Draft: 02/01/07

Timeline of key events: War on Terrorism Frontline, “Target America: Terrorist attacks on Americans 1979-1988; “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis” by David Patrick Houghton) Book Excerpt: “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis” by David Patrick Houghton http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cPf-vBzU46EC&oi=fnd&pg=RA1- PR9&sig=2eeandpwKmlNBoO5QnK52DU98eg&dq=%22Houghton%22+%22US+Forei gn+Policy+and+the+Iran+Hostage+Crisis%22+ Hostage Diary: “Iran Hostage's Diary” by Robert C. Ode http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/r_ode/index.phtml

“The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11,” by Lawrence Wright; Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder Profile: Ayman al-Zawahiri, 2/2/06 - ONLINE

Photo: MSN Encarta http://encarta.msn.com/media_461550767/Assassination_of_Sadat.html Profile of Egyptian Islamic Jihad: MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=3611

Beirut Memorial, “U.S. Embassy Bombing,” http://www.beirut- memorial.org/history/embassy.html)

http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/05/30/iran.barracks.bombing/

Arlington National Cemetery archives, http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wbuckley.htm; San Francisco Chronicle, “CIA stand on harsh interrogations reflect agency’s unique culture,” 10/25/06)

Obituary for William Buckley: Arlington Cemeter http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wbuckley.htm Magazine article: Time, “Lebanon Hostage Release: David Jacobsen's freeing raises hopes for more to come,” Nov. 10, 1986 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962806-1,00.html

Associated Press Worldstream, “U.S. offers up to $5 million for information on hijackers of an American TWA jetliner in 1985,” 6/29/05; State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1985,” report released October 1986.)

BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/30/newsid_2527000/2527337.stm Radio obituary: NPR’s Weekend Edition, “The Heroine of Flight 847” by Scott Simon http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4514820

World News Briefs; 600 Flee Achille Lauro, Ablaze Off East Africa New York Times http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDE1130F933A05752C1A96295 8260 Updated News: Guardian Unlimited, “Achille Lauro plotter caught,” April 16, 2003 http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,937919,00.html

Council on Foreign Relations, “Backgrounder: Abu Nidal Organization,” updated 10/05)

Additional Resources: Backgrounder on Abu Nidal: Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/publication/9153/

US State Department: Significant terrorist incidents 1961-2003 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/5902.htm

BBC News, “Lockerbie: 10 years on,” 2/16/99; State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1991;” “The 9/11 Commission Report,” authorized edition)

Update: CNS News, “Pan Am 103 Families Still Waiting for Libya to Meet Pledge” http://www.cnsnews.com/news/viewstory.asp?Page=/Politics/archive/200612/POL20061 222a.html Official Site: Victims of Pan Am Flight 103 home page http://web.syr.edu/~vpaf103/

ONLINE (source: Frontline, “Timeline: Al Qaeda’s Global Context”; Intelligence report, “Usama Bin Ladin Links to a Southern Yemeni Group,” 5/5/97

Additional Resources: Online Report: Yemen Gateway, “Yemen and Osama bin Laden” http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/data/laden.htm

BBC News, “On This Day: Feb. 26, 1993”) Firefighters’ perspective: FDNY, “The day the world shook” http://www.fdnewyork.com/wtc.asp

Backgrounder: National Interest, “Who is Ramzi Yousef?” http://www.fas.org/irp/world/iraq/956-tni.htm

“Afghanistan under the Taliban,” by Barnett R. Rubin, director of the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, published in “Current History,” 01/02/99; Online NewsHour transcription: “Bin Laden’s Fatwa;”

Text of fatwa: Online NewsHour http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html

The New York Times, “Witness Describes Break with Group Led by Bin Laden,” 2/8/01

Magazine article: New Yorker, “The clandestine life of America’s top Al Qaeda source” http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060911fa_fact Radio Update: NPR Morning Edition, “Hung for bin Laden shifts gears” http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5529208

U.S. Department of Justice, statement of the U.S. Attorney General, 6/21/01; “The New Terrorism: The Nature of the War on Terrorism,” by Michael W. Kometer, Major, USAF School of Advanced Airpower Studies http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel01/khobar.pdf Newspaper article: Washington Post, “9/11 Panel Links Al Qaeda, Iran; Bin Laden May Have Part in Khobar Towers, Report Says” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A6581-2004Jun25.html

White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security; Final Report to President Clinton, Feb. 12, 1997)

(source: BBC News, “On This Day: Aug. 7, 1998” – ONLINE

Additional Resources: Trial archive: U.S. State Department http://usinfo.state.gov/is/international_security/terrorism/embassy_bombings/embassy_tri al_archive.html Special Report: Online NewsHour http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/embassy_bombing/map.html

1999 – Millennium Plot Discovered December 48.11,-123.00 Washington State border patrol stops Algerian Ahmed Ressam; finds bomb intended for LAX. Ressam, living in Canada and trained in Al Qaeda camps, raises suspicions with a U.S. customs officer at Port Angeles near Seattle. Inside his car, agents find 100 pounds of explosives. In trial testimony, Ressam admits to plotting to explode the bomb in the Los Angeles airport; two other accomplices who were to accompany him had been detained by London Immigration. ALL ONLINE (source: Frontline, “Ahmed Ressam’s Millennium Plot;” Washington Post, “Guarding America's Border:

Additional Resources: Backgrounder on Millennium Plot: Globalsecurity.org http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/millenium-plot.htm Online report: Frontline, “Trail of a terrorist” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/trail/inside/cron.html

The Associated Press, “Yemeni authorities arrested Al Qaeda-linked suspect believed involved in USS Cole bombing,” 4/22/04; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, “Yemeni official tied to USS Cole plot,” 8/26/04; Chicago Tribune, “Nine arrested in attack on USS Cole,” 3/17/04)

Photo: Encarta.msn.com http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/share med/targets/images/pho/35a5f/35a5f836.jpg&imgrefurl=http://encarta.msn.com/media_7 01639163_761564344_- 1_1/Bombing_of_USS_Cole.html&h=338&w=450&sz=26&hl=en&start=18&tbnid=3yU BLuNe1xnpTM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DUSS%2BCole%26svnu m%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/cole1.htm

Coalition: http://www.centcom.mil/sites/uscentcom1/Shared% 20Documents/Coalition.aspx; Aljazeera.com, “War on Terrorism,” 1/1/03)

Time, “The Shoe Bomber’s World,” posted 2/16/02; http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,203478,00.html

Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, “Shoe Bomber Sentenced to Life in Prison,” 1/30/03)

Council on Foreign Relations, “The Axis of Evil: Interview with Warren Bass, senior fellow, Middle East studies, 2/2/02; The Washington Post, “Bush's ‘Axis of Evil’ Comes Back to Haunt United States,” 10/10/06

Analysis: Online NewsHour http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/jan-june02/axis_1-30.html Analysis: Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/publication/4376/axis_of_evil.html?breadcrumb=%2Fpublication%2F publication_list%3Ftype%3Dinterview%26page%3D30

BBC News, “U.S. detainees get Geneva rights,” 7/11/06; CBC News Indepth: Guantanamo Bay, 7/11/06

Special Report: CBC News In Depth http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/guantanamo/

Profile: BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4720962.stm

Online NewsHour, “Background Report: The Homeland Security Advisory System,” 5/15/03; Christian Science Monitor, “Terror alert syste: How it’s working,” 8/4/04)

Additional Resources: News article: Washington Post, “Ridge: Nation at Third Level of Five-Stage Alert System” http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp- dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A12745-2002Mar12¬Found=true

News article: CBS News, “Ted Kennedy's Airport Adventure Senator Told He Can't Board Plane Because He's On 'Watch' List” http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/06/terror/main610466.shtml

http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/06/15/karachi.blast.investigation/in dex.html Karachi attack could signal al Qaeda comeback CNN World

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2044359.stm Bush condemns 'radical killers' BBC News

BBC News, “The Bali Bombing Commander,” updated 6/2/03; BBC News, “Bali death toll set at 202,” 2/19/03; Council on Foreign Relations, “Backgrounder: Jemaah Islamiyah Backgrounder: Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/publication/8948/

http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/11/20/facts.homeland/index.html --

Statement by Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff Before the House Government Reform Committee, 6/6/95;

Official TSA guide for airline passengers http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/prohibited/permitted-prohibited-items.shtm

Agence France-Presse, “4 sentenced to death for Casablanca bombings,” 8/20/03; The New York Times, “Morocco Bombing Trial,” 9/12/03)

Backgrounder on Salafia Jihadia: MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4257

Perspective: USA Today, “Muslim support of suicide bombing wanes,” July 7, 2005 http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-07-14-suicide-attack-support_x.htm

NewsHour, “Abu Musab al-Zarqawi’s Role,” 10/26/03; Discussion: NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, “Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi's Role” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec05/abu_10-26.html

