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Planning Intervention Strategies for Child Laborers in Ghana

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Planning Intervention Strategies for Child Laborers in Ghana Prepared by: CREATIVE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL, INC. L. Diane Mull, Senior Associate / ECACL Activity Coordinator Kevin Elkins, Program Associate and The African Centre for Human Development Planning Intervention Strategies for Child Laborers in Ghana Final Report Education to Combat Abusive Child Labor (ECACL) Basic Education and Policy Support (BEPS) Activity Contract No. HNE-I-00-00-00038-00 Task Order No. 09 Prepared for: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Africa Bureau August 6, 2002 INDEX OF KEY TERMS ACHD African Centre For Human Development Abuna Sharecropping agreement where tenet farmer receives half of the total Abusa Sharecropping agreement where tenet farmer receives a third of the total AED Academy for Educational Development CEDEP Centre For The Development Of People CING Children in Need, Ghana CMC Cocoa Marketing Company CRIG Cocoa Research Institute Of Ghana CRS Catholic Relief Services DANIDA Danish Agency for Development Assistance DFID Department for International Development FAWE Forum For African Women Educationalists FCUBE Free, Compulsory & Universal Basic Education GNCC Ghana National Commission On Children IMF International Monetary Fund IPEC International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor JSS Junior Secondary School Kayaye Child workers who have traveled from the North to work in the southern regions. MOE Ministry of Education MOU Memorandum of Understanding NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPRP National Poverty Reduction Programme P Primary School PDA Participatory Development Associates QUIPS The Quality Improvement in Primary Schools Project SIMPOC Statistical Information Monitoring Programme on Child Labour SSS Senior Secondary School STCP Sustainable Tree Crops Program UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nation’s Children Fund World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... vi 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scope and Methodology ............................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Scope...........................................................................................................................2 1.1.2 Methodology ...............................................................................................................2 1.1.3 Outputs and Results ....................................................................................................3 1.2 Trip Itinerary (May 6 – May 26).............................................................................. 4 1.3 Country Profile .......................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Development and Basic Services .............................................................................. 8 2 EDUCATION .................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.1 Regional disparities...................................................................................................12 2.1.2 Teachers ....................................................................................................................12 2.1.3 School Management and Decision Making ..............................................................12 2.1.4 Reasons Children are not in school...........................................................................13 2.1.5 Gender disparities .....................................................................................................14 2.2 Education Development Programs ........................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Free, Compulsory, Universal, Basic Education ........................................................14 2.2.2 Other national programs............................................................................................15 3 AGRICULTURE............................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 Cocoa Production......................................................................................................17 3.1.2 Land tenure ...............................................................................................................18 3.1.3 Labor.........................................................................................................................19 3.1.4 Marketing..................................................................................................................20 4 CHILD LABOR POLICY.............................................................................................. 21 4.1 International Conventions and Programs............................................................. 21 4.1.1 ILO Convention of the Rights of the Child...............................................................22 4.1.2 ILO Convention 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labor........................................22 iii 4.2 National Laws and Programs ................................................................................. 24 4.2.1 National Constitution of Ghana ................................................................................25 4.2.2 Children’s Act, 1998 (Act 560).................................................................................25 4.2.3 Criminal Procedure Code of 1960.............................................................................26 5 FINDINGS OF THE PLANNING ANALYSIS ........................................................... 27 5.1 The Child Labor Situation...................................................................................... 27 5.1.1 Agricultural Production.............................................................................................28 5.1.2 Cocoa production ......................................................................................................29 5.1.3 Trafficking and Forced Labor ...................................................................................31 5.1.4 Kayaye and petty trading ..........................................................................................34 5.1.5 Gold Mining..............................................................................................................35 5.1.6 Apprentices ...............................................................................................................37 5.1.7 Commercial sexual exploitation................................................................................38 5.1.8 Street children ...........................................................................................................38 5.1.9 Fishing.......................................................................................................................38 5.1.10 Shepherding ..............................................................................................................39 5.2 Summary of findings ............................................................................................... 40 5.2.1 Education ..................................................................................................................40 5.2.2 Housing and Basic Services......................................................................................42 5.2.3 Labor Standards and Compliance .............................................................................43 6 RELEVANT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS............................................................ 44 6.1 International Programs........................................................................................... 44 6.1.1 International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor. ..................................44 6.1.2 United Nations Children’s Fund ...............................................................................45 6.1.3 The World Bank........................................................................................................45 6.2 Government Programs............................................................................................ 46 6.2.1 Ghana National Commission on Children ................................................................46 6.2.2 Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs..............................................................46 6.2.3 National Child Labor Steering Committee ...............................................................46 6.2.4 National Poverty Reduction Program .......................................................................46 6.2.5 District Planning Offices...........................................................................................47 6.3 NGO Projects and Programs.................................................................................. 47 6.3.1 Quality Improvement in Primary Schools Project ....................................................47 6.3.2 African Centre for Human Development..................................................................47 6.3.3 Save the Children UK ...............................................................................................48 6.3.4 Kuapa Kokoo Union .................................................................................................48 6.3.5 Action Aid.................................................................................................................48
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