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The Profiteers of Fear?

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The Profiteers of Fear? Niko Hatakka The Profiteers of Fear? Right-wing Populism and the COVID-19 Crisis in Europe Finland FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG Europe needs social democracy! Why do we really want Europe? Can we demonstrate to European citizens the opportunities offered by social politics and a strong social democracy in Europe? This is the aim of the new Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung project »Politics for Europe«. It shows that European integration can be done in a democratic, economic and socially balanced way and with a reliable foreign policy. The following issues will be particularly important: – Democratic Europe – Social and ecological transformation – Economic and social policy in Europe – Foreign and security policy in Europe We focus on these issues in our events and publications. We provide impetus and offer advice to decision-makers from politics and trade unions. Our aim is to drive the debate on the future of Europe forward and to develop specific proposals to shape central policy areas. With this publication series we want to engage you in the debate on the »Politics for Europe«! About this publication This paper analyses, how the Finnish far right has reacted to the government’s handling of COVID-19 and the economic consequences of the virus during its first wave. It explains, how the populist radical right Finns Party has remained reason- ably reserved in its criticism, and how the party has attempted to avoid affiliation with the Finnish online far right. Instead of uniting Finnish far right actors, COVID-19 has reinvigorated coalition building potential especially between the centre right and the populist radical right. About the author Dr Niko Hatakka is a Research Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Parliamentary Studies at the University of Turku. Responsible for this publication within the FES Dr Philipp Fink, head of FES in the Nordic Countries Dr Thomas Manz, head of FES in France Dr Tobias Mörschel, head of FES in Italy Further information on the project can be found here: fes.de/c19rex 1 The Profiteers of Fear? Right-wing Populism and the COVID-19 Crisis in Europe Finland When the Finnish government decided to halt incoming in- THE FINNS PARTY’S CALM RESPONSES TO ternational travel in the early spring of 2020, the ministers RESTRICTIONS laughed. Just under a year ago, the Social Democrats (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) had won over the The Finns Party is the only populist radical right party in the Finns Party (Perussuomalaiset) with a margin of one parlia- Finnish parliament. Since 2011, the party has been among mentary seat to form a centre-left coalition government with the three largest parliamentary parties and currently has 39 the Green League (Vihreä liitto), Left Alliance (Vasemmistoli- members of parliament (MPs) in the 200-seat Eduskunta. Af- itto), Centre Party (Suomen Keskusta), and the Swedish Peo- ter a successful renewal of the party leadership in 2017 fol- ple’s party (Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue). The irony of the lowed by vast programmatic work, the party became ideo- decision to limit international mobility to an unprecedented logically more akin to European populist radical right parties degree was not lost on the governmental parties’ leaders: yet managed to retain its support in the 2019 parliamentary while the country’s primary anti-immigration party sat firmly elections. The current government led by progressive left- in the opposition, it was a left-wing-led government that wing environmentalists has provided the Finns Party the per- would actually close the borders. fect target for launching rhetorical attacks from the opposi- tion. Consequently, before the pandemic, the Finns Party The Finnish government’s efforts to curb the first wave of was enjoying its highest support to date, reaching over 24 COVID-19 have been viewed a success as the Finnish num- per cent in the polls. However, during the first months of the bers of infections and deaths have remained comparably pandemic, the party lost nearly six percentage points in low. In March, the government declared a state of emergen- polled support as voters seemed to rally around the leader- cy and instated strict restrictions that included, for example, ship of Prime Minister Sanna Marin. By the autumn of 2020, stopping most international travel, closing schools, banning the party’s support has stabilised around 19 per cent, rough- meetings of more than 10 people, preventing non-essential ly corresponding to the party’s current parliamentary rep- travel in and out of the Uusimaa region surrounding the Finn- resentation. Thus, the public health crisis has not turned out ish capital, and recommending remote working. to be