Council on Foreign Relations, Profile: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, http://www.cfr.org/publication/9866/, 6/8/06)

Profile of Zarqawi: Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/publication/9866/

BBC News, “Istanbul rocked by double bombing,” 11/20/03, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3222608.stm

U.S. State Department, Turkey: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices; Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 25, 2004, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27869.htm)

Perspective: Christian Science Monitor, “Al Qaeda’s reach grows with help from Web” http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1120/p02s02-wome.html

USA Today, “Judge indicts 29 over Madrid terror bombings,” 4/11/06; The Washington Post, “29 Indicted for Roles In Madrid Bombings; Judge Says Al Qaeda Inspired Local Cell,” 4/12/06)

Special report: CNN, “Massacre in Madrid” http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/madrid.bombing/ Interactive map: BBC News, “Madrid Train Attacks” http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/europe/ 05/madrid_bombings/img/map.gif&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/euro pe/05/madrid_bombings/html/1.stm&h=263&w=416&sz=21&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=jcg 4Prj6jqaAqM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmadrid%2Bbombings%2 6svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

CNN, “Jordan says major al Qaeda plot disrupted,” 4/26/04;

National Review, “Why Jordan?,” 11/10/05) http://www.nationalreview.com/robbins/robbins200511100819.asp

Special Report: CNN, “Tracking Terrorism: Al Zarqawi and Al Qaeda in Jordan” http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/11/11/zarqawi.jordan/index.html

http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/12/08/2003214236 Al Qaeda Claims Jeddah Attack Taipei Times

http://www.somalilandtimes.net/Archive/39/3907.htm Al Qaeda Gearing Up for Offensive in Saudi Arabia? Somaliland Times

BBC News, “On This Day: July 7, 2005; BBC News, “In Depth: London Attacks,” 7/6/06) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk/2005/london_explosions/default.stm

Radio Report: Eyewitness accounts as it unfolds on the John Gaunt show from morning of 7/7/2005 http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/aod/networks/london/aod.shtml?london/jongaunt_bombings#

The Associated Press, “Egypt's Top Cleric Rails Against Terrorism,” 7/29/05 - ONLINE

News Account: Associated Press/Taipei Times, “Top Muslim cleric denounces Egyptian resort attacks” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/07/31/2003265808

Chicago Tribune, “Bin Laden warns of attacks; first audio message in year offers vague talk of ‘truce,’” 1/20/06; Aljazeera.com, “Bin Laden warns the U.S. of more attacks,” 1/19/06) News account: Al Jazeera, “Bin Laden offers America truce” http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=18136

Transcription of taped message: BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4628932.stm

The New York Times, “Moussaoui given life term by jury over link to 9/11,” 5/4/06; ABC News Transcripts, World News Tonight, “Message from bin Laden; Zacarias Moussaoui not a part of the 9/11 attacks,” 5/23/06)

Audio of Sept. 11 911 calls: NPR.org http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5658950

Text of indictment against Moussaoui http://www.msnbc.com/modules/wtc/moussaoui_indictment/default.asp?p=1&cp1=1

ALL ONLINE (source: The Associated Press, “Rumsfeld hails death of al-Zarqawi,” 6/9/06, The Irish Times, “Zarqawi death divides opinion in Arab media,” 6/10/06)

Narrated slideshow: Washington Post, “Insurgent Leader Al-Zarqawi Killed in Iraq” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/gallery/2006/06/08/GA2006060800511_index_frames.htm?startat=undefine d Poll results: CBS News, “Despite Zarqawi Death, Most Americans Say War's Going Badly” http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/12/opinion/polls/main1703346.shtml

The Associated Press Worldstream, “British authorities thwart terror plot to blow up aircraft over Atlantic,” 8/10/06; The New York Times, “British Authorities Say Plot to Blow Up Airliners Was Foiled,” 8/10/06)

Report on investigation: Financial Times, “MI5 tracked group for a year” http://www.ft.com/cms/s/cbed2e12-28b5-11db-a2c1-0000779e2340.html Statement from DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff: http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1158349923199.shtm

NewsHour with Jim Lehrer transcript, “Intelligence report finds war increasing terrorist threat,” 9/25/06;

Pittsburgh Tribune Review, “Iraq becomes voters top concern,” 11/3/06)

Declassified document: “Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate .Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States,” April 2006 http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/Declassified_NIE_Key_Judgments.pdf

Washington Post, “Spy Agencies Say Iraq War Hurting U.S. Terror Fight” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/09/23/AR2006092301130.html

Draft:02/01/07

Timeline of key events: War in Afghanistan

“Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982” by M. Hassan Kakar; “The Long Hunt for Osama,” Atlantic Monthly, October 2004 http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/bergen)

Book Excerpt: Kakar, M. Hassan Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1995. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7b69p12h/ Documents: CNN Cold War Interactive, “U.S. Memos on Afghanistan” http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/20/documents/brez.carter/

“Taliban,” by Ahmed Rashid, Ch. 10, footnote 6; ; Journal of Counterterrorism and Homeland Security International,)

Magazine article: Slate: “Abdullah Azzam: The godfather of jihad” by Chris Suellentrop http://www.slate.com/id/2064385/

http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0914/p6s1-wogi.html Origins of Bin Laden’s Network Christian Science Monitor

The Washington Post, “Who Is He? The making of the world's most dangerous terrorist, in the words of those who've met him,” 1/22/06. Sunday Times London, “The World’s Most Wanted,” 1/22/06)

In-Depth Online Article: CBC News Online, “Who is Osama bin Laden?” http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/osamabinladen/

U.N. Chronicle,” 6/1/98; BBC News, “On This Day: April 14, 1988: USSR pledges to leave Afghanistan)

MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour Transcript: “Rebels Without a Cause,” aired 8/29/89 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/segment_8-29-89.html Encyclopedia Entry: Encyclopedia Britannica Online: “Afghanistan: History > Afghanistan since 1973 > Civil war, communist phase (1978–92) http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-21412/Afghanistan

Los Angeles Times, 9/17/05; Online NewsHour, “Afghanistan and the War on Terror”)

U.N. Security Council Report: “Profile: Afghanistan, 7 November 2006” http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.2232713/k.431C/Profile_A fghanistanBR7_November_2006.htm Encyclopedia Entry: Encyclopedia Britannica Online, “Najibullah, Mohammad” http://secure.britannica.com/ebc/article-9384574

Philadelphia Inquirer, 8/24/05)

BBC Profile: “Mullah Mohammed Omar,” 18 September, 2001 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1550419.stm

http://www.worldpress.org/specials/pp/pipeline_timeline.htm Timeline of Competition between Unocal and Bridas for the Afghanistan Pipeline WorldPress.org

Scripps Howard News Service, “History of the Taliban and al Qaeda,” 7/06/06

Book Excerpt: “The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan,” by Neamatollah Nojumi http://books.google.com/books?id=wR- 4qmiOAvUC&pg=PA249&lpg=PA249&dq=Islamic+Emirate+of+Afghanistan&psp=1& sig=zXqQNHRpL8tZyu1sghnLZar5Sh0#PPP1,M1 Online Resource: BBC’s “On This Day” for Sept. 27, 1996, “Afghan forces routed as Kabul falls” http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/27/newsid_2539000/2539973. stm

Government Report: “Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology,” Congressional Research Service Report by Christopher M. Blanchard, analyst in Middle Eastern affairs for Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, updated 20 June 2005 http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RS21973.pdf http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm

Radio Report: NPR’s Morning Edition, “U.S. avenges for embassy bombings,” Aug. 21, 1998: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1024624 State Department Documents: http://www.state.gov/www/regions/africa/kenya_tanzania.html

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec98/bomb_8-7.html

“Usama bin Laden’s al-Quida: Profile of a Terrorist Network” by Yonah Alexander and Michael S. Swetnam; Text of the grand jury indictment)

State Department Statement: “Press Release on the Indictment of Bin Laden and Atef” http://usinfo.state.gov/is/Archive_Index/Press_Release_on_the_Indictment_of_Bin_Lade n_and_Atef.html

Washington Post archives, “Charges Filed Against Bin Laden,” Nov. 5, 1998 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- srv/inatl/longterm/eafricabombing/stories/binladen110598.htm

United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1333 (2000) adopted by the Security Council at its 4251st meeting, 12/19/00)

Text of Security Council Resolution 1333 http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/806/62/PDF/N0080662.pdf?OpenEleme nt http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2000/12/19/afghan001219.html

http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghanistan/afghan101.htm#P67_654 Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan Human Rights Watch

http://usinfo.state.gov/is/Archive_Index/The_Talibans_Betrayal_of_the_Afghan_People. html The Taliban's Betrayal of the Afghan People U.S. State Department

www.un.org, 9/17/01; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette/McClatchy Newspapers, 9/9/06

