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Comparison of the Cut Test and Tetrazolium Test in Assessing Seed University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year Comparative ecology of rare and common species in a fire-prone system Mark K.J. Ooi University of Wollongong Ooi, Mark K J, Comparative ecology of rare and common species in a fire-prone system, PhD thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2007, http://ro.uow.edu.au.theses/675 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/675 Comparative ecology of rare and common species in a fire-prone system A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from the UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by MARK K. J. OOI B. Env. Sci., MSc (Hons) SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2007 Certification I, Mark Ooi, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Mark Ooi 30th May 2007 Table of Contents List of Tables.......................................................................................... iv List of Figures......................................................................................... v Abstract................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements................................................................................. xi Chapter 1: General Introduction............................................................... 1 1.1 Demographic studies and the rare versus common approach.................. 2 1.2 Critical life-history stages in fire-prone regions...................................... 3 1.3 The study system..................................................................................... 4 1.4 This study................................................................................................. 5 1.5 Thesis structure........................................................................................ 8 Chapter 2: Comparison of the cut and tetrazolium tests for assessing seed viability………………………………………………………………. 9 2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 10 2.2 Methods................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Results...................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Discussion................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 3: Dormancy and the fire-centric focus: investigating the germination of three Leucopogon species……………………………….. 17 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 18 3.2 Methods................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1 Study species and seed collection................................................. 21 3.2.2 Seed embryo morphology and growth.......................................... 22 3.2.3 Imbibition and viability................................................................. 23 3.2.4 Germination experiments.............................................................. 23 3.2.5 Data analyses................................................................................. 28 3.3 Results...................................................................................................... 29 3.3.1 Embryo morphology and growth and seed imbibition.................. 29 3.3.2 Experiment 1 – assessing seed dormancy..................................... 30 i 3.3.3 Experiments 2 and 3: Single season temperatures – fire cues, scarification and burial................................................................... 30 3.3.4 Experiment 4: Seasonal temperature regimes – germination timing and fire cues....................................................................... 31 3.3.5 Experiment 5: Seed ageing processes............................................ 31 3.3.6 Experiment 6: Fire response of aged seeds.................................... 32 3.4 Discussion................................................................................................ 35 Chapter 4: Dormancy classification and potential dormancy-breaking cues for shrub species from fire-prone south-eastern Australia………. 39 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 40 4.2 Methods................................................................................................... 43 4.2.1 Classification of dormancy types.................................................. 43 4.2.2 Seed embryo morphology and imbibition..................................... 43 4.2.3 Germination experiments.............................................................. 44 4.2.4 The effects of fire cues on morphophysiological dormancy......... 44 4.2.5 Proportion of dormancy types in the Sydney flora shrub layer..... 45 4.3 Results...................................................................................................... 46 4.3.1 Classification of dormancy types.................................................. 46 4.2.2 The effects of fire cues on morphophysiological dormancy......... 47 4.2.3 Proportion of dormancy types in the Sydney flora shrub layer..... 47 4.4 Discussion................................................................................................ 49 Chapter 5: Assessment of Leucopogon seed bank longevity: distinguish- ing between seed bank persistence and seed dormancy..………………. 53 5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 54 5.2 Methods................................................................................................... 56 5.2.1 Study species and seed collection.................................................. 56 5.2.2 Initial seed dormancy, viability and embryo length...................... 58 5.2.3 Seed bank longevity in unburnt vegetation................................... 58 5.2.4 Data analyses................................................................................. 59 5.3 Results...................................................................................................... 60 5.4 Discussion................................................................................................ 64 ii Chapter 6: Delayed emergence and post-fire recruitment success of shrubs in relation to dormancy type and fire season…………………… 69 6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 70 6.2 Methods................................................................................................... 73 6.2.1 Study region……………………................................................... 73 6.2.2 Study species……………………………………......................... 75 6.2.3 Effects of dormancy type on recruitment……………………….. 75 6.2.4 Fire season………………………………..................................... 76 6.2.5 Field sampling............................................................................... 76 6.2.6 Analyses……................................................................................ 78 6.3 Results ..................................................................................................... 79 6.3.1 Effects of dormancy type………................................................... 79 6.3.2 Effects of fire season……………………………......................... 82 6.4 Discussion................................................................................................ 83 Chapter 7: Comparative analyses of the ecology of the rare shrub Leucopogon exolasius and two common congeners…………………….. 89 7.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 90 7.2 Methods................................................................................................... 92 7.2.1 Study species and sites…………................................................... 92 7.2.2 Flowering phenology and fecundity.……………......................... 94 7.2.3 Post-fire seedling survival and growth.…..................................... 94 7.2.4 Seed dispersal mechanisms............................................................ 95 7.3 Results ..................................................................................................... 96 7.3.1 Seedling survival and growth.…................................................... 98 7.3.2 Seed dispersal……………………………………........................ 100 7.4 Discussion................................................................................................ 102 References…………………………………………………………………. 107 Appendices………………………………………………………………… 127 iii List of Tables Table 3.1 Treatments used for the initial dormancy experiments on fresh seeds at the three different incubation temperatures for 30 weeks……………………………………………………....…….. 25 Table 3.2 Treatments applied for experiments on fresh seeds conducted at the seasonal temperature regime………..……………………………. 25 Table 3.3 Morphological details of the three study species………………………... 29 Table 4.1 Species used and results from experiments assessing dormancy class……………………………………………………………………... 46 Table 5.1 Results
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