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Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Echoes of Apollo by George Thompson Murdering Apollo: John F Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Echoes of Apollo by George Thompson Murdering Apollo: John F. Kennedy and the retreat from the lunar goal (part 1) What if John F. Kennedy had lived? Would he have canceled the Apollo program, or at least slowed it down? That is a powerful question, and one for which we will never have an answer. However, it is possible that clues to the answer currently exist on an audio tape held at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Unfortunately, that tape will probably not be released for many years to come. Considering that the two nations had been to the brink of nuclear war only a year before, this was a rather startling attempt at rapprochement. It followed a similar proposal that Kennedy had made a month before to Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin. Considering that the two nations had been to the brink of nuclear war only a year before, this was a rather startling attempt at rapprochement. What led to Kennedy’s decision to make this proposal in the UN at that time? Unfortunately, the paper record is insufficient to answer this question. During a March 1964 interview, Kennedy advisor Theodore Sorensen was asked about what motivated Kennedy’s offer to the Soviet Union. Sorensen replied that the high costs of Apollo may have been a factor. “I think he was understandably reluctant to continue that rate of increase. He wished to find ways to spend less money on the program and to cut out the fat which he was convinced was in the budget. How much that motivated his offer to the Russians, though, I don’t know.” But Sorensen admitted that he was not very familiar with the issue. Echoes of a distant past. The answer to the question of why Kennedy made his overture may exist in the form of a tape recording of a meeting between Kennedy and NASA administrator James Webb two days before Kennedy’s speech before the UN. That tape is recording number 111/A46 in the Kennedy Presidential Library (a log of the recordings in the library can be found here.) We know that such recordings can shed substantial light on Kennedy’s thinking on space because of another tape that was released five years ago and gained a surprising amount of media attention in the sleepy month of August 2001. That recording, number 60 in the Kennedy Library, concerned a November 1962 meeting between Kennedy, Webb, and several other top White House and NASA officials to discuss the NASA budget. During that meeting, Kennedy made the comment that “I’m not that interested in space…” explaining that he supported the lunar program because it was a race against the Soviets: “the Soviet Union has made this a test of the system. So that’s why we’re doing it,” Kennedy explained. (In 2002 I assisted NASA in transcribing and analyzing the meeting.) Many people who thought that Kennedy was a space enthusiast were surprised by that tape, and it offers fascinating insight into the deliberations over Apollo at the senior levels of the administration at that time. The tape recording of Kennedy’s September 1963 discussion with Webb could be similarly revelatory. Unfortunately, presidential libraries operate in an unusual legal environment. These audio recordings were originally turned over to the Kennedy Library by the Kennedy family in 1976, and significant numbers of them have been released in the last three decades. Unfortunately, the recordings are not subject to normal review and declassification like other government records, nor can scholars who possess top security clearances listen to them at the library. Apparently, only those scholars who have a special relationship with the Kennedy Library (which usually means a special relationship with the Kennedy family), can gain access to the recordings outside of the normal processing and release schedule. The library’s only comment on this is in the audio recording finding log that states that “Due to the time involved in processing recordings, the Library will continue to process and open remaining material incrementally as it is ready.” But in response to a question, a Kennedy Library spokesman explained that audio recording review and release has been suspended in order to comply with government regulations concerning the declassification of paper records. It is therefore not possible to know when this tape might be reviewed for release. (My own best guess is that it may be five to ten years before the tape is released, based on the very slow rate of progress so far.) Maybe someday, when the Kennedy Library finally releases that last key tape, we may have a little less uncertainty. There is little point in lamenting or fulminating over the fact that historically valuable documents remain inaccessible to historians long after the information they