Profile of Massoud on Radio Free Europe http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/bc868dd6-f1e9-413b-a013- 2a2f590eedc5.html

The last interview with Massoud (published in Afghan and Polish publications) http://www.orient.uw.edu.pl/balcerowicz/texts/Ahmad_Shah_Masood_en.htm

http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/10/06/bindra.focus/

CNN.com, “Transcript of President Bush's address to a joint session of Congress on Thursday night, September 20, 2001;”

CBS News, “Taliban Won't Turn Over Bin Laden,” 9/21/01)

Lesson Plan: NewshHour Extra lesson plan, “Afghanistan: people, places and politics,” Background, Activities and Critical Analysis By Lisa Prososki http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/world/afghanistan_overview_10 -06.html

Perspective: Afghans in America, National Geographic Today, “After Terrorist Attack, Afghans in U.S. Challenge Cultural Stereotype,” Sept. 25, 2001 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/09/0925_TVspecial.html

Taliban Primer: Time.com, “the Taliban and Afghanistan: Understanding bin Laden’s hosts, the dilemma he poses for them and the politics of the neighborhood” http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,175372,00.html

Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States – Executive Summary http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Exec.htm

www.news.bbc.co.uk, “Timeline: Afghanistan,” updated 11/1/06; www.whitehouse.gov, transcript of presidential address 10/7/0; Operation Enduring Freedom, one year later: http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/defense/enduringfreedom.html)

Transcript of presidential address: “Operation Enduring Freedom, one year later.” http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/defense/enduringfreedom.html)

Primer on Northern Alliance: BBC News, “Who are the Northern Alliance?” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1652187.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1584660.stm; http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/06/ar911.retaliation/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1595664.stm U.N. Urges Pause in Air Strikes BBC News

http://www.guardian.co.uk/waronterror/story/0,,573937,00.html U.N. Commissioner Warns of Afghan Starvation Threat Guardian Unlimited

Christian Science Monitor, “How Bin Laden Got Away,” 3/2/02; Montreal Gazette, 11/18/01

Article: Christian Science Monitor, “How Bin Laden Got Away” http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0304/p01s03-wosc.html Photo Essay: Guardian Unlimited, part of “Weblog Special: Collapse of the Taliban” http://www.guardian.co.uk/gallery/image/0,8543,-10104298164,00.html

Foreign Affairs, “Afghanistan Unbound,” May-June 2004; text of Bonn Agreement at www.afghangovernment.com)

Text of the agreement: http://www.afghanland.com/history/bonn.html Profile of Hamid Karzai: BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2043606.stm

CQ Federal Department and Agency Documents, “Fact Sheet on Elections in Afghanistan, 10/8/06; Chicago Tribune, “Afghanistan adopts new constitution,” 01/05/04)

Magazine article: The Economist, “Talking about a constitution,” Dec. 18, 2003 http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=2300564 Report on Kids in Afghanistan: Scholastic magazine, “Afghans agree on new constitution” http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/afghanistan/constitution.htm

Voice of America News, 11/03/04; Associated Press, “Karzai sworn in as first democratically elected president...,” 12/7/04)

Slide Show: The New York Times, “The Inauguration of Hamid Karzai” http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2004/12/07/international/20041207KARZ_SLIDESH OW_1.html Web Log: Afghan Warrior, “First Parliamentary Election in Afghanistan for 3 Decades” http://afghanwarrior.blogspot.com/2005/09/first-parliamentary-election-in.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3977677.stm

Christian Science Monitor, “New guns, new drive for Taliban,” 9/26/05; http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0926/p01s03-wosc.html

Washington Post, 2/26/06)

http://www.realcities.com/mld/krwashington/news/columnists/jonathan_s_landay/124180 46.htm

The Associated Press, “Five years into the war, deepening insurgency puts Afghanistan on the brink,” 10/6/06; The New York Times, “Opium harvest at record level in Afghanistan,” 9/3/06.

Article: USA Today, “Afghan opium fight hurts poorest,” Nov. 28, 2006 http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-11-28-afghan-opium_x.htm Report: IRIN, news service for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Bitter-Sweet Harvest – Afghanistan’s New War” http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/opium/default.asp

Chicago Tribune, “NATO takes over forces in east,” 10/6/06; Defense Department Documents and Publications, “Fact Sheet: Transition to NATO International Security Assistance Force,” 10/4/06)

See also: http://london.usembassy.gov/afghn192.html

Slide Show: NATO in Afghanistan http://www.nato.int/events/060731-isaf/index.html Scholarly Article: Foreign Affairs, “Saving Afghanistan” by Burnett R. Rubin, author of “The Fragmentation of Afghanistan” and adviser to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General at the UN Talks on Afghanistan in Bonn in 2001. http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070101faessay86105/barnett-r-rubin/saving- afghanistan.html

Richmond Times Dispatch (Virginia), “NATO chief: Afghans may switch to Taliban,” 10/9/06;

The Associated Press, “Afghan officials say dozens of civilians killed during NATO operation,” 10/26/06 http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2006/10/08/nato_chief_warns_of_afgha n_tipping_point/

Radio Report: NPR’s All Things Considered, “Interviews: Gen.: Afghanistan Victory Hangs on Rebuilding Effort,” Oct. 7, 2006 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6210253 Article: Times Online, “I will build more and kill less, says NATO’s Afghanistan’s general http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2431423,00.html

Timeline of key events: War in Iraq

U.S. News & World Report, “When Saddam ruled the day,” 7/19/04 - online; http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040719/19iraq.htm

Facts on File World News Digest, “Facts on Saddam Hussein,” 12/18/2003 – lexus nexus)

In-Depth Report: BBC News, “Iraqi Baath Party” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2886733.stm

U.S. News & World Report, “Judgment Day: Unearthing Saddam's Secrets; The Hunt for His Billions; The Trial of the Century,” 12/18/03 online;

The Washington Post, “U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup,” 12/30/02 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A52241-2002Dec29?language=printer

Comprehensive History of the War: Globalsecurity.org http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm

http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml State of the Union Address 1980 Jimmy Carter Library

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921819,00.html Selling the Carter Doctrine Time http://www.artsandmedia.net/cgi-bin/dc/newsdesk/2003/03/18_centcom_1

http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1983/jan-feb/grinter.html

http://www.rand.org/publications/P/P6751/P6751.pdf

http://www.centcom.mil/sites/uscentcom1/CENTCOM%20History/CentcomHistoryPart1 .htm US CENTCOM History Part 1 U.S. Central Command

http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_rdf.html The Carter Doctrine and the Creation of a New Force HistoryOfWar.org

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260420.stm

http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap03.pdf

The Economist, “Iraq, Israel and the United Nations: Double Standards,” 10/10/02 - online Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Myth Building: The Islamic Bomb,” June 1993 pp. 42-49 – online

Journal Article: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Myth Building: The Islamic Bomb” http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=jun93hoodbhoy

Profile of Iraq Nuclear Program: Online NewsHour, Tracking Nuclear Proliferation Interactive Timeline Map http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/military/proliferation/countries/iraq.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/7/newsid_3014000/3014623.stm http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/npt/chron.htm

In-depth Report: “A Cold War Legacy of Persian Gulf Conflict: Central Command assures 'unimpeded flow of oil,'” by Jennifer Huang http://www.artsandmedia.net/cgi-bin/dc/newsdesk/2003/03/18_centcom_1

http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp- dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A52241-2002Dec29¬Found=true

Book Review: Council on Foreign Relations’ review of “The Treatening Storm” by Kenneth M. Pollack http://www.cfr.org/publication.html?id=4876

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm

http://www.centcom.mil/sites/uscentcom1/Shared%20Documents/History.aspx http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na- generals5jan05,1,7040299.story?coll=la-headlines-nation&ctrack=1&cset=true

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964149,00.html http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v25/ai_6621236 Security Council wants end to 'war of cities' UN Chronicle

Online Map of Shatt al Arab: MSN Encarta http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter/map.aspx?refid=701516482

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm

http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/123371982.html?dids=123 371982:123371982&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&fmac=&date=Dec+15%2C+1986&a uthor=By+Bob+Woodward+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&desc=CIA+Aiding+Iraq+i n+Gulf+War

[17] Bob Woodward, "CIA Aiding Iraq in Gulf War; Target Data From U.S. Satellites Supplied for Nearly 2 Years," Washington Post, 15 December 1986

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/

Newsweek, Nov. 2, 1987 – online http://foi.missouri.edu/terrorbkgd/howsaddam.html How Saddam Happened Newsweek

