORT SODIUM CHLORATE 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE 1.1 Name and other identifiers of the substance Table 1: Substance identity and information related to molecular and structural formula of the substance Name(s) in the IUPAC nomenclature or other Sodium chlorate international chemical name(s) Other names (usual name, trade name, abbreviation) / ISO common name (if available and appropriate) / EC number (if available and appropriate) 231-887-4 EC name (if available and appropriate) Sodium chlorate CAS number (if available) 7775-09-9 Other identity code (if available) / Molecular formula ClHO3.Na Structural formula SMILES notation (if available) [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)=O Molecular weight or molecular weight range 106.441 g/mol Information on optical activity and typical ratio of Not applicable (stereo) isomers (if applicable and appropriate) Description of the manufacturing process and identity Not applicable of the source (for UVCB substances only) Degree of purity (%) (if relevant for the entry in Annex VI) 1.2 Composition of the substance Table 2: Constituents (non-confidential information) Constituent Concentration range (% Current CLH in Current self- (Name and numerical w/w minimum and Annex VI Table 3.1 classification and identifier) maximum in multi- (CLP) labelling (CLP) constituent substances) Sodium chlorate >=98.0% Oxid. Solid 1; H271 EC no.: 231-887-4 Acute Tox. 4; H302 Aquatic Chronic 2; H411 3 CLH REPORT SODIUM CHLORATE Table 3: Impurities (non-confidential information) if relevant for the classification of the substance Impurity Concentration Current CLH in Current self- The impurity (Name and range Annex VI Table 3.1 classification and contributes to the numerical (% w/w minimum (CLP) labelling (CLP) classification and identifier) and maximum) labelling Table 4: Additives (non-confidential information) if relevant for the classification of the substance Additive Function Concentration Current Current self- The additive (Name and range CLH in classification contributes numerical (% w/w Annex VI and labelling to the identifier) minimum and Table 3.1 (CLP) classification maximum) (CLP) and labelling No additives 4 CLH REPORT SODIUM CHLORATE 2 PROPOSED HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING Proposed harmonised classification and labelling according to the CLP criteria Table 5: Classification Labelling International Specific Pictogram, Suppl. Index No Chemical EC No CAS No Hazard Class Hazard Hazard Conc. Limits, Notes Signal Hazard Identification and Category statement statement M-factors Word statement Code(s) Code(s) Code(s) Code(s) Code(s) Ox. Sol. 1 GHS03 H271 H271 Current 017-005- Acute Tox. 4 * GHS07 Annex VI Sodium chlorate 231-887-4 7775-09-9 H302 H302 00-9 entry Aquatic GHS09 H411 H411 Chronic 2 Dgr Remove Add Remove Remove Remove Dossier Aquatic oral; ATE = 017-005- H411 GHS09 H411 submitters Sodium chlorate 231-887-4 7775-09-9 Chronic 2 100 mg/kg bw 00-9 Modify Modify Modify proposal Modify H301 GHS06 H301 Acute Tox. 3 Resulting GHS03 oral; ATE = Annex VI 100 mg/kg bw entry if 017-005- Ox. Sol. 1 H271 GHS06 H271 Sodium chlorate 231-887-4 7775-09-9 agreed by 00-9 Acute Tox.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sodium Chlorate Process Liquor De-Chromed SN
    SAFETY DATA SHEET This SDS adheres to the standards and regulatory requirements of the United States and may not meet the regulatory requirements in other countries. 1. Identification Product identifier Sodium Chlorate Process Liquor De-chromed SN Other means of identification De-chromed blend of Crystallizer Feed Liquor and Mother Liquor, NaClO3 Recommended use For internal transfer between ERCO Worldwide sodium chlorate manufacturing facilities for process purposes Recommended restrictions None known Manufacturer/Importer/Supplier/Distributor information Manufacturer Company name ERCO Worldwide Address 335 Carlingview Drive Unit 1 Etobicoke, M9W 5G8 Canada Telephone Information #: (416) 239-7111 (M- F: 8:00 am – 5:00pm EST) Website http://www.ercoworldwide.com E-mail [email protected] Emergency phone number Canada & USA: 1-800-424-9300 (CHEMTREC) Supplier Refer to Manufacturer 2. Hazard(s) Identification Physical hazards Oxidizing liquids Category 2 Health hazards Acute toxicity, oral Category 4 Environmental hazards Not currently regulated by OSHA, refer to Section 12 for additional information. OSHA defined hazards This mixture does not meet the classification criteria according to OSHA HazCom 2012. Label elements Signal word Danger Hazard statement May intensify fire; oxidizer. Harmful if swallowed. Page 1 of 15 Issue Date: 11/18/2020 Sodium Chlorate Process Liquor De-chromed SN Precautionary statement Prevention Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials. Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection, face protection. Response IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water. Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. In case of fire: Use water to extinguish.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Hexavalent Chromium for Use in Chlorate Cells
    Europaisches Patentamt J European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 266 128 A2 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 87309335.5 © Int. CIA C25B 1/26 @ Date of filing: 22.10.87 ® Priority: 29.10.86 CA 521737 © Applicant: Tenneco Canada Inc. 2 Gibbs Road © Date of publication of application: Islington OntarioM9B 1R1(CA) 04.05.88 Bulletin 88/18 0 Inventor: Dobosz, Leszek Michal © Designated Contracting States: 68 MacDonald Street CH ES FR LI SE Toronto Ontario M8V 1Y4(CA) © Representative: Hamilton, Raymond et al c/o Albright & Wilson Limited 1 Knightsbridge Green London SW1X 7QD(GB) © Production of hexavalent chromium for use in chlorate cells. © By-product hypochlorite from the electrolytic production of chlorates, notably sodium chlorate, is used to form hexavalent chromium for use in the electrolysis process by oxidation of trivalent chromium compounds by the hypochlorite. The hypochlorite maybe the condensate produced by treatment of the chlorate cell by-product gas stream and/or present in the cell liquor. < 00 CO CO (VI a. UJ Xerox Copy Centre 0 266 128 PRODUCTION OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM FOR USE IN CHLORATE CELLLS The present invention relates to the fomation of hexavalent chromium useful in the electrolytic production of aqueous chlorate solutions. An aqueous solution of sodium chlorate and sodium chloride is conventionally produced by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride in diaphragmless electrolytic cells. The extent of electrolysis is 5 controlled to produce an effluent from the cell in which the sodium chlorate and sodium chloride have the desired ratio, usually in the range (expressed as a weight ratio) of about 1 :1 to about 20:1 and preferably in the range of about 2:1 to about 15:1.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Fourth Edition
    12. CHEMICAL FACT SHEETS Assessment date 1993 Principal reference WHO (2003) Chlorine in drinking-water In humans and experimental animals exposed to chlorine in drinking-water, no specific adverse treatment-related effects have been observed. IARC has classified h ypochlorite in Group 3 (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans). Chlorite and chlorate Chlorite and chlorate are disinfection by-products resulting from the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant and for odour and taste control in water. Chlorine dioxide is also used as a bleaching agent for cellulose, paper pulp, flour and oils. Sodium chlorite and sodium chlorate are both used in the production of chlorine dioxide as well as for other commercial purposes. Chlorine dioxide rapidly decomposes into chlorite, chlorate and chloride ions in treated water, chlorite being the predominant species; this reaction is favoured by alkaline conditions. The major route of environmental ex- posure to chlorine dioxide, sodium chlorite and sodium chlorate is through drinking- water. Chlorate is also formed in sodium hypochlorite solution that is stored for long periods, particularly at high ambient temperatures. Provisional guideline values Chlorite: 0.7 mg/l (700 µg/l) Chlorate: 0.7 mg/l (700 µg/l) The guideline values for chlorite and chlorate are designated as provisional because use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant may result in the chlorite and chlorate guideline values being exceeded, and difficulties in meeting the guideline value must never be a reason for compromising adequate disinfection. Occurrence Levels of chlorite in water reported in one study ranged from 3.2 to 7.0 mg/l; however, the combined levels will not exceed the dose of chlorine dioxide applied.
