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The Wax Gourd, a Year-Round Florida Vegetable with Unusual Keeping Quality

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The Wax Gourd, a Year-Round Florida Vegetable with Unusual Keeping Quality 104 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1971 THE WAX GOURD, A YEAR-ROUND FLORIDA VEGETABLE WITH UNUSUAL KEEPING QUALITY Julia F. Morton, tially fill the central cavity, together with lightly attached partitions of pithy tissue. Morton Collectanea, University of Miami Origin and Distribution Coral Gables According to Alphonse de Candolle, the wax It is surprising to find that a vegetable product gourd was early observed growing wild in Japan which has been raised on a small yet commercial and on the seashore in Java and in Queensland, basis in Florida for several decades for local sale Australia. He believed that its cultivation in China and shipment to northern markets has never be "dates from the remotest antiquity" (14). It is fore received mention in the Proceedings of the today commonly grown throughout the Old World Florida State Horticultural Society and is un Tropics (up to 4,000 ft. elevation) (16) and wher known to most Florida residents. ever there are Oriental communities in warm The wax gourd, Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) parts of the western hemisphere, including north Cogn., syns. B. cerifera Savi; Cucurbita vacua ern South America,, Central America, the West F.v.M., is called tung kua (or zit-kwa when im Indies, Bahamas, South Florida and California. mature) in China; petJia, generally, in India; It is not well suited to a very humid tropical kondoly in the Philippines; kondot or condor in climate such as in southern Malaya (9). Since it Guam; fak kio in Thailand; bleego in Java; and has a short season, it may be grown in the summer calabaza china or calabaza blanca in Spanish-speak in the temperate zones. First grown in the United ing countries, and has several alternate English States at the New York Agricultural Experiment names: white gourd; white pumpkin; tallow gourd; Station in 1884 (32), and reintroduced in 1892 (6), ash gourd; ash pumpkin; gourd melon; winter the wax gourd has been the subject of repeated melon; Chinese watermelon; or Chinese preserving introductions through the U.S. Department of melon. The genus (of which this is the sole species) Agriculture.* From the plant explorers' notes, it is named after the Italian count, Giuseppe Benin is apparent that they were impressed with the casa, founder of the botanical garden at Pisa. popularity, utility and keeping quality of the various types they encountered (35). Description Culture The plant resembles that of the pumpkin. It The wax gourd is easier to grow than any is an annual, creeping vine with thick, furrowed other cucurbit, whether allowed to spread on the stems bearing coarse hairs, tendrils and roughly triangular leaves, deeply cleft at the base and more or less irregularly lobed; downy on both *Among early U.S. introductions: PI 2012, W. Swingle, from France, 1899; PI 2936, B. Lathrop and D. Fairchild, surfaces; 4 to 10 inches long and 4 to 8 inches from Panama, 1899; PI 4999, Suzuki & Iida, N.Y., from Japan, 1900; PI 5399, D. Prain, Supt. Roy. Bot. Gard.. wide. The flowers are golden-yellow, 2% to SV2 Calcutta, 1900; PI 17967, W. Lyon, from Manila, 1906; PI inches wide, on hairy stalks: % to 1Y2 inches long 21801, A. Gage, Supt. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta, 1908; PI 23938, F. Meyer, from Peking, 1908; PI 32104, C. Piper, from on the female and 2 to 6 inches long on the male. Madras, 1911; PI 33626, C. Piper, from Calcutta, 1912; PI 33149, Dir. Mus. Nat. Hist., Paris, 1912; PI 34458, W. The fruits, exceedingly hairy when young, may Popenoe, from Saharanpur, 1912; PI 41492, E. Widler, from be oblong, oblate or globular and may reach 4 ft. Chungking, 1915; PI 45449, H. Gee, from Soochow, (now Wuhsien), 1917; PI 48553, J. Norton, from Foochow (now in length and 2 ft. in diameter, and attain a Minhow). 