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964508,00.html?promoid=googlep Why Did This Happen? Time

http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id344.htm

http://www.dcfp.navy.mil/mc/museum/STARK/Stark3.htm

Details on Operation Earnest Will: Globalsecurity.org http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/earnest_will.htm

http://www.specialoperations.com/Operations/Prime_Chance/Operation_Profile.htm http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/08/14/iraq13979_txt.htm Genocide in Iraq - The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds Human Rights Watch

http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_anfal.html The Crimes of Saddam Hussein: 1988 The Anfal Campaign Frontline/World

Copley News Service, “Kurdish survivors recall infamous day 15 years ago,” 2/2/03 – google headline online Newsday, “Saddam on trial,” 10/18/05 – online BBC News, “Timeline: Iraq,” updated 9/6/06 all on line The New Yorker, “The Great Terror,” 03/25/02 – http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/020325fa_FACT1?fact/020325fa_FACT1

State Department Report on Halabja: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/18714.htm

For Bibliography: Anthony Cordesman and Abarham Wagner, “The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War.” Synopsis and partial download: http://www.csis.org/index.php?option=com_csis_pubs&task=view&id=1622

Details on Operation Praying Mantis: Globalsecurity.org http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/praying_mantis.htm

http://www.navybook.com/nohigherhonor/pic-prayingmantis.shtml

Timeline of U.S.-Iraq relations: Frontline http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/etc/cron.html

http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9042742/Iraq Iran-Iraq War Encyclopedia Britannica

See also: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260420.stm [TED]

Magazine article: Time, “Saddam in the cross-hairs,” Oct. 8, 1990 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971331-1,00.html

New York Times: U.S. Sees Signs of Iraqi Unrest, February 9, 1989 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFD91E39F93AA35751C0A96F94 8260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fH%2fHussein%2c%20S addam

(source: Gordon and Trainor pp 11-12 - online Pollack, The Gathering Storm, p. 28. – url listed above

http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/index.html

http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/directives.html

Michael Gordon and Bernard Trainor, The Generals’ War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf, pp 21-22. -- online]

Excerpts from Iraqi Document of meeting with U.S. envoy: New York Times International http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/glaspie.html

Iraq's Murderous Threats, New York Times, April 3, 1990 http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F30613FA3C5A0C708CDDAD08 94D8494D81

CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy, New York Times, 9/22/1990

Data show Glaspie did not warn Iraq; Cables reflect weaker message, senators say; Boston Globe, 7/13/1991

BBC News, “On This Day: 2/8/90;” “U.N. Chronicle,” 12/1/90 - online

Online Report: BBC News “On This Day: Feb. 8, 1990” http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/2/newsid_2526000/2526937.stm http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1998/iraq/9802/gulf.war.recap/prelude/ http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/06/04/embassy.bombings.02/ Bomber's Defense Focuses on U.S. Policy on Iraq CNN

http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/indexone.htm Iraq Sanctions GlobalPolicy.org http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp- dyn?pagename=article&node=world/mideast&contentId=A63135- 2001May22¬Found=true The Long and Short of Iraq Sanctions Washington Post

Online news source: BBC On This Day http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/2/newsid_2526000/2526937.stm http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Aug2000/n08082000_20008088.html

BBC News, “On This Day: 1/17/91” – online National Security Archive, “Operation Desert Storm: 10 Years After,” electronic briefing book: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB39/ )

Digital Library of Congressional Research Reports on Gulf War: http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=%22desert+storm%22&search_crit =fulltext&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form

[see Schwarzkopf, It Doesn’t Take a Hero, p. 489 – Donnelly

U.S. Bars Aid to Iraqi Rebels; Unrest Against Hussein Continues; U.N Reports on Damage; Schwarzkopf Opposed Cease-fire; Schwarzkopf Opposed Cease-fire; Facts on File World News Digest, March 28, 1991;

AFTER THE WAR; Schwarzkopf Says Truce Enabled Iraqis to Escape; New York Times, March 27, 1991

The Washington Post, “Ghosts of 1991,” 4/12/03 – http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A10874-2003Apr11?language=printer

“Informed Comment: Thoughts on the Middle East, History and Religion,” by Juan Cole, president of the Global American Institute, History News Network, 3/18/03 - online)

Background Report: Online NewsHour, “U.S.-Iraq Relations after the Gulf War” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/iraq/us_policy.html

U.N. Chronicle, “Inspectors charge Iraq has ongoing nuclear weapons programme,” 12/1/91; http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n4_v28/ai_11715525

U.S. Department of State, Timeline of UN-Iraq-Coalition Incidents: 1991-2002: http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/iraq/timeline.htm)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/crisis_in_the_gulf/forces_and_firepower/244364.stm http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/02/16/no.fly.zones/

The New Yorker, “A Case Not Close” by Seymour Hersh, 11/1/93 – online Frontline, “The Long Road to War: Assassination Attempts,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/longroad/etc/assassination.html State Department, “House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq,” 10/10/02)

Scholarly Journal Article: “The Baghdad Bombing: Self-defiance or Reprisals” by W. Michael Reisman, Hohfeld Professor of Jurisprudence, Yale Law School, published in European Journal of International Law, http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol5/No1/art11.pdf

Newspaper Article: Washington Post, “U.S. Strikes Iraq for Plot to Kill Bush” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/iraq/timeline/062793.htm

U.N. Chronicle Online, “Iraq: The United Nations Presence -- Oil-for-Food Programme” – online BBC News, “Profile: Benon Sevan,” 8/8/05 – online Jurist, “Putting Oil-for-Food in Perspective,” 11/2/05 - online

Additional Resources:

Op-Ed: Jurist, University of Pittsburgh Law School Journal, “Putting Oil-for-Food in Perspective” http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2005/11/putting-oil-for-food-in-perspective.php Official Site: U.N. Oil for Food Programme http://www.un.org/depts/oip/

http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/resolution1134.htm Unscom: Chronology of Main Events UN.org

http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/un/sres1134.htm Text of Resolution 1134 GloboalSecurity.org

http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9810/28/iraq.vx/ Iraq says U.N. inspector distorted nerve gas report Cnn.com/world http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec98/butler_8-6.html

Interview with UNSCOM Chief Richard Butler On Iraq Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer

http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/chronologyframe.htm

http://www.fas.org/news/iraq/1998/11/12/aziz111298.html Excerpts of the Statement delivered by H.E. Mr. Tariq Aziz, Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Iraq Federation of American Scientists

U.S. Says It Was Just Hours Away From Starting Attack Against Iraq, New York Times, November 15, 1998

http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9811/09/iraq.un.timeline/ Chronology of U.N.-Iraq tensions CNN World

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/unscom/etc/cron.html

CNN Sunday Night, “Timeline of U.N. Resolutions,” 2/23/03 – online The Weekly Standard, “Why We Went to War: The case for the war in Iraq, with testimony from Bill Clinton,” 10/20/03 - online

President Bill Clinton’s remarks at the end of air strikes: http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/1998/98121913_tlt.html

Radio Report: NPR reports following Operation Desert Fox http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1048442

The Associated Press, “Bush says thousands of terrorists still threaten America, vows to revive economy,” 1/29/02 – online Harper’s Magazine, “Events related to the Axis of Evil” http://harpers.org/AxisOfEvil.html)

Text of State of the Union address: President George W. Bush’s speech on Jan. 29: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html

THE STATE OF THE UNION: THE OVERVIEW; BUSH, FOCUSING ON TERRORISM, SAYS SECURE U.S. IS TOP PRIORITY, New York Times, January 30, 2002

Agence France Presse, “UN-Iraqi weapons inspection talks break down,” 7/5/02 – online Press Association, “Weapons talks break down would be ‘worst kind of failure,’” 9/30/02 - online

Newspaper Article: The Guardian (UK) “UN and Iraq fail in weapons talks” http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,750486,00.html

Congressional Quarterly Weekly, “Lawmakers Pushing Back From Quick Vote on Iraq,” 9/13/02 –lexus nexus World Press Review special report, “The United Nations, International Law and the War in Iraq,” http://www.worldpress.org/specials/iraq/)

Bush to Warn U.N.: Act on Iraq or U.S. Will; He Leads Nation in Mourning at Terror Sites, New York Times, 09/12/02

Transcript of president’s remarks at the U.N. General Assembly: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html

Magazine Article: Time, “Why Bush Struggles to Win UN Backing” http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,431645,00.html

State Department, text of House Joint Resolution 114 – online Washington Post, “House passes Iraq war resolution,” 10/11/02 – online

Text of Resolution: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c107:5:./temp/~c107h0khXK:: Global Voices on Use of Force in Iraq: BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iraq_global_voices/html/default.st m

BBC Monitoring International Reports, “Iraqi envoy tells Russian paper Saddam will not flee the country,” 11/24/02;

Commentary: The Daily Telegraph (London), “Tiptoeing to War” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2002/12/19/dl1901.xml Profile on Hans Blix: BBC News Profiles http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2268819.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3118462.stm Blix Criticises UK's Iraq Dossier BBC News