a crippling crisis for the Finns Party’s support. After the state of emergency was lifted in May, the responsi- The central party organisation’s reactions to the handling of bility over public response to potentially re-emerging local the health crisis have remained relatively calm and moderate. epidemics was transferred to regional health officials. They On its official platforms, the party’s core institutional leaders have continued implementing a strategy based on wide- have not widely attacked the government’s strategies to curb spread testing, tracking, and containing of infections. How- the infection rate and have even regarded most of the gov- ever, as the epidemic started to show signs of re-escalating ernment’s restrictions as vital. The party has also refrained into a second wave in autumn, entry restrictions were rein- from framing compliance with health officials’ recommenda- troduced by the government. tions as a matter of ideology, as such a pursuit would appear utterly irresponsible in the Finnish context. In fact, the party How has the only Finnish right-wing populist parliamentary has widely endorsed, for example, a comprehensive mask party reacted to the public health crisis and the government’s recommendation (Perussuomalainen 2020a). Compared to actions during the first wave of the virus outbreak? What do many other countries where masks have become political the Finns Party’s communications tell us about the role of signifiers and wearing or refusing one can be regarded a po- COVID-19 in advocating for populist radical right demands? litical act, the public health crisis did not become as polarised And how have the party’s efforts to remain moderate during in Finland during the first wave. the crisis been affected by far right online communications beyond the control of the Finns Party’s organisation? As the Finnish government exerted rather authoritarian measures within the limits of the Emergency Powers Act and the constitution, the Finns Party has had little room to de- mand stricter restrictions to citizens’ freedoms in order to protect the Finnish population. However, in the spring, the leader of the party’s parliamentary group entertained the FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – POLITICS FOR EUROPE 2 Figure 1 Finland – National Parliament Voting Intention Social Democratic Party of Finland (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) 30,00 % Finns Party (Perussuomalaiset) 25,00 % National Coaltion Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus) 20,00 % Centre Party (Suomen Keskusta) Green League (Vihreä liitto) 15,00 % Left Alliance (Vasemmistoliitto) 10,00 % Swedish People´s Party (Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue) 5,00 % Christian Democrats (Kristillisdemokraatit) 0,00 % Jul 19 Jul 20 Movement now (Liike Nyt) Jan 19 Jun 19 Jun 20 Oct 19 Feb 20 Sep 19 Oct 20 Sep 20 Apr 20 Dec 19 Nov 19 Mar 20 Aug 19 Aug 20 May 19 May 20 Election 2019 Election Other Source: Yle (27.10.2020). idea of implementing wider business closures to »suffocate 2017 leadership change. In the initial stage of the pandemic, the epidemic« in order to allow a swifter reopening of the party leader Jussi Halla-aho even urged party members and economy instead of lifting more lenient restrictions gradually activists to ease up on unnecessarily chastising the govern- (Perussuomalainen 2020b). Also, the party’s politicians ment and to stick to »factual politics« (Halla-aho 2020). wished to extend the duration of the Uusimaa lockdown and However, as the party’s online presence relies heavily on even hinted at hopes of the president taking over operation- de-centralised online communications that allow the party to al leadership of the government (Suomen Uutiset 2020a; adopt ambivalent stances especially on controversial issues, Suomen Uutiset 2020b), despite the fact that both measures the party’s individual politicians and activists have been sig- would have been not only authoritarian but also unconstitu- nificantly more confrontational in challenging the govern- tional. Regardless, most of the party’s criticisms of the meas- ment’s actions. Still, the party has avoided widespread jour- ures to curb the infection rate have not challenged the gov- nalistic and civic scrutiny targeting individual Finns Party ernment’s strategy head-on, but relied on, for example, politicians’ participation in, for example, the dissemination of pointing out flaws and inconsistencies in the government’s COVID-19-related online disinformation. communications and lambasting the state’s failed attempts to procure adequate-quality protective equipment (Perus- The coronavirus has not significantly mobilised the Finnish suomalainen 2020c). extra-parliamentary far right, which consists of several small radical-right and extreme-right organisations and loose movements plagued by infighting, organisational
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