    [Show full text]
  • Dangers of Unspent Aircraft Oxygen Generators
    Safety Advisory Dangers of Unspent Aircraft Oxygen Generators U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board No. 2007-I-NC-01-SA | June 2007 Key Message This Safety Advisory is issued to alert aircraft maintenance and hazardous waste facility personnel to the hazards associated with the transportation and storage of expired, unspent aircraft chemical oxygen generators. Aircraft oxygen generators are dangerous devices that, if mishandled, can cause fires, property damage, and personal injury. Aircraft oxygen generators that have exceeded their service life should be expended before shipping by any transport mode. Introduction On October 5, 2006, at about 10 pm, a fire occurred at the EQ Industrial Services (EQ) hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility in Apex, North Carolina. The fire resulted in the evacuation of thousands of Apex residents and the complete destruction of the hazardous waste building at EQ’s Apex facility. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) investigation concluded that aircraft oxygen generators most likely contributed to the rapid spread of the fire to other areas in the EQ facility. The CSB issues this Safety Advisory to focus attention on the need for aircraft maintenance facilities to expend chemical oxygen generators that have exceeded their service life, and for hazardous waste facility operators and shippers to exercise due care when handling unspent chemical oxygen generators. Incident Description At about 10 pm on October 5, 2006, a citizen driving past the EQ facility in Apex, North Carolina, called 911 when he saw a plume of smoke and smelled a strong chlorine odor coming from the facility.
    [Show full text]
  • Six-Year Review 3 Technical Support Document for Chlorate
    Six-Year Review 3 Technical Support Document for Chlorate Office of Water (4607M) EPA-810-R-16-013 December 2016 Disclaimer This document is not a regulation. It is not legally enforceable, and does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations on any party, including EPA, states, or the regulated community. While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of any references to statutory or regulatory requirements, the obligations of the interested stakeholders are determined by statutes, regulations or other legally binding requirements, not this document. In the event of a conflict between the information in this document and any statute or regulation, this document would not be controlling. This page intentionally left blank. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1-1 2 Contaminant Background .......................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties ................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Production, Use and Release ......................................................................................... 2-2 2.2.1 Commercial Production and Use in Industry and Agriculture ........................... 2-2 2.2.2 Incidental Production and Release ...................................................................... 2-6 2.3 Environmental Fate ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Active Chlorine Released from Sodium Hypochlorite Product-Type 5 (Drinking Water)
    Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products Evaluation of active substances Assessment Report Active chlorine released from sodium hypochlorite Product-type 5 (Drinking water) January 2017 IT Active chlorine released Product-type 5 January 2017 from sodium hypochlorite CONTENTS 1. STATEMENT OF SUBJECT MATTER AND PURPOSE ............................................... 3 1.1. Procedure followed .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Purpose of the assessment report ................................................................................................ 3 2. OVERALL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................... 4 2.1. Presentation of the Active Substance ......................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. Identity, Physico-Chemical Properties & Methods of Analysis ................................................... 4 2.1.2. Intended Uses and Efficacy ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.3. Classification and Labelling ................................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Summary of the Risk Assessment ............................................................................................... 14 2.2.1. Human Health Risk Assessment
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda)