ABC News, “Powell regrets UN speech on WMDs,” 9/9/05 – http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200509/s1456650.htm

Time, “What Powell Achieved,” 2/05/03 - online http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/14/60II/main577975.shtml The Man Who Knew: Ex-Powell Aide Says Saddam-Weapons Threat Was Overstated CBS News

Transcript of Bush’s speech http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030226-11.html

In the President's Words: 'Free People Will Keep the Peace of the World', New York Times, 2/27/03

Facts on File World News Digest, “U.S. Launches Attack Against Iraq After Deadline for Iraqi President Hussein's Exile Expires,” 3/19/03

Book Excerpt: “Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq” by Michael R. Gordon and Gen. Bernard E. Trainor” http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/65200842?page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww w.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fenhancements%2Ffy0659%2F2005051841- s.html&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail=

U.N. Response: BBC News, “Iraq war illegal, says Annan” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2942449.stm Looters Ransack Baghdad Museum BBC News

http://artlibrary.vassar.edu/Baghdad/ Slide Presentation: The Looting and Destruction of the Collections of the National Museum and Library of Iraq Vasser College Art Department

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/2983889.stm

BBC News, “On This Day: 4/9/03” – online

State Department, “Transcript: Bush Announces End of Major Combat Operations in Iraq; President delivers speech to nation from deck of carrier in Pacific,” 5/1/03 - online

Text of Bush’s Speech aboard the USS Lincoln: http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile- english&y=2003&m=May&x=20030501212911ssor0.4553644

CNN Report, “White House pressed on 'mission accomplished' sign” http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/10/28/mission.accomplished/

Frontline, “The Lost Year in Iraq,” interview with L. Paul Bremer III; http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/yeariniraq/interviews/bremer.html

Washington Post, “In Iraq, Military Forgot Lessons of Vietnam: Early Missteps by U.S. Left Troops Unprepared for Guerrilla Warfare,” 7/23/06; Congressional Research Service report, “The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA): Origin, Characteristics, and Institutional Authorities,” Updated June 6, 2005)

Background Report: Council on Foreign Relations, De-Baathification http://www.cfr.org/publication.html?id=7853

10/26/05; MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, Incident profile, “Unknown group attacked diplomatic target Aug. 19, 2003” http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/19/sprj.irq.main/

Additional Resources: Background Report: Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, “Abu Musab al-Zarqawi’s Role” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec05/abu_10-26.html

Radio Report: The Connection, “New Targets and Terror in Iraq” http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.theconnection.org/content/2003/08/ 19/0820iraq173.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.theconnection.org/shows/2003/08/20030820 _a_main.asp&h=146&w=173&sz=11&hl=en&start=7&tbnid=XSsG6y5XnD3qqM:&tbn h=84&tbnw=100&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbombing%2BU.N.%2BBaghdad%2B19%26s vnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DX

Online NewsHour, “Car bomb at Iraqi Mosque kills at least 75, including key cleric,” 8/29/03; http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec03/iraq_8-29.html

transcript “Mosque Bombing,” 8/29/03; Frontline, “Timeline: Fighting on Two Fronts,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/yeariniraq/cron/)

TV Transcript: Online NewsHour, “Mosque Bombing” A guide to Iraq’s Shiite Clerics: Slate.com http://www.slate.com/id/2082980/

“Timeline: Fighting on Two Fronts,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/yeariniraq/cron/; Australian Broadcasting Corp., “US reeling as violence increases,” 3/11/03)

CNN: U.S. helicopter shot down in Iraq http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/11/02/sprj.irq.int.main/index.html

Account of the Capture: Time.com, posted 12/14/03, “We Got Him: Inside the daring nighttime raid that nabbed Saddam — and what it means for Bush and Iraq” http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,561468,00.html Response to Capture in Tikrit: NPR News http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1548679

BBC News, “Text: Iraqi interim constitution,” 3/8/04)

Photo: Ibrahim Al-Jaafari, a member of the Iraqi Governing Council, signing the new Iraqi interim constitution: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/pix/b/nea/iraq/30259.htm

Radio Report: Radio Free Europe, “Iraq: Governing Council Signs Interim Constitution” http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/03/a375e36a-1179-40dd-9196- b93dbceca848.html

The Associated Press, “Iraqi police detain three bodyguards of Fallujah mayor for suspected insurgent activity,” 11/3/06; BBC News, “Bodies Mutilated in Iraq,” last updated 3/31/04)

Newspaper Account: New York Times, “Enraged Mob in Falluja Kills 4 American Contractors” http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/31/international/worldspecial/31CND- IRAQ.html?ex=1396155600&en=d2943196cca8fc85&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND Qatari Newspaper Account: “Fallujah US assault will not spell victory” http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=20041111&articleI d=225

Frontline, “The lost year in Iraq,”interview with Thomas Ricks, author of “Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq,” 6/28/06;

CBS News, “Timeline: Prison Abuse Investigation,” http://www.cbsnews.com/elements/2004/05/07/iraq/timeline616248.shtml)

Additional Resources: Transcript and Video: 60 Minutes II Exclusive http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/27/60II/main614063.shtml Interview with Abu Ghraib Whistle Blower: 60 Minutes, Dec. 7, 2006 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/07/60minutes/main2238188.shtml?CMP=ILC- SearchStories

Washington Post, “Iraq approves security law allowing martial rule,” 7/7/04, Washington Post, “Former exile is selected as interim Iraqi leader,” 5/29/04;

BBC News, “Q&A: Iraqi election,” updated 2/13/05

Allawi’s speech to Congress: http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/09/23/allawi.transcript/

Magazine profile: New Yorker, “A Man Of The Shadows Can Iyad Allawi Hold Iraq Together?,” by Jon Lee Anderson http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/09/23/allawi.transcript/

Reuters, “Family demands answers for beheaded son”; Democracy Now!, transcript of interview with Michael Berg, 8/24/04; BBC News, “Zarqawi beheaded U.S. man in Iraq,” updated 5/13/04)

News article: The Guardian Unlimited, “Questions Surround Slain American in Iraq” http://web.archive.org/web/20040602195828/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/stor y/0,1280,-4083599,00.html

Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq, www.ieciraq.org; usinfor.state.gov, “Iraq: And Elections Primer,” http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/iraqelect/primer.htm; BBC News, “High turnout in Iraq election,” 12/15/05

Discussion of Elections: Former U.S. Ambassador to Iraq and current Director of National Intelligence on the NewsHour: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june05/negroponte_1-31.html

Aljazeera.net, “Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia,” 9/14/05; http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=14984

Radio Free Europe, “al-Zarqawi declares war on shi'ites; violence flares,” 9/19/05

Analysis: Washington Institute on Near East Policy, “Zarqawi’s ‘Total War’ on Iraqi Shiites Exposes a Divide among Sunni Jihadists,” by Emily Hunt http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2400

The Washington Post, “Sunnis failed to defeat Iraqi constitution,” 10/26/05; Bloomberg News, “Iraqi Constitution Approved by 79 Percent of Voters,” 10/25/05

Discussion of factions in Iraq: Slate, “Tribal Ignorance: What you think you know about Iraq's factions is all wrong,” by Christopher Hitchens http://www.slate.com/id/2128193/

Text of the Iraqi Constitution: Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2005/10/12/AR2005101201450.html

BBC News, “U.S. death toll in Iraq hits 2,000,” 10/26/05; CNN, “U.S. death toll in Iraq reaches 2,000,” 10/26/05

CENTCOM casualty reports: http://www.centcom.mil/sites/uscentcom1/Lists/Casualty%20Reports%201/Current%20R eports.aspx

News account of moment of silence in the U.S. Senate: Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2005/10/25/AR2005102501542.html?nav=rss_nation/special

NewsHour with Jim Lehrer 12/15/05; U.S. State Department, “Iraq Elections Timeline,” http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/iraqelect/timeline.htm)

BBC News, Profile: Ahmad Chalabi, 10/3/02; Guardian Unlimited, “Washington elite bring Chalabi in from the cold,” 11/08/05; The New Yorker, “Selective Intelligence,” 5/12/03)

Profile of Chalabi: BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/229164 9.stm

LA Times “Iraqi Shiites Erupt Over Shrine Attack” 02/23/06, Evening Standard (London) “Iraq on the brink after attack on sacred site”)

Images of destruction, before and after: BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/middle_east_enl_1140622457/html/1.st m

History of the Al-Askari Shrine: http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/samarra.htm

NewsHour with Jim Lehrer 04/21/06; New York Times, “Shiites agree on pick for Prime Minster,” 4/21/06)

Profile of Nouri al-Maliki: BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4932468.stm

