A Review of Neuro-Ophthalmologic Emergencies Type of Article: Review
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COVID-19 Presenting with Ophthalmoparesis from Cranial Nerve Palsy
CLINICAL/SCIENTIFIC NOTES COVID-19 presenting with ophthalmoparesis from cranial nerve palsy Marc Dinkin, MD, Virginia Gao, MD, PhD, Joshua Kahan, MBBS, PhD, Sarah Bobker, MD, Correspondence Marialaura Simonetto, MD, Paul Wechsler, MD, Jasmin Harpe, MD, Christine Greer, MD, Gregory Mints, MD, Dr. Dinkin Gayle Salama, MD, Apostolos John Tsiouris, MD, and Dana Leifer, MD [email protected] Neurology® 2020;95:221-223. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000009700 Neurologic complications of COVID-19 are not well described. We report 2 patients who were RELATED ARTICLE diagnosed with COVID-19 after presenting with diplopia and ophthalmoparesis. Editorial Cranial neuropathies and COVID-19: Neurotropism Case 1 and autoimmunity A 36-year-old man with a history of infantile strabismus presented with left ptosis, diplopia, and Page 195 bilateral distal leg paresthesias. He reported subjective fever, cough, and myalgias which had developed 4 days earlier and resolved before presentation. Examination was notable for left MORE ONLINE mydriasis, mild ptosis, and limited depression and adduction, consistent with a partial left oculomotor palsy. Abduction was limited bilaterally consistent with bilateral abducens palsies COVID-19 Resources (figure, A). Lower extremity hyporeflexia and hypesthesia, and gait ataxia were noted. WBC was For the latest articles, 2.9 × 103/μL with an absolute lymphocyte count of 0.9 × 103/μL. Nasal swab for SARS-CoV-2 invited commentaries, and PCR was positive. MRI revealed enhancement, T2-hyperintensity, and enlargement of the left blogs from physicians oculomotor nerve (figure, B–D). Chest radiograph was unremarkable. The next day, there was around the world worsening left ptosis, complete loss of depression and horizontal eye movements on the left and NPub.org/COVID19 loss of abduction on the right. -
Complex Strabismus and Syndromes
Complex Strabismus & Syndromes Some patients exhibit complex combinations of vertical, horizontal, and torsional strabismus. Dr. Shin treats patients with complex strabismus arising from, but not limited to, thyroid-related eye disease, stroke, or brain tumors as well as strabismic disorders following severe orbital and head trauma. The following paragraphs describe specific ocular conditions marked by complex strabismus. Duane Syndrome Duane syndrome represents a constellation of eye findings present at birth that results from an absent 6th cranial nerve nucleus and an aberrant branch of the 3rd cranial nerve that innervates the lateral rectus muscle. Duane syndrome most commonly affects the left eye of otherwise healthy females. Duane syndrome includes several variants of eye movement abnormalities. In the most common variant, Type I, the eye is unable to turn outward to varying degrees from the normal straight ahead position. In addition, when the patient tries to look straight ahead, the eyes may cross. This may lead a person with Duane syndrome to turn his/her head toward one side while viewing objects in front of them in order to better align the eyes. When the involved eye moves toward the nose, the eye retracts slightly back into the eye socket causing a narrowing of the opening between the eyelids. In Type II, the affected eye possesses limited ability to turn inward and is generally outwardly turning. In Type III, the eye has limited inward and outward movement. All three types are characterized by anomalous co-contraction of the medial and lateral rectus muscles, so when the involved eye moves towards the nose, the globe pulls back into the orbit and the vertical space between the eyelids narrows. -
Sixth Nerve Palsy
COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY UPDATE VOLUME 7, NUMBER 5 SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2006 CLINICAL PRACTICE Sixth Nerve Palsy THOMAS J. O’DONNELL, MD, AND EDWARD G. BUCKLEY, MD Abstract. The diagnosis and etiologies of sixth cranial nerve palsies are reviewed along with non- surgical and surgical treatment approaches. Surgical options depend on the function of the paretic muscle, the field of greatest symptoms, and the likelihood of inducing diplopia in additional fields by a given procedure. (Comp Ophthalmol Update 7: xx-xx, 2006) Key words. botulinum toxin (Botox®) • etiology • sixth nerve palsy (paresis) Introduction of the cases, the patients