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Pro Gradu -Tutkielma Maantiede Luonnonmaantiede TypeUnitOrDepartmentHere TypeYourNameHere Pro gradu -tutkielma Maantiede Luonnonmaantiede Hoitotoimenpiteiden vaikutukset boreaalisen rantadyynialueen kasvillisuuden kokonaispeittävyyteen, lajirunsauteen ja lajiston muutokseen Lohtajan Vattajanniemellä Katri Heiskala 2015 Ohjaajat: Pirjo Hellemaa Miska Luoto HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO GEOTIETEIDEN JA MAANTIETEEN LAITOS MAANTIETEEN OSASTO PL 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO - HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET - UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta - Fakultet - Faculty Laitos - Institution - Department Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Geotieteiden ja maantieteen laitos Tekijä - Författare – Author Katri Elina Heiskala Työn nimi - Arbetets titel-Title Hoitotoimenpiteiden vaikutukset boreaalisen rantadyynialueen kasvillisuuden kokonaispeittävyyteen, lajirunsauteen ja lajiston muutokseen Lohtajan Vattajanniemellä Oppiaine - Läroämne - Subject Maantiede (luonnonmaantiede) Työn laji/ Ohjaaja - Arbetets art/Handledare - Level/Instructor Aika - Datum - Month and year Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - Number of Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2015 pages 79 s. + liitteet Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract Rantadyynialueiden uhanalaistumisen suurimpia syitä tänä päivänä ovat umpeenkasvu, kuluminen ja rakentaminen. Tutkimusalueena oleva, Natura 2000-verkostoon kuuluva Vattajanniemen boreaalinen rantadyynialue on kovan kulutuksen alaisena sen toimiessa armeijan ampuma-alueena sekä osittain virkistyskäyttöalueena. Kasviyhteisöt muodostuvat rannan suuntaisiksi vyöhykkeiksi topografialtaan vaihtelevalle gradientille abioottisten ja bioottisten stressi- ja häiriötekijöiden ajamana. Kulutuksen vähentämiseksi sekä umpeenkasvun estämiseksi Vattajanniemellä on hoitotoimenpiteinä ohjattu kulkua, laidunnettu sekä raivattu puustoa ja pensaistoa. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkitaan kasvillisuuden peittävyydessä, lajirunsaudessa ja lajistossa tapahtuneita muutoksia kuusi vuotta hoitotoimenpiteiden aloittamisen jälkeen. Aineisto kerättiin kuudelle luontotyypille sijoittuvalta 142 kasviruudulta heinäkuussa vuosina 2006 ja 2012. Kokonaispeittävyydessä ja lajirunsaudessa tapahtunutta muutosta vuosien välillä tarkasteltiin tunnusluvuin, jakaumin ja parittaisen Wilcoxonin testin avulla. Lajiston samankaltaisuutta (beta-diversiteetti) vuosien välillä tutkittiin Sørensenin indeksillä koko alueella ja luontotyypeittäin. Kasvillisuuden kokonaispeittävyyden muutoksen, kokonaislajirunsauden muutoksen sekä Sørensenin indeksin vaihtelua tarkasteltiin hajontakuvin ennallistamistoimenpiteiden (laidunnus, raivaus) ja luontotyypin suhteen. Lisäksi tutkittiin Sørensenin indeksin (beta-diversiteetti) vaihtelua vuoden 2006 kokonaispeittävyyden, lajirunsauden ja rannasta mitatun etäisyyden suhteen. Yleistettyjen lineaaristen mallien avulla selvitettiin, kuinka paljon luontotyyppi ja ennallistamistoimenpiteet selittävät kokonaispeittävyyden ja lajirunsauden muutosta sekä vuoden 2012 kokonaispeittävyyttä ja lajirunsautta. Kasvillisuuden kokonaispeittävyydessä ja kokonaislajirunsaudessa on tapahtunut tilastollisesti merkitsevä positiivinen muutos. Myös toiminnallisten ryhmien peittävyyksissä ja runsauksissa on tapahtunut muutoksia positiiviseen suuntaan. Luontotyyppi on erittäin merkitsevä tekijä selitettäessä vuoden 2012 kasvillisuuden kokonaispeittävyyttä ja lajirunsautta. Laidunnus on vaikuttanut eri tavalla eri luontotyypeillä. Lajistossa on tapahtunut muutosta, joka vaihtelee luontotyypeittäin. Lajiston vaihtuvuus on huomattavasti suurempaa niillä ruuduilla, joita on laidunnettu tai raivattu verrattuna niihin ruutuihin, joilla näin ei ole tehty. Kulunohjauksen voi katsoa kasvattaneen kasvillisuuden kokonaispeittävyyttä ja lajirunsautta kaikilla luontotyypeillä. Ennallistamistoimenpiteillä voidaan kasvattaa lajirunsautta ja diversiteettiä rantadyynialueilla. Kullekin luontotyypille tulee kuitenkin laatia omanlainen suunnitelmansa, koska ne sietävät häiriötä eri suhteissa. Useamman perättäisen vuoden tutkimuksella tai pidemmän aikavälin (yli kymmenen vuotta) tutkimuksella voitaisiin saada paremmin selville, mitkä muutokset kasvillisuudessa ovat ennallistamistoimenpiteiden aiheuttamia ja mitkä ovat osa luonnollista vaihtelua. Avainsanat – Nyckelord- Keywords Ennallistamisen vaikutukset, Kasvillisuusmuutokset, Rantadyynit, Alfa-diversiteetti, Beta-diversiteetti, Sotilasalue, Natura 2000 -alue Säilytyspaikka - Förvaringsställe - Where deposited Helsingin yliopisto, Kumpulan kampuskirjasto Muita tietoja - Övriga uppgifter - Additional information HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO - HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET - UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta - Fakultet - Faculty Laitos - Institution - Department Faculty of Science Department of Geosciences and Geography Tekijä - Författare – Author Katri Elina Heiskala Työn nimi - Arbetets titel-Title Effects of management practices to vegetation cover, species richness and change in species of boreal coastal dunes in Vattajanniemi, Lohtaja Oppiaine - Läroämne - Subject Geography (physical geography) Työn laji/ Ohjaaja - Arbetets art/Handledare - Level/Instructor Aika - Datum - Month and year Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - Number of Master’s thesis May 2015 pages 79 p. + Attachments Tiivistelmä - Referat – Abstract Some of the most important causes of coastal sand dunes being threatened today are overgrowth of habitats, mechanical wear and construction. The study area, the boreal sand dunes of Vattajanniemi (belongs to Natura 2000 -network), is under heavy trampling (mechanical wear) because the area is in military and recreational use. Plant communities form clear zones parallel to the shore for topographically varied gradient driven by abiotic and biotic factors of stress and disturbance. There has been grazing, harvesting trees and scrub and limitations in trampling as management practices in Vattajanniemi to reduce the mechanical wear and to prevent the overgrowth. This study examined the changes in cover of vegetation, species richness and species composition six years after the management practices were started. The data was collected from 142 vegetation plots in July 2006 and 2012. The plots were located in six habitat types. Descriptive statistics, histograms and Wilcoxon tests were used to discover changes in vegetation cover and species richness between the years. Sørensen Index was used to study the change in species composition in the whole area as well as in different habitat types. The changes in vegetation cover, species richness and species composition (Sørensen Index) were viewed by management practices (grazing, harvesting) and habitat types in boxplots. In addition, the variation Sørensen Index (beta-diversity) with respect to the 2006 total vegetation cover, species richness and the distance to the beach was examined. Generalized linear models were used to explore how much habitat type and management practices (grazing, harvesting) explain the change in total vegetation cover and species richness and the vegetation cover and species richness of the year 2012 Results of this study indicate that total vegetation cover and species richness are statistically significantly increased. As well there has been positive changes in the vegetation cover and species richness of the different functional groups. Vegetation type has been a very significant factor to explain the vegetation cover and species richness in 2012. Grazing has affected differently in different habitat types. The rate of beta-diversity varies between habitats. Species turnover rate was significantly higher in those plots that have been grazed or harvested compared to those plots, which were not. Trampling limitations are considered to increase vegetation cover and species diversity in all habitat types. Management can increase species richness and diversity in coastal dune systems. Each habitat type tolerates disturbance differently and needs its own kind of management plan. Several consecutive years of study, or longer- term (over ten years) research would give a better understanding of which changes are caused by management practices and which are a part of a natural variation. Avainsanat – Nyckelord- Keywords Effects of management, Vegetation changes, Coastal dunes, Alfa-diversity, Beta-diversity Natura 2000 -area, Military area Säilytyspaikka - Förvaringsställe - Where deposited University of Helsinki, Kumpula Science Library Muita tietoja - Övriga uppgifter - Additional information SISÄLLYSLUETTELO 1 JOHDANTO 1 2 RANTADYYNIEKOSYSTEEMIN MUODOSTUMISEN MEKANISMIT 4 2.1 Rantadyynien levinneisyys 4 2.2 Kasvillisuuden kehitys kohoavilla rantadyyneillä 4 2.2.1 Kasvillisuutta rajoittavat tekijät 5 2.2.2 Kasviyhteisöt 8 3 ALFA- JA BETA-DIVERSITEETIT MONIMUOTOISUUDEN 11 MITTAREINA 3.1 Diversiteetin mittarit ja mittakaava 11 3.2 Diversiteetin vaihtelu häiriön, stressin ja tuottavuuden mukaan 12 4 RANTADYYNIEKOSYSTEEMEJÄ UHKAAVAT TEKIJÄT 14 4.1 Umpeenkasvu 14 4.2 Kuluminen: tallauspaineen intensiteetti ongelmana 16 5 HOITOTOIMENPITEIDEN VAIKUTUKSET KASVILLISUUTEEN 18 5.1 Laidunnus 18 5.2 Raivaus 21 5.3 Kulunohjaus: tallauspaineen intensiteetin kontrollointi 22 6 TUTKIMUSALUE 24 6.1 Tutkimusalueen sijainti ja yleiskuvaus 24 6.2 Ilmasto-olosuhteet 26 6.3 Kasvillisuus 27 6.4 Hoitotoimenpiteet 28 6.4.1 Laidunnus ja raivaus 28 6.4.2 Kulunohjaus 30 7 AINEISTO JA MENETELMÄT 32 7.1 Aineiston keruu 32 7.2 Tilastolliset menetelmät 36 7.2.1 Monimuotoisuusmuuttujien rakentaminen 36 7.2.2 Muuttujien tarkastelu yksin ja yhdessä 37 7.2.3 Monimuuttujamenetelmät 38 8 TULOKSET 41 8.1 Kasvillisuuden kokonaispeittävyys 41 8.2 Lajirunsaus (alfa-diversiteetti)
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