Interview with al-Maliki: USA Today http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2006-10-15-al-maliki-full-length_x.htm

NewsHour http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june06/iraq_05-22.html 05/22/06;

Congressional Research Service, Report presented to Congress: “Iraq: Elections, Government, and Constitution,” http://www.usembassy.it/pdf/other/RS21968.pdf)

Chicago Tribune, “Iraq's most wanted man killed by U.S. bombs,” Guardian Unlimited, “Blair: Zarqawi death is 'severe blow to al-Qaida'” (06/08/06)

Analysis: Washington Post, “Death Could Shake Al-Qaeda In Iraq and Around the World” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/06/09/AR2006060902040.html

President’s Statement: whitehouse.gov, “Statement by the President on Death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi” http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060608.html

UN News Center: Over 34,000 civilians killed in Iraq in 2006, says UN report on rights violations http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21241&Cr=iraq&Cr1

Radio Report: NPR’s All Things Considered, “Measuring Complexity of Violence in Iraq” http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6648921

NewsHour 09/26/06, Declassified portions of U.S. Intelligence Estimate - http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/nie-key.pdf; Pittsburgh Tribune Review, “Iraq becomes voters top concern,” 11/3/06

News article: Christian Science Monitor, “US intelligence report: Iraq war breeding more terrorists; White House 'strongly disagrees' with spy agencies' assessment” http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0925/dailyUpdate.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3962969.stm# Iraq death toll 'soared post-war' BBC News

http://iraqbodycount.org/press/pr14.php Reality checks: some responses to the latest Lancet estimates IraqBodyCount.org

The Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/11/05/AR2006110500135.html,

Financial Times http://www.ft.com/cms/s/74c03890-6cea-11db-9a4d- 0000779e2340.html 11/05/06)

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/11/05/AR2006110500135.html Hussein Sentenced to Death by Hanging Washington Post

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3850989.stm Q&A Saddam Trial BBC News

http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2766003 Saddam Execution Video Draws Criticism ABC News

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6718680 Saddam's Final Moments in Custody, and on Earth NPR’s All Things Considered

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june07/iraq_01-15.html Iraqi Government Responds to President Bush's New Strategy Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer

http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-01-11-iraq-troops-danger_x.htm For U.S. troops, new duties, more danger USA Today

Draft: 02/01/07

Timeline of key events – A Modern History: Colonialism and Geo-Political Tensions in the Middle East

Sykes-Picot Agreement map http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/israel_and_palestinians/key_ maps/7.stm History of the Ottoman Empire http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0860176.html

Text of the Balfour Declaration: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_docum ents/1682961.stm

History of the Balfour Declaration: http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=24

Abut the Wafd Party: http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0851241.html History of Suez Canal: http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0847110.html

About Emir Faisal: http://frederickhighland.com/damascus/articles/lastking.htm

About Chaim Weizmann: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/weizmann.html

History of the Third Anglo-Afghan War: http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/afguk1919.htm Country study of Afghanistan: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html

More about Treaty of Sevres: http://www.allaboutturkey.com/antlasma.htm http://www.atlas-of-conflicts.com/areas/armenia-and-karabakh/turk_arm_war-1- 1920.php

Hashemite Lineage: http://www.princehamzah.jo/English/The_Hashemite_Lineage.html About Iraq Revolution of 1920 http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/india/iraq1920.htm

More about Reza Shah Pahlevi: http://www.iranchamber.com/history/reza_shah/reza_shah.php Book Chapter, “Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah” by Cyrus Ghani http://www.iranian.com/History/Feb99/RezaShah/index.html

More about the British Mandate: http://www.mideastweb.org/mandate.htm

Primer on the Arab-Israeli conflict: http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/brit-mandate-pal-isr-prime.html

Country profile of Egypt http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm Concise history http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22397/Egypt

About Treaty of Laussanne http://www.allaboutturkey.com/antlasma.htm About Mustafa Kemal Ataturk http://www.turkishnews.com/Ataturk/

About Ibn Saud http://www.bartleby.com/65/ib/IbnSaud.html

Country Profile of Lebanon http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/791071.stm History of French Influence http://www.ghazi.de/french.html

About Hasan al-Banna http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/hasan_al.php

Muslim Brotherhood; Federation of American Scientists Intelligence Resource Program http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/mb.htm

Wall Street Journal article: “Arabia’s Civil War” http://www.danielpipes.org/article/1098 Library of Congress, “The Ikhwan Movemenet” http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/loc/sa/ikhwan.htm

Architecture of Dome of the Rock http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/architecture/monuments/domeoftherock.html About the Noble Sanctuary http://www.noblesanctuary.com/HISTORY.html

Book excerpt: “Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building” by Tony Dodge http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lUJW- RRAwfMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&sig=iHglSyhfmJEiYzevQiCfgOD2KX4&dq=Britain+an d+Iraq+and+mandate#PPP1,M1

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22903/Iraq

Scholarly article: “Iran: Understanding the Enigma: A Historians’ View,” by Nikki Keddie http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/meria/meria98_keddie.html#note1 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32186/Iran

Book review, The Iranian, “An Enduring Love: Memoirs of Farah Pahlavi” http://www.iranian.com/Bayegan/2004/May/Farah/index.html Remarks by Reza Pahlevi, son of the former Shah, “Iran at the Crossroads” http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=csd

About the Arab Revolt, Islamic viewpoint: http://www.islamonline.net/English/In_Depth/PalestineInFocus/British/01.shtml

About the Great Uprising, Zionist viewpoint http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Arab_Revolt.htm

Al-Ahram: A Diwan of contemporary life The making of a king http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/762/chrncls.htm

High Beam Encyclopedia: Wafd http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Wafd.html

Library of Congress Country Study: Syria http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sytoc.html

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm#history

Official Saudi Aramco site: http://www.saudiaramco.com/bvsm/JSP/home.jsp

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/030126-saudi01.htm

Mideast in WWII http://www.defence.gov.au/ARMY/ahu/HISTORY/world_war_ii_middleeast.htm Vichy France – Encyclopedia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075232/Vichy-France

Library of Congress Country Study: Lebanon 1939-1941 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+lb0029) Lebanese-American Association, Independence http://www.laa.org/tours/independence.htm

Library of Congress Country Profile: Iran http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf Answers.com, Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran http://www.answers.com/topic/anglo-soviet-invasion-of-iran

Frontline, “Lebanon’s Religious Mix” http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/dispatches/lebanon.syria/seelye2.html GlobalSecurity.org,, “Lebanon Religious Sects http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/lebanon/religious-sects.htm

MSN Encarta, “Arab League” http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761558355 The Avalon Project at Yale University, “Pact of the Arab League States” http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/arableag.htm Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, The Arab League http://passia.org/index_pfacts.htm

Time Magazine, “Limited Victory” http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,886906,00.html Cold War International History Project, “1945-46 Iranian Crisis” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=C ollection&item=1945-46%20Iranian%20Crisis

Library of Congress Country Study, Syria http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sytoc.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/801669.stm

Library of Congress Country Study, Jordan http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jotoc.html KingHussein.gov, “The Making of Transjordan” http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_transjordan.html

MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, Kurdish Democratic Party http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4572 Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/kdp.htm

http://www.arab.net/palestine/pe_britishmandate.htm The British Mandate Arab.net

http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Pa ge&cid=1007029394644 Historical Background: Middle East Peace Process UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/35473.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/35596.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/827580.stm Timeline: Syria BBC News

http://www.politicalinformation.net/encyclopedia/Ba'ath_Party.htm Ba’ath Party PoliticalInformation.net

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-219421/Israel Israel: The War of 1948 Encyclopedia Britannica

http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Palestinian_exodus Palestinian Exodus Reference.com

http://sfgate.com/cgi- bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/07/28/MNGNTDURFV1.DTL&hw=stannard+gaza+refugee& sn=006&sc=240 Israelis, Palestinians and the Disengagement: Even the closest of Palestinian friends are divided on the 'right of return' issue San Francisco Chronicle

(History of the Middle East Database, The Arab-Israeli Wars: http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/arabisraeliwars.php) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101229686 Arab-Israeli Wars Questia.com http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9076593/West-Bank West Bank Britannica.com http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/arabisraeliwars.php#death_hasan _alBana1949 The Arab-Israeli Wars History of the Middle East Database http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3538 Celluloid memorial to Brotherhood founder Egypt Daily Star http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572316_3/Jerusalem.html Jerusalem MSN Encarta http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs//data/1998/upl-meta-crs-697/98- 360_1998Apr13.pdf?PHPSESSID=3bf5a44070e942d0112f511bd5d57a43 Jerusalem: Legislation to Move the U.S. Embassy Congressional Research Service / The Library of Congress