had hypertension and/or, less frequently, Sixth cranial nerve (abducens) palsy diabetes; 26% were undetermined, is a common cause of acquired 5% had a neoplasm, and 2% had an horizontal diplopia. Signs pointing aneurysm. It was noted that patients toward the diagnosis are an who had an aneurysm or neoplasm abduction deficit and an esotropia had additional neurologic signs or increasing with gaze toward the side symptoms or were known to have a of the deficit (Figure 1). The diplopia cancer.2 is typically worse at distance. Measurements are made with the Anatomical Considerations uninvolved eye fixing (primary deviation), and will be larger with the The sixth cranial nerve nuclei are involved eye fixing (secondary located in the lower pons beneath the deviation). A small vertical deficit may fourth ventricle. The nerve on each accompany a sixth nerve palsy, but a side exits from the ventral surface of deviation over 4 prism diopters the pons. It passes from the posterior Dr. O’Donnell is affiliated with the should raise the question of cranial fossa to the middle cranial University of Tennessee Health Sci- additional pathology, such as a fourth fossa, ascends the clivus, and passes ence Center, Memphis, TN. -
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion with Ophthalmoparesis In
[Downloaded free from http://www.neurologyindia.com on Thursday, March 05, 2015, IP: 202.177.173.189] || Click here to download free Android application for this journal Letters to Editor 3. Antic B, Roganovic Z, Tadic R, Ilic S. Chondroma of the cervical spinal canal. Case report. J Neurosurg Sci 1992;36:239-41. Central retinal artery occlusion 4. Baber WW, Numaguchi Y, Kenning JA, Harkin JC. Periosteal chondroma of the cervical spine: One more cause of neural foramen enlargement. with ophthalmoparesis in Surg Neurol 1988;29:149-52. 5. Calderone A, Naimark A, Schiller AL. Case report 196: Juxtacortical spontaneous carotid artery chondroma of C2. Skeletal Radiol 1982;8:160-3. 6. Lozes G, Fawaz A, Perper H, Devos P, Benoit P, Krivosic I, dissection et al. Chondroma of the cervical spine. Case report. J Neurosurg 1987;66:128-30. 7. Maiuri F, Corriero G, De Chiara A, Giamundo A, Benvenuti D, Sir, Gangemi M. Chondroma of the cervical spine: A case report. Acta Neurol Spontaneous carotid arterial dissection is a nontraumatic (Napoli) 1980;2:204-8. tear or disruption in the wall of the internal carotid artery 8. Palaoglu S, Akkas O, Sav A. Chondroma of the cervical spine. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1988;90:253-5. (ICA) without a clear etiology. It represents a major cause 9. Shurland AT, Flynn JM, Heller GD, Golden JA. Tumor of the cervical of stroke in younger patients, comprising about 10–25% spine in an 11-year-old girl [clinical]. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999:287- of ischemic cerebral events. Patients can present with a 90, 293-5. -
Management of Vith Nerve Palsy-Avoiding Unnecessary Surgery
MANAGEMENT OF VITH NERVE PALSY-AVOIDING UNNECESSARY SURGERY P. RIORDAN-E VA and J. P. LEE London SUMMARY for unrecovered VIth nerve palsy must involve a trans Unresolved Vlth nerve palsy that is not adequately con position procedure3.4. The availability of botulinum toxin trolled by an abnormal head posture or prisms can be to overcome the contracture of the ipsilateral medial rectus 5 very suitably treated by surgery. It is however essential to now allows for full tendon transplantation techniques -7, differentiate partially recovered palsies, which are with the potential for greatly increased improvements in amenable to horizontal rectus surgery, from unrecovered final fields of binocular single vision, and deferment of palsies, which must be treated initially by a vertical any necessary surgery to the medial recti, which is also muscle transposition procedure. Botulinum toxin is a likely to improve the final outcome. valuable tool in making this distinction. It also facilitates This study provides definite evidence, from a large full tendon transposition in unrecovered palsies, which series of patients, of the potential functional outcome from appears to produce the best functional outcome of all the the surgical treatment of unresolved VIth nerve palsy, transposition procedures, with a reduction in the need for together with clear guidance as to the forms of surgery that further surgery. A study of the surgical management of 12 should be undertaken in specific cases. The fundamental patients with partially recovered Vlth nerve palsy and 59 role of botulinum toxin in establishing the degree of lateral patients with unrecovered palsy provides clear guidelines rectus function and hence the correct choice of initial sur on how to attain a successful functional outcome with the gery, and as an adjunct to transposition surgery for unre minimum amount of surgery. -