1919; PI 54426, F. McClure, from Canton, 1921; weight of 30 or 40 lbs. While the thin, tough skin PI 59390, Dir. Bot. Gard., U. of Cambridge, Eng., 1924; PI 61905, P. Dorsett, from Shanghai, 1924; PI 62400, P. is actually light- or dark-green, it is coated with Dorsett, from Peking, 1924; PI 63909, P. Dorsett, from Loutai. near Peking, 1925; PI 02241, R. Bourgeois, from St. a preservative layer of white, chalky wax and in Quentin, France, 1925; PI {J6065-7, F. McClure, from some varieties also bears, even when full-grown, Kwangsi & Kwantung Provs., China, 1925; PI 71269-70, F. McClure, from Nanking, 1926 ; PI 172908, F. McClure, from a dense pelt of pale-grey, minute hairs. The thick Luchowfu, China, 1926; PI 93809, F. Dickinson, from Cheng- flesh is snow-white, crisp and juicy and very mild tu, China, 1931; PI 92800-04, P. Dorsett and W. Morse, from Peiping, 1931; PI 93475, S. Hsiao, from Wuchang, China, in flavor. Numerous oval, flat but thick-edged, 1931; PI 93003-6, P. Dorsett and W. Morse, from Hangchow, Paotingfu and Shanghai, 1931; PI 122796, Dir. of Agr., light-brown seeds, to Y2 inch in length, only par Kashmir, 1936; PI 122166, W. Koelz, Darjeeling, 1937. MORTON: THE WAX GOURD 105 ground or trained to climb a support. In the latter case, a very strong trellis is required and, there fore, in the Far East the vine is often planted close to a dwelling or shed so that the heavy fruits come to rest on the roof (16), or it is placed so that it may ascend a convenient tree (22). Firm- inger relates that while other products, in such exposed situations might be stolen, a religious respect for this fruit protects it from theft (15). The plant thrives in almost any type of well- drained garden soil—sandy, loam or clay. Ideal pH range is 5.5 to 6.4. The crop does best in full sun at temperatures between 75 and 80°P. Excessive humidity and prolonged overcast have unfavorable effects on plant health and productivity (30). Fertilizer: Where cured manure is available, it is worked into the soil before planting (20-25 tons/ha.) and also applied as a side-dressing when the plants have grown a little. Ammonium sulphate (150 kg. per ha.) may be added in two treatments, one at the beginning of plant growth, the other at Figure 1.—The wax gourd (Benincasa hispida Cogn.) in flowering time (60-80 days from seeding). If Mrs. Chow's garden on Coral Way near 170th Avenue, No there is a phosphate or potassium deficiency in vember, 196U. Young shoots such as that in the foreground may be cooked as greens. the field, these elements must be supplied in the JKhoto by Julia Morton. fertilizer (30). Planting: The seeds remain viable for 10 years for the melon fly. He maintains 25 hives of honey (36) and germinate in 1 or 2 weeks. In truck bees to insure pollination and full seed develop gardens, they are sown on the tops of the ridges ment in this crop and his other cucurbits. in deeply furrowed fields. Mechanical planters place the seeds singly about 2 inches apart. When Season the seedlings reach about 6 inches in height, they are thinned out, the strongest plants being left In tropical and subtropical regions, the wax approximately 5 ft. apart. Weeding and tilling gourd may be planted at any time of year. George during the early stages are conducive to good Fong says that he can produce 3 crops annually growth and heavy bearing. but he usually plants in late July and harvests Irrigation: The wax gourd is relatively drought- at the end of November; plants again in late De tolerant. In India, the furrows are flooded at cember and harvests at the end of March. In weekly intervals during the dry season but not in northern India, where there is danger of frost, the rainy period unless there has been no precipi there is no winter production and only 2 crops a tation for 10 or 12 days. year, the first planted in February or March and the second in June or July (30). Pests and Diseases: Indian growers are troubled mainly by fruit fly attacks on young fruits; red pumpkin beetles and aphids on the tender seed Yield lings; and jassids which suck mature leaves. Lin- The harvest in India ranges from 100 to 300 dane is used to control the beetles and Malathion quintals per hectare (30). (1 quintal = 220.46 for the other pests. Powdery mildew is treated lbs.). From one 2-acre plot Mr. Fong harvested with sulphur dust (except in hot weather) or and sent to New York this summer two trailer- Karathane (30). truck loads of wax gourds. He also supplied his In Florida, wax gourd culture presents few retail outlet in Miami, as well as keeping an over problems. George Fong, who grows this and other flow of perhaps 100 fruits spread out along his Oriental vegetables near Lake Worth, on sandy driveway for direct sale. Last year he shipped a marl, says that he uses a high phosphate fertilizer total of 18,000 lbs. of wax gourds to New York applied 3 times per crop; floods the furrows only dealers. The wholesale price ranged from 10 to 15 twice; and has to apply insecticide every 2 weeks cents a pound. However, I have paid $1.85 for a 106 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1971 small fruit (8 inches in diameter) purchased in Miami. Keeping Quality Chung and Ripperton declare: "The outstanding feature of the melon is its wonderful keeping quality when fully matured. It will remain sound for 6 to 12 months if it is not injured." (13).
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