(Iran timeline, BBC News:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/806268.stm) http://www.iranchamber.com/history/oil_nationalization/oil_nationalization.php History of Iran: Oil Nationalization Iron Chamber Society http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/790877.stm Iran: Country Profile BBC News http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+jo0018) Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Library of Congress http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/Syria_1948.htm Syria and the 1948 War in Palestine University of Oklahoma http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/egyptian_revolution.php Egyptian Revolution 1952 History of the Middle East Database http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser Reference.com additional source: BBC country timeline: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/806268.stm) http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/index.htm Synopsis: Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran National Security Archive http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html Secrets of History: The CIA in Iran New York Times http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578705_2/Suez_Canal.html The Suez Canal MSN Encarta http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936261-1,00.html O Free and Glorious Time http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/nasser/ Cold War Profile: Gamal Abdel Nasser CNN

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5168698.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5204490.stm How Suez Made Nasser an Arab Icon BBC News

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5194576.stm Timeline: The Suez Canal BBC News

http://lexicorient.com/e.o/angl_tr_jordan.htm Anglo-Jordanian Treaty of 1948 Encyclopedia of the Orient

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/timeline/text/links/event_158.html Global Connections WGBH

http://books.google.com/books?id=dymO_3uCQagC&dq=history+of+sudan&pg=PP1&o ts=bKKLUqDJLG&sig=4YeO1hvdX23oFSB9yQrVcpeKvGE&prev=http://www.google. com/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bsudan&sa=X&oi=print&ct=result &cd=1#PPR1,M1 Short History of Sudan iUniverse http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/sudan-civil-war1.htm Sudan: First Civil War GlobalSecurity.org

Library of Congress Country Studies: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sy0023)

http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/United_Arab_Republic United Arab Republic Reference.com

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22906/Iraq Iraq: The 1958 Revolution and Its Aftermath Encyclopedia Britannica

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/14/newsid_3736000/3736391.stm On This Day: July 14, 1958 BBC News http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Lebanon_crisis_of_1958 Lebanon Crisis of 1958 Reference.com http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/arabisraeliwars.php#first%20leb anon%20civil%20war The Arab-Israeli Wars 1948 – 1973 History of the Middle East Database http://www.opec.org/aboutus/history/history.htm A Brief History of OPEC OPEC.org http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/689609.stm OPEC: The Oil Cartel BBC News http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,833630,00.html Perils of Reform Time http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html Islamic Revolution of Iran MSN Encarta http://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_kui.html Kuwait-Iraq 1961-63 Massachusetts Institute of Technology http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/Leafcopy/585-6.html The Iraq -Kuwait Dispute 1830-1994 Archive Editions http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/algeria1954.htm Algerian War of Independence OnWar.com http://www.arab.net/algeria/aa_french.htm French Colonisation Arab.net http://www.iwpr.net/?p=icr&s=f&o=167565&apc_state=heniicr2004 Iraqis Recall Golden Age Institute for War and Peace Reporting http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0420-05.htm Ex-U.S. Official Says CIA Aided Baathists Reuters http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sy0025) Neo-Baath Dominance, 1963-66 Library of Congress

http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Ba'ath+party Ba’ath Party Free Dictionary

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/827580.stm BBC News – Timeline: Syria

Al Fatah, MIPT, http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=128)

http://www.un.int/palestine/plo/pna_two.html Palestinian National Charter United Nations

http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566844/Palestine_Liberation_Organization.htm l Palestine Liberation Organization MSN Encarta

http://www.iranchamber.com/history/rkhomeini/ayatollah_khomeini.php Ayatollah Khomeini Iran Chamber Society

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/etc/cron.html Chonology: U.S.-Iran Relations 1906-2002 Frontline

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/820515.stm Country Profile: Saudi Arabia BBC News

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sa0021) The Reigns Of Saud And Faisal, 1953-75 Library of Congress

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/si x_day_war.stm Key Maps: Six Day War BBC News http://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/history/history4.html The Mideast: A Century of Conflict, Part 4: The 1967 Six Day War NPR Morning Edition

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/saddam.htm Saddam Hussein GlobalSecurity.org

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841380,00.html?promoid=googlep Civilized Coup Time http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/11/21/AR2006112100482.html West Bank Settlements Often Use Private Palestinian Land, Study Says Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/07/17/AR2006071701076.html Background: Israel and the Mideast Conflict Washington Post http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/09/opinion/edgoren.php

http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1948to1967_move_into.php

https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ly.html Libya CIA World Fact Book

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/434599.stm Colonel Gaddafi: A maverick veteran BBC News

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hijacked/filmmore/index.html Hijacked PBS’ American Experience

http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/14/israel.lebanon.timeline/ Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel CNN World

http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/040712fa_fact1?040712fa_fact1 Going Nowhere: In Mubarak’s Egypt, Democracy is An Idea Whose Time Has Not Yet Come New Yorker

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+eg0050) Sadat Takes Over, 1970-73 Library of Congress

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906578,00.html?promoid=googlep Straight Talk from Sadat Time http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943664-1,00.html Sadat’s American Connection Time http://www.unmis.org/English/cpa.htm Comprehensive Peace Agreement United Nations Mission in Sudan http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/sudan/chronology.asp [dead link] [REPLACE] Sudan: Chronology of Key Events IRIN News http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/index.htm The October War and U.S. Policy National Security Archive http://www.ou.org/chagim/yomhaatzmauth/golda.html Golda Meir (1898-1978) Collier’s Encyclopedia http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580640/Iran-Iraq_War.html Iran-Iraq War: Prelude to War MSN Encarta http://www.worldpress.org/eduView.cfm/hurl/id=19 Algiers Summit WorldPress.org http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/lebanon.htm Lebanon (Civil War 1975-1991)

http://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_lbn.html Lebanon Civil War 1975-90 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/19/newsid_2520000/2520467. stm On This Day: November 19, 1977 BBC News http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919150,00.html Sadat’s Sacred Mission Time

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914949,00.html?promoid=googlep Triumph of a Super Hawk Time http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5DD1F38F935A2575BC0A9619 48260 All For Israel New York Times http://www.internews.org/visavis/BTVPages/Theislamicrevolution.html#Black_Friday The Islamic Revolution -- 1978: The Year of Black Friday PBS’ Beyond the Veil http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948324,00.html?promoid=googlep The Shah’s Fight for Survival Time http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/campdavid25/campdavid25_thirteendays. phtml Thirteen Days After Twenty-Five Years Jimmy Carter Library http://www.israelipalestinianprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5-H-Sub- Q04.db&command=viewone&op=t&id=8&rnd=924.5088449506381 What Were the 1978 Camp David Accords? Israeli Palestinian Pro/Con

Fact check Ted Leventhal

CNN, “Iran marks 20th anniversary of revolution,” 1/31/99; BBC News, “Iranians mark Islamic revolution,” 2/11/04

Encyclopedia Entry: "Islamic Revolution of Iran," Microsoft Encarta Online http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761588431 Journal Article: New England International And Comparative Law Annual, “The Islamic Revolution's Impact On The Legal And Social Status Of Iranian Women” http://www.nesl.edu/intljournal/vol3/iran.htm

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/mecca.htm Mecca – Globalsecurity.org http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saud/interviews/lacey.html House of Saud: Interview with Brian Lacey PBS’ Frontline

U.S. News & World Report, “When Saddam ruled the day,” 7/19/04; Facts on File World News Digest

Additional Resources: Magazine article: U.S. News & World Report, “When Saddam ruled the day” http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040719/19iraq.htm In-Depth Report: BBC News, “Iraqi Baath Party” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2886733.stm

“Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982” by M. Hassan Kakar; “The Long Hunt for Osama,” Atlantic Monthly, October 2004 http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/bergen

Book Excerpt: Kakar, M. Hassan Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1995. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7b69p12h/

Documents: CNN Cold War Interactive, “U.S. Memos on Afghanistan” http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/20/documents/brez.carter/

http://www.bartleby.com/65/ir/IranIraq.html Iran-Iraq War Columbia Encyclopedia

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/feb99/kurdprofile.htm Who Are the Kurds? Washington Post

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6/newsid_2515000/2515841.stm On This Day: October 6, 1981 BBC News http://cbc.ca/cgi-bin/templates/view.cgi?/news/2001/10/06/sadat_011006 Egypt Quietly Marks Sadat's Assassination CBC News

Journal Article: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Myth Building: The Islamic Bomb” http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=jun93hoodbhoy Profile of Iraq Nuclear Program: Online NewsHour, Tracking Nuclear Proliferation Interactive Timeline Map http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/military/proliferation/countries/iraq.html

http://www.aljazeera.com/cgi-bin/review/people_full_story.asp?service_id=6446 Profile: Hosni Mubarak Al Jazeera

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm Country Profile: Egypt BBC News

http://www.mafhoum.com/press2/63P58.htm Hama Rules New York Times

http://www.shrc.org.uk/data/aspx/d0/1260.aspx The Massacres of Hama: Law Enforcement Requires Accountability Syrian Human Rights Commission