Sixth Nerve Palsy
Sixth Nerve Palsy WHAT IS CRANIAL NERVE VI PALSY? Sixth cranial nerve palsy is weakness of the nerve that innervates the lateral rectus muscle. The lateral rectus muscle rotates the eye away from the nose and when the lateral rectus muscle is weak, the eye crosses inward toward the nose (esotropia). The esotropia is larger when looking at a distant target and looking to same side as the affected lateral rectus muscle. WHAT CAUSES CRANIAL NERVE VI PALSY? The most common causes of sixth cranial nerve palsy are stroke, trauma, viral illness, brain tumor, inflammation, infection, migraine headache and elevated pressure inside the brain. The condition can be present at birth; however, the most common cause in children is trauma. In older persons, a small stroke is the most common cause. Sometimes the cause of the palsy is never determined despite extensive investigation. The sixth cranial nerve has a long course from the brainstem to the lateral rectus muscle and depending on the location of the abnormality, other neurologic structures may be involved. Hearing loss, facial weakness, decreased facial sensation, droopy eyelid and/or abnormal eye movement can be associated, depending on the location of the lesion. DOES SIXTH CRANIAL NERVE PALSY IMPROVE WITH TIME? It is possible for palsies to resolve with time, and the amount of resolution primarily depends on the underlying cause. Palsy caused by viral illness generally resolves completely; whereas palsy caused by trauma is typically associated with incomplete resolution. Maximum improvement usually occurs during the first six months after onset. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF SIXTH NERVE PALSY? Double vision (2 images seen side by side) is the most common symptom. -
Unilateral Optic Disc Swelling Associated with Idiopathic
Images in… BMJ Case Reports: first published as 10.1136/bcr-2017-219559 on 27 March 2017. Downloaded from Unilateral optic disc swelling associated with idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis: a rare cause for a rare clinical finding Rajesh Shankar Iyer,1 S Padmanaban,2 Manoj Ramachandran2 1Department of Neurology, DESCRIPTION CSF culture for fungi and acid-fast bacilli was also KG Hospital, Coimbatore, A woman aged 28 years presented with a 1-year negative. Dural biopsy showed meningeal thickening Tamil Nadu, India fi fl 2Department of history of left-sided headache. The headache was and non-speci c chronic in ammation and lacked Ophthalmology, KG Hospital, continuous and interfering with activities of daily features of granuloma or vasculitis. The biopsy spe- Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India living. She did not have vomiting or visual obscura- cimen was negative for acid-fast bacilli and fungal tions. She developed left-sided sixth nerve palsy and stains. A diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic pachy- Correspondence to facial numbness and was referred to us. On clinical meningitis (IHPM) was made based on the neurora- Dr Rajesh Shankar Iyer, fi [email protected] evaluation, she had left-sided sensorineural deaf- diological ndings of thickened dura, ness. Fundus examination showed optic disc swel- histopathological findings of non-specificinflamma- Accepted 12 March 2017 ling on the left side and a normal right eye (figure tion and exclusion of known causes of chronic 1A). MRI brain with contrast showed features of inflammation. She was initiated on oral prednisone hypertrophic pachymeningitis predominantly affect- 1 mg/kg/day. At 3 months follow-up, she was ing the left side involving the tentorium and cerebral headache-free and the optic disc swelling had cortex (figure 1B, E) and encasing the cavernous resolved. -
Eleventh Edition