    SODIUM HYDROXIDE odium hydroxide (caustic soda) is a co-product from the manufacture of chlorine using a Ssolution of the readily available raw material, rock salt (sodium chloride). These factors contribute to it being the cheapest and most widely used strong alkali. Uses 48 The biggest single use for sodium hydroxide in making organic chemicals is in the manufacture of epoxypropane, used in turn to make polyurethanes (Unit 67). Figure Sodium hydroxide is used in the purification of the ore, bauxite, prior to it being used to make aluminium (Unit 69). This picture shows stockpiling of recently mined bauxite ore at the Gove refinery in the Northern Territory, Australia. Figure 2 Purified bauxite being unloaded from a ship in Iceland, on its way to an aluminium extraction plant. Much sodium hydroxide is used to scrub gases to remove acids. One example is in the purification of flue gases in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, where the alkali removes sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide from gases that are being emitted into the atmosphere (Unit 50). Similarly it is used to treat the effluent in the manufacture of titanium dioxide (Unit 51). Another major use of sodium hydroxide is in the manufacture of paper from wood. In the most used process, the Kraft process, wood is treated with a Figure 3 Uses of sodium hydroxide. solution containing a mixture of sodium sulfide and SODIUM HYDROXIDE sodium hydroxide. Most of the unwanted material in the caustic soda produced from each of the processes wood, such as the lignins, dissolve in the liquor, leaving varies: relatively pure cellulose which is filtered off.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterogeneous Production of Perchlorate and Chlorate By
    HETEROGENEOUS PRODUCTION OF PERCHLORATE AND CHLORATE BY OZONE OXIDATION OF Cl- by SIXUAN WANG B.E. A Thesis In CIVIL ENGINEERING Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Approved Dr. Andrew W. Jackson Chairperson of the Committee Dr. Todd A. Anderson Peggy Gordon Dean of Graduate School August, 2011 Copyright © 2011, Sixuan Wang Texas Tech University, Sixuan Wang, August 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research project would not finish without the support of many people. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me help and support to complete this thesis. I want to thank Dr. Andrew Jackson, the chair of my committee for giving me the chance, guidance, and encouragement. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my committee members, Dr. Todd Anderson, for his continuous support and encouragement all the way. I would also take this opportunity to thank my friends and colleagues Dr. Rao, Nubia, Felipe, Tony and Tim for their continuous help, sharing during these two years of research in Environmental lab. I am very thankful to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) for providing the necessary funds for this project. ii Texas Tech University, Sixuan Wang, August 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Chlorate Crops
    Sodium Chlorate Crops Identification Chemical Name(s): CAS Number: Sodium chlorate 7775-09-9 Other Names: Other Codes: soda chlorate; chlorate of soda; chloric acid, sodium salt; DOT number: UN 1495/ UN 2428 sodium chlorate, aqueous solution NAERG Code: 140 PC Code: 073301 Trade names: Chlorax; De-Fol-Ate, Drop-Leaf; Fall; Harvest-Aid; Tumbleaf Summary Recommendation Synthetic / Allowed or Suggested Non-Synthetic: Prohibited: Annotation: Synthetic Prohibit Characterization Composition: NaClO3. O Na– O--Cl O Sodium chlorate belongs to the class of inorganic herbicides (containing no carbon), and was developed before the modern era of organic herbicides such as 2-4-D, which began in the mid 1940s. Others in this category include aresenicals, borates, cyannates, and ammoniuim sulfamate and are still in use today (Klingman, Meister). Properties: Sodium chlorate is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that looks like common table salt (sodium chloride) and is water soluble. It is a strong oxidant, not combustible but reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials. There is a risk of fire and explosion in dry mixtures with other substances, especially organic materials, i.e., other herbicides, sulphur, peat, powdered metals, strong acids, etc. How Made: Sodium chlorate is rapidly produced in solution form by the electrolysis of sodium chloride brine in a diaphragm-less chlor-alkali cell (Kent, Kirk-Othmer). The overall reaction is : NaCl + 3 H2O + 6F (faradays) NaClO3 + 3H2 This process is currently efficient at the rate of over 90% and involves power consumption of 4500- 5800 kWh /metic ton of sodium chlorate produced. In 1990, total North American sodium chlorate capacity was 1.1 million tons/year, with most production in Canada because of lower energy costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Incompatibilities