contain is no longer politically or militarily sensitive. Millions of national security documents remain classified even though their release poses no threat to national security. The reasons for this include lack of resources for declassification, larger policy concerns (both legitimate and illegitimate), simple bureaucratic disinterest… and stupidity. It would be hard for a historian to argue that this particular audio recording from September 1963 is more important than other recordings concerning Kennedy’s civil rights, nuclear arms, or Vietnam policies. However, this tape remains one of the key unreleased records on Kennedy’s civilian space policy. Definitive answers are rare when studying history. But maybe someday, when the Kennedy Library finally releases that last key tape, we may have a little less uncertainty. Next Week: on counterfactuals and Kennedy’s possible retreat from Apollo. Dwayne A. Day currently teaches a space policy class at The George Washington University. ⓘ Echoes of Apollo is an international organisation formed in January 2009 by Pat Barthelow and Robert Brand. Robert has worked on international space projects in .. Echoes of Apollo is an international organisation formed in January 2009 by Pat Barthelow and Robert Brand. Robert has worked on international space projects including Apollo 11 communications and Pat has limited experience with Bouncing amateur radio transmissions off the Moon - EME. Echoes of Apollo operates a space oriented science education and outreach program that has a strong focus on space history. It works with groups around the world to promote space and space flight. Its defining message is: Celebrating the past, Living the present; Promoting the future of space exploration. The organization is the creator of World Moon Bounce Day. A global event where both commercial and amateur radio operators bounce signals off the surface of the Moon and back to Earth. World Moon Bounce Day was first celebrated on June 27, 2009 GMT with some events starting some hours earlier. Countries around the world participate as the Earth turns and during a 24-hour event the Moon is visible to all countries. In amateur circles, the activities are also known as EME communications Earth-Moon-Earth. The first World Moon Bounce Day had Apollo astronaut Bill Anders as a guest. His interview was bounced off the Moon as part of the activities. The University of Tasmania in Australia with their 26m dish was able to bounce a data signal off the surface of the Moon which was received by a large dish in the Netherlands. The data signal was successfully resolved back to data setting a world record for the lowest power data signal returned from the Moon with a transmit power of 3mW - about 1.000th of the power of a strong flashlight filament globe. Listen to greetings from children recorded in the Netherlands for the first World Moon Bounce Day and bounced of the Moons surface. The website provides significant information about the Apollo program and the communications network that supported the program. Echoes-From-Apollo. Artifacts from my manned space program collection sending out their long dormant echoes from the Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury Programs. About. Categories. Archives. Search. Apollo 12. August 21, 2014. Apollo 12 Vintage Science Operations Room Console Handbook 1969. Sometimes I see an item and debate whether or not I should buy it. This is one of those items. I thought it over for a few weeks but then decided to take a chance on it and boy am I glad I did. This is one of my surprisingly pleasant little gems! This item belonged to, and was notated by, NASA Flight Controller John Cooper. It is a very cool piece of manned space program history! FRONT COVER. COOPER MADE HANDWRITTEN PENCIL NOTATIONS ON THE BELOW PAGES WHILE MONITORING THE ASTRONAUTS AS PART OF HIS RESPONSIBILITIES AS A FLIGHT CONTROLLER FOR THE APOLLO 12 MISSION. FLIGHT DIRECTORS' MISSION LOG PAGE 1. 'LAUNCHED APOLLO 12 CONRAD GORDON & BEAN SOME STATIC ELECTRICITY DISCHARGE OR HIT BY LIGHTNING DURING LIFT-OFF. THIS ACTIVATED MANY LIGHTS AND ALARMS. NO APPARENT PROBLEMS.' FLIGHT DIRECTORS' MISSION LOG PAGE 4. LM 'LOCATION IS ABOUT 25 FT. IN FRONT OF THE SURVEYOR III CRATER. CONRAD CAN SEE THE SURVEYOR III ABOUT 600' AWAY.' FLIGHT DIRECTORS' MISSION LOG PAGE 5. 'SHADOW OF LM NOW [APPROXIMATELY] 110' PER PLOT.' FLIGHT DIRECTORS' MISSION LOG PAGE 7 'MANNED PLOT POSITION AND REVIEWED THE P ROPOSED TRAVERSE. (SEE LSE 7-6G LM -> ALSEP TO V SIDE -> HEAD TO ROLL RX -> BENCH -> SHARP TR CP GAC -> HALO C,P -> SV III -> BLOCK -> LM)'. THIS IS EXACTLY WHAT COOPER NOTATED ON THE APOLLO 12 LUNAR SURFACE EXPLORATION MAP LSE 7-6G AS SEEN BELOW THIS PAGE. LUNAR SURFACE EXPLORATION MAP 7-6G INSERTED INTO THE HANDBOOK. (INSET BOLD NOTATIONS ADDED BY ME) Cooper penciled in this diagram as it pertained to the Apollo 12 EVA activity.
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