SUPPLEMENT TO April 15, 2009 A JOBSON PUBLICATION www.revoptom.com Eleventh Edition Joseph W. Sowka, O.D., FAAO, Dipl. Andrew S. Gurwood, O.D., FAAO, Dipl. Alan G. Kabat, O.D., FAAO Supported by an unrestricted grant from Alcon, Inc. 001_ro0409_handbook 4/2/09 9:42 AM Page 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Eyelids & Adnexa Conjunctiva & Sclera Cornea Uvea & Glaucoma Viitreous & Retiina Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease Oculosystemic Disease EYELIDS & ADNEXA VITREOUS & RETINA Blow-Out Fracture................................................ 6 Asteroid Hyalosis ................................................33 Acquired Ptosis ................................................... 7 Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm............................34 Acquired Entropion ............................................. 9 Retinal Emboli.....................................................36 Verruca & Papilloma............................................11 Hypertensive Retinopathy.....................................37 Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Retinal Telangiectasia...........39 CONJUNCTIVA & SCLERA Ocular Ischemic Syndrome...................................40 Scleral Melt ........................................................13 Retinal Artery Occlusion ......................................42 Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis................................14 Conjunctival Lymphoma .......................................15 NEURO-OPHTHALMIC DISEASE Blue Sclera .........................................................17 Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome ..................................45 -
COVID-19 Presenting with Ophthalmoparesis from Cranial Nerve Palsy Marc Dinkin MD
Published Ahead of Print on May 1, 2020 as 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009700 NEUROLOGY DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009700 COVID-19 presenting with ophthalmoparesis from cranial nerve palsy Marc Dinkin MD1,2, Virginia Gao MD PhD1, Joshua Kahan MBBS PhD1, Sarah Bobker MD1, Marialaura Simonetto MD1, Paul Wechsler MD1, Jasmin Harpe MD1, Christine Greer MD2, Gregory Mints MD3, Gayle Salama MD4, Apostolos John Tsiouris MD4, Dana Leifer MD1 1Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College 2Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College 3Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College 4Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College Corresponding Author: Marc Dinkin, MD, [email protected] Word count (text): 739; Character count with spaces (title): 66; Number of references: 7; Number of tables: 0; Number of figures: 1; Search terms: [360] COVID-19, [142] Viral infections, [186] Neuro-opthalmology, [187] Ocular motility, [194] Diplopia Study funding No targeted funding reported. Disclosure The authors report no relevant disclosures. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Neurological complications of COVID-19 are not well described. We report two patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 after presenting with diplopia and ophthalmoparesis. Case 1: A 36-year-old man with a history of infantile strabismus presented with left ptosis, diplopia and bilateral distal leg paresthesias. He reported subjective fever, cough and myalgias which had developed 4 days earlier and resolved before presentation. Exam was notable for left mydriasis, mild ptosis and limited depression and adduction, consistent with a partial left oculomotor palsy. Abduction was limited bilaterally consistent with bilateral abducens palsies (Figure A). -
Mydriasis Associated with Local Dysfunction of Parasympathetic Nerves in Two Dogs
NOTE Internal Medicine Mydriasis Associated with Local Dysfunction of Parasympathetic Nerves in Two Dogs Teppei KANDA1), Kazuhiro TSUJI1), Keiko HIYAMA2), Takeshi TSUKA1), Saburo MINAMI1), Yoshiaki HIKASA1), Toshinori FURUKAWA3) and Yoshiharu OKAMOTO1)* 1)Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101, Koyama-minami, Tottori 680–8553, 2)Takamori Animal Hospital, 3706–2, Agarimichi, Sakaiminato, Tottori 684–0033 and 3)Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640, Tsurajima-nishinoura, Kurashiki, Okayama 712–8505, Japan. (Received 13 August 2009/Accepted 16 November 2009/Published online in J-STAGE 9 December 2009) ABSTRACT. In clinical practice, photophobia resulting from persistent mydriasis may be associated with dysfunction of ocular parasympa- thetic nerves or primary iris lesions. We encountered a 5-year-old Miniature Dachshund and a 7-year-old Shih Tzu with mydriasis, abnormal pupillary light reflexes, and photophobia. Except for sustained mydriasis and photophobia, no abnormalities were detected on general physical examination or ocular examination of either dog. We performed pharmacological examinations using 0.1% and 2% pilo- carpine to evaluate and diagnose parasympathetic denervation of the affected pupillary sphincter muscles. On the basis of the results, we diagnosed a pupillary abnormality due to parasympathetic dysfunction and not to overt primary iris lesions. The test revealed that neuroanatomic localization of the lesion was postciliary ganglionic in the first dog. KEY WORDS: autonomic nervous system, canine, mydriasis, ophthalmology, tonic pupil. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(3): 387–389, 2010 Mydriasis and miosis are normal physiological reactions and we report herein the clinical features, diagnosis, and that allow the eye to adjust to the level of incoming light. -