    Chemical Incompatibilities Incompatibilities Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, Acetic acid perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury Acetone Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures Alkali and alkaline earth metals (such as Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, powdered aluminum or magnesium, calcium, carbon dioxide, halogens lithium, sodium, potassium) Mercury (in manometers, for example), chlorine, calcium Ammonia (anhydrous) hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, Ammonium nitrate sulfur, finely divided organic combustible materials Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide Arsenical materials Any reducing agent Azides Acids Bromine See chlorine Calcium oxide Water Carbon (activated) Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents Carbon tetrachloride Sodium Ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur, finely divided Chlorates organic or combustible materials Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable Chromic acid and chromium liquids in general Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or Chlorine other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, benzene, finely divided metals, turpentine Chlorine dioxide Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide Cumene hydroperoxide Acids (organic or inorganic) Cyanides Acids Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide,
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Source of Oxygen John F
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Northern Iowa Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 66 | Annual Issue Article 28 1959 Chemical Source of Oxygen John F. O'Brien Saint Ambrose College Copyright © Copyright 1959 by the Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation O'Brien, John F. (1959) "Chemical Source of Oxygen," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science: Vol. 66: No. 1 , Article 28. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol66/iss1/28 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. O'Brien: Chemical Source of Oxygen Chemical Source of Oxygen 1 By JOHN F. O'BRIEN Abstract. An investigation was made on the thermal decom­ position of the alkali metal chlorates and perchlorates of sodium, potassium and lithium, and mixtures of these. The effects of various catalysts in promoting and controlling the decomposition with the production of minimum reaction temperature and maxi­ mum oxygen yield were studied. Experimental results are pre­ sented for potassium chlorate and perchlorate. In recent years the military has advocated the development of a solid chemical oxygen source to the point where it may be used in an aircraft oxygen system. The need exists for a reliable oxygen source that is efficient on a weight and volume basis, and suf­ ficiently developed for immediate availability for military use.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Chlorite Chlorine Dioxide Generators
    ® Basic Chemicals Sodium Chlorite Chlorine Dioxide Generators Introduction Chlorine-Chlorite Chlorine dioxide enjoys many different types of This method, the most flexible and efficient use particularly in water treatment; among these method of generating chlorine dioxide, is disinfection, bleaching, and chemical generates chlorine dioxide in a two step oxidation. The chlorine dioxide used in these process. First, (equation 1), chlorine reacts with applications is always generated on-site, usually water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and from sodium chlorite, as an aqueous solution. hydrochloric acid (HCl). These acids react (equation 2) with sodium chlorite to form chlorine Chlorine dioxide is a reactive oxidizing gas that dioxide, water, and sodium chloride (NaCl). The is readily soluble in water. Even dilute solutions ratios of sodium chlorite and hypochlorous acid (10 ppm) of chlorine dioxide have a (chlorine) must be carefully controlled. characteristic yellow color. The maximum Insufficient chlorine feed will result in a large chlorine dioxide concentration typically produced amount of unreacted chlorite. Excess chlorine in commercial generators is approximately 4000 feed will result in the formation of sodium ppm. This is to minimize the concentration of chlorate (NaClO3), which is the oxidation product chlorine dioxide gas in equilibrium with the of chlorine dioxide. The typical operating solution. Gas phase chlorine dioxide conditions and yields for this method of concentrations in excess of 10%, like ozone, can generation are shown in Table 1. decompose explosively. This is the reason that chlorine dioxide must be generated at its point- (1) Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl of-use. This document will cover the chemistry of chlorine dioxide generation, generator design (2) 2NaClO2 + HOCl + HCl and operation requirements, generator safety 2ClO2 + H2O + 2NaCl requirements, features of many chlorine dioxide generators presently available in the market.
    [Show full text]