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1982.stm A History of Conflict: Israel and the Palestinians BBC News

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/1390979.stm Sabra and Shatila: Dealing with facts BBC News’ Panorama

http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,515039782,00.html 1983 Beirut Bomb Began Era of Terror Deseret News

http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/lebanon/thestory.html Lebanon: Party of God PBS’ Frontline World

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314423.stm Who are Hezbollah? BBC News

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/plo_jordan.htm PLO-Jordanian Relations GlobalSecurity.org http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23335/Jordan Jordan from 1973 to the Intifadah Encyclopedia Britannica http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1061537.stm Intifada: Then and Now BBC News http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hamas.htm HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) GlobalSecurity.org http://www.palestine-net.com/politics/indep.html Declaration of Independence Palestine.net

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956390,00.html?promoid=googlep Middle East Too Little, Too Late, Too Vague Time http://www.iranchamber.com/history/rkhomeini/ayatollah_khomeini.php Historic Personalities: Ayatollah Khomeini Iran Chamber Society http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3018932.stm Profile: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/2/newsid_2526000/2526937.stm On This Day: Aug. 2, 1990 BBC News http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/index.html The Unfinished War: A Decade Since Desert Storm CNN http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/algeria_10-1.html Algerian Crisis: Oct. 1, 1997 Online NewsHour http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-196212 Algeria: Civil War Encyclopedia Britannica

http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/lebanon/ Lebanon: In Depth CBC News http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/lebanon.htm Lebanon: Civil War 1975-1991 GlobalSecurity.org http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/647/re5.htm Invitation to Madrid Peace Conference Al-Ahram Weekly http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/30/newsid_2465000/2465725.st m On This Day: October 30, 1991 BBC News

The New Yorker, “A Case Not Close” by Seymour Hersh, 11/1/93;

Frontline, “The Long Road to War: Assassination Attempts,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/longroad/etc/assassination.html;

State Department, “House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq,” 10/10/02

“The Baghdad Bombing: Self-defiance or Reprisals” by W. Michael Reisman, Hohfeld Professor of Jurisprudence, Yale Law School, published in European Journal of International Law, http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol5/No1/art11.pdf Washington Post, “U.S. Strikes Iraq for Plot to Kill Bush” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/iraq/timeline/062793.htm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_docum ents/1682727.stm Key Documents: 1993 Declaration of Principles BBC News

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/negotiations/index.html#oslo Shattered Dreams of Peace PBS’ Frontline

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3764000/3764162.st m On This Day: October 26, 1994 BBC News

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761578350 Hussein I MSN Encarta

http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/umbrella/index.html The Assassination and Funeral of Yitzhak Rabin CNN World

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1041666 Rabin Anniversary NPR.org

Scripps Howard News Service, “History of the Taliban and al Qaeda,” 7/06/06;

Online Resource: BBC’s “On This Day” for Sept. 27, 1996, “Afghan forces routed as Kabul falls” http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/27/newsid_2539000/2539973. stm

CNN Sunday Night, “Timeline of U.N. Resolutions,” 2/23/03; The Weekly Standard, “Why We Went to War: The case for the war in Iraq, with testimony from Bill Clinton,” 10/20/03) President Bill Clinton’s remarks at the end of air strikes: http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/1998/98121913_tlt.html

Radio Report: NPR reports following Operation Desert Fox http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1048442

http://www.slate.com/?id=2064500 Was Arafat the Problem? Slate

http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/campdavid2000/story/overview/ The Path to Peace Runs Through a History of Tumult CNN

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june00/israel_5-24.html Final Pullout Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer

http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/08/09/lebanon.israel.02/index.html Lebanese Security Force Makes Historic Deployment into Southern Lebanon CNN http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3677206.stm Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline BBC News http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/intifada2.htm Al-Aqsa Intifada GlobalSecurity.org http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/september01/world_9-11.html World Reacts to Terror Attacks Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer

http://www.worldpress.org/Asia/92.cfm A Never-Ending Injustice World Press Review

www.news.bbc.co.uk, “Timeline: Afghanistan,” updated 11/1/06;

www.whitehouse.gov, transcript of presidential address 10/7/0;

Transcript of presidential address: “Operation Enduring Freedom, one year later.” http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/defense/enduringfreedom.html)

Primer on Northern Alliance: BBC News, “Who are the Northern Alliance?” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1652187.stm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/axis/ Iran and the Axis of Evil PBS’ Frontline http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/10/09/AR2006100901130.html Bush's 'Axis of Evil' Comes Back to Haunt United States Washington Post

Facts on File World News Digest, “U.S. Launches Attack Against Iraq After Deadline for Iraqi President Hussein's Exile Expires,” 3/19/03;

Book Excerpt: “Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq” by Michael R. Gordon and Gen. Bernard E. Trainor” http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/65200842?page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww w.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fenhancements%2Ffy0659%2F2005051841- s.html&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail= U.N. Response: BBC News, “Iraq war illegal, says Annan” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm

BBC News, “On This Day: 4/9/03”; State Department, “Transcript: Bush Announces End of Major Combat Operations in Iraq; President delivers speech to nation from deck of carrier in Pacific,” 5/1/03)

Text of Bush’s Speech aboard the USS Lincoln: http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile- english&y=2003&m=May&x=20030501212911ssor0.4553644 CNN Report, “White House pressed on 'mission accomplished' sign” http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/10/28/mission.accomplished/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3496731.stm Q&A: Sudan's Darfur Conflict BBC News http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/linkset/2006/05/08/LI2006050801047.html Darfur Conflict Washington Post

(“Timeline: Fighting on Two Fronts,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/yeariniraq/cron/, Time.com, “We Got Him: Inside the daring nighttime raid that nabbed Saddam — and what it means for Bush and Iraq,” posted 12/14/03) http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,561468,00.html

Response to Capture in Tikrit: NPR News http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1548679

Washington Post, “Iraq approves security law allowing martial rule,” 7/7/04,

Washington Post, “Former exile is selected as interim Iraqi leader,” 5/29/04; BBC News, “Q&A: Iraqi election,” updated 2/13/05)

Allawi’s speech to Congress: http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/09/23/allawi.transcript/

Magazine profile: New Yorker, “A Man Of The Shadows Can Iyad Allawi Hold Iraq Together?,” by Jon Lee Anderson http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/09/23/allawi.transcript/

http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=3712 Syria Defies U.S. Sanctions Al Jazeera

http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/03/10/us.syria/ U.S. to Hit Syria with Sanctions CNN

Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq: http://www.ieciraq.org/English/Frameset_english.htm Discussion of Elections: Former U.S. Ambassador to Iraq and current Director of National Intelligence on the NewsHour: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june05/negroponte_1-31.html http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june05/syria_2-28.html Spotlight on Syria Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/syria/archive.html Syria’s Role in the Middle East Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/08/09/iran.iaea/index.html IAEA Seeks Solution to Iran Issue CNN http://www.tehrantimes.com/Description.asp?Da=1/24/2007&Cat=2&Num=024 U.S. Biggest Obstacle in Iran’s Nuclear Standoff: Official Tehran Times http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/july-dec05/gaza_8-22.html Israel Completes Gaza Pullout Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4235768.stm Israel Completes Gaza Withdrawal BBC News

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4427880.stm Saudi WTO Membership Approved BBC News

http://www.arabnews.com/?page=6§ion=0&article=74599&d=12&m=12&y=2005 Saudi Arabia Becomes 149th Member of WTO Arab News

http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/02/04/syria.cartoon/ Embassies Torched in Cartoon Fury CNN

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4567940.stm Row Deepens Over Danish Cartoons BBC News

NewsHour with Jim Lehrer 04/21/06;

New York Times, “Shiites agree on pick for Prime Minster,” 4/21/06)

Profile of Nouri al-Maliki: BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4932468.stm

Interview with al-Maliki: USA Today http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2006-10-15-al-maliki-full-length_x.htm

http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/0d8525cba6744042299d77669085bec1. htm Sudan: AU Extends Mandate of Darfur Force as Sudan Rejects UN Troops Reuters

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20911&Cr=human&Cr1=rights Annan Says UN Has Often Failed to Deliver on Protecting and Promoting Human Rights UN.org http://news.usti.net/home/news/cn/?/world.mideast.misc/1/wed/bq/Alebanon-war- deaths.RYBR_GDS.html Lebanon Sees More Than 1,000 War Deaths Associated Press http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-08-15-rice-interview_x.htm Rice: Not U.N.'s job to Disarm Hezbollah USA Today http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4961744 Saddam’s Violent Road to Execution NPR News http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16389128/ Saddam Hussein Executed, Ending Era in Iraq MSNBC