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia As a Presenting Feature in a COVID-19-Positive Patient Varshitha Hemanth Vasanthpuram,1 Akshay Badakere 2
Case report BMJ Case Rep: first published as 10.1136/bcr-2021-241873 on 13 April 2021. Downloaded from Internuclear ophthalmoplegia as a presenting feature in a COVID-19- positive patient Varshitha Hemanth Vasanthpuram,1 Akshay Badakere 2 1Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery SUMMARY was unremarkable. His vitals at the time of screening Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, A 58-year -old man presented with vertical diplopia were 94% saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2), Hyderabad, India temperature of 35.8°C and pulse rate of 91 per 2 for 10 days which was sudden in onset. Extraocular Child Sight Institute, Jasti V movement examination revealed findings suggestive minute. His overall systemic status was stable, with Ramanamma Children’s Eye of internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Investigations were no respiratory symptoms noted. Care Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India suggestive of diabetes mellitus, and reverse transcription- PCR for SARS-CoV -2 was positive. At 3 weeks of INVESTIGATIONS follow-up , his diplopia had resolved. Neuro-ophthalmic Correspondence to Extraocular motility examination, the abducting manifestations in COVID-19 are increasingly being Dr Akshay Badakere; nystagmus in the left eye and the saccades were akshaybadakere@ gmail.com recognised around the world. Ophthalmoplegia due indicative of INO. Fatigue and ice pack test were to cranial nerve palsy and cerebrovascular accident negative. Initial blood investigations of complete Accepted 26 March 2021 in COVID-19 has been reported. We report a case blood count, lipid profile and 24- hour urine protein of internuclear ophthalmoplegia in a patient with were within normal range. Fasting and postprandial COVID-19. blood sugar levels were 121 mg/dL and 205 mg/dL, respectively, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 7.5%, suggestive of diabetes mellitus. -
Upper Eyelid Ptosis Revisited Padmaja Sudhakar, MBBS, DNB (Ophthalmology) Qui Vu, BS, M3 Omofolasade Kosoko-Lasaki, MD, MSPH, MBA Millicent Palmer, MD
® AmericAn JournAl of clinicAl medicine • Summer 2009 • Volume Six, number Three 5 Upper Eyelid Ptosis Revisited Padmaja Sudhakar, MBBS, DNB (Ophthalmology) Qui Vu, BS, M3 Omofolasade Kosoko-Lasaki, MD, MSPH, MBA Millicent Palmer, MD Abstract Epidemiology of Ptosis Blepharoptosis, commonly referred to as ptosis is an abnormal Although ptosis is commonly encountered in patients of all drooping of the upper eyelid. This condition has multiple eti- ages, there are insufficient statistics regarding the prevalence ologies and is seen in all age groups. Ptosis results from a con- and incidence of ptosis in the United States and globally.2 genital or acquired weakness of the levator palpebrae superioris There is no known ethnic or sexual predilection.2 However, and the Muller’s muscle responsible for raising the eyelid, dam- there have been few isolated studies on the epidemiology of age to the nerves which control those muscles, or laxity of the ptosis. A study conducted by Baiyeroju et al, in a school and a skin of the upper eyelids. Ptosis may be found isolated, or may private clinic in Nigeria, examined 25 cases of blepharoptosis signal the presence of a more serious underlying neurological and found during a five-year period that 52% of patients were disorder. Treatment depends on the underlying etiology. This less than 16 years of age, while only 8% were over 50 years review attempts to give an overview of ptosis for the primary of age. There was a 1:1 male to female ratio in the study with healthcare provider with particular emphasis on the classifica- the majority (68%) having only one eye affected.