Citizen Participation in Creating the News

CEU eTD Collection In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master ofArts degree ofMaster forthe requirements ofthe fulfillment In partial Citizen Participation and Online Media: and Online Participation Citizen Crossroads of Technology and News TechnologyCrossroads and of Supervisor: Professor Catherine Coyer Professor Catherine Supervisor: Department of Political Science ofPolitical Department Central European University European Central Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Katherine Barna Katherine Submitted to Submitted (2009) By CEU eTD Collection cases, this paper demonstrates not only that citizen journalism is changing how news how changing is is journalism citizen only that not demonstrates this paper cases, the of analysis careful After mediaoutlets. andnon-traditional into traditional incorporated has journalism been citizen how to elucidate Ihope studies, case evaluatingthree By them. between the differences andanalyze journalism citizen handle outlets, they how media andreported. gathered is waynews the changing is technology andhow industry news understandingthe for important is changes these Exploring news. own producingtheir of citizens ramifications andthe industry news in the place taking changes the seekto explore Iwill news their reporting, into journalism incorporatecitizen or use they andhow andGlobal Voices, outlets, BBC CNN, media three of webpresence online at the look Byanin-depth taking mediaoutlets. traditional Abstract reported, even within mainstream news outlets, but it is also remaking the definition of news. of the remaking also is definition but it outlets, news mainstream within even reported, Using a qualitative approach, this paper will outline the characteristics of the online of the the characteristics outline will this paper approach, aqualitative Using on andits influence journalism citizen trendof growing the examines work This i

CEU eTD Collection best, even when things were tough. Her help and valuable insights were deeply appreciated. deeply were andinsights valuable tough.help were whenHer best, even things to domy me pushed She clearly. research more vision ofmy me the see helped Coyer, who Kate my supervisor, thesis without to completion come not would thishave project Of course stuff. other important the and all love but alsolife, Science, Political whatis academia and not only manydiscussing, classes, hours friends withIspent whom Eva Kurianand the ofMatej support acknowledge like Iwould to particular, In learn more. harder to and work inspired me and diverse insights discussions class lively at Their CEU. this year my classmates with spend time was bythe This work enriched Acknowledgements and love. appreciation tono way shown my is there this and For more, and encouragement. discussion providing way, coffee, step ofthe me nextevery to he thesis, was onit. this For and perspective understanding a better me gain and help material course discuss the to was available always University, he European Central at the master’sprogram Throughout my about. to think forme brought material in current and foundationalknowledge added both grandfather follow upwith. My forme to reading some additional him, hefind Isaw would time the that next sure Icould be topic, always in a engaged getting subject. When in a interest stimulate my and papers further last minute the questions,edit the tough to discuss there He been has my education. throughout received Icould besthave mentor has the He been ofMinnesotaDuluth. the University at Emeritus Professor Robert Evans, Dr. my work grandfather, to dedicatethis to especially like I would end. through the to this beensee able notwould have andI support whose love my without family, foremost to first and dedicated This is thesis Dedication ii Bördős

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CEU eTD Collection Chapter 3: BBC Chapter 2: CNN Chapter Review 1: Literature Chapter Introduction Contents of Table Bibliography Glossary Appendix Conclusion Studies ofCase Analysis 5: Comparative Chapter Voices 4: Global Chapter 5.2 Analysis and differences 5.1 Similarities Sample Voices 4.2 Global and Description 4.1 Background Sample3.2 BBC Say andYour Have 3.1 Background Sample2.2 CNN Background and iReport.com 2.1: outlets ofmedia 1.7 Types participating? is 1.6 Who industry newspaper ofthe 1.5 Economy industrynews is the and when news made is the news 1.4 How and democracy 1.3 Media media? ofparticipatory significance the is 1.2 What media? participatory is 1.1 What paper ofthe Structure Scream’ ‘Dean The Example: Obama Girl’ ‘The Example: Question Research 4.1.2 Goals of the website ofthe 4.1.2 Goals 4.1.1 Bloggers professional journalists citizen and between 3.1.3 Overlap journalists 3.1.2 Citizen Say Your ofHave 3.1.1 Description iReporter? 2.1.3 Why or‘iReporters’ journalists 2.1.2 Citizen ofiReport 2.1.1 Description options people’s participation theory and 1.5.1 Economic mergers 2: ofmedia 25years Figure Revenue, 2005-2008 Ad vs. 1:Online Newspaper Figure ...... iii ...... xiii viii xxi xix xii xii 30 30 27 26 24 23 xx xv 62 61 54 52 49 47 47 45 43 43 42 42 40 39 39 38 37 37 35 33 32 31 xi ix iv v CEU eTD Collection which we receive and impart news. impart and receive which we ways in the influences advancements to technological Adapting intensified. is mediums oflines the and blurring onthe where Internet particularly ofnews, the face changing are developments these elaborateonhow aims to This paper mediums blurred. is between line The online broadcastinformation. and print, between and convergence crossover allow a advances technological flows. These ‘older’ ofinformation forms privileged over and blogs, vlogsforums, chat online discussion rooms, messaging, as:instant Tools such and received. communicated is the information way ofhow revolutionizing is technology site crucial the is course, The of Internet another. fromto one place travels information the that speed but alsoin messages, and totext e-mails calls and services telephone mail physical moving from rapidly communicate, ways to choose in we the place taking are changes information. only Not 1 them” represent actors who political and programsofthe the intentions wellabout as issues political most important about the information undistorted have complete, will citizens that “assume that democracies, all Thomas claims Meyer for ademocracy. functioning information essential news and We alsofind and country. state going community, onin their out whatis to find sourceofinformation forpeople primary been a in have variousforms media, 1997,782).Traditionally, (Merriam-Webster newsworthy” is that “matter can mean, it and orona newscast,” periodical inornews a newspaper reported “material information”, See glossary for definition ofterms fordefinition Seeglossary ‘News’ can be defined as, “a report of recent events”, “previously unknown events”, “previously ofrecent “a as, report be defined ‘News’ can and produce access we the ways profoundchangesin are driving New technologies 1 are only some of the ways the immediacy of communication is ofcommunication the immediacy ways only someofthe are Introduction iv

CEU eTD Collection online citizen journalism changing traditional news production? production? news traditional changing journalism citizen online is is: how to answer paper attempts this question that The websites. into news incorporated areor journalism used tools ofcitizen how look at specifically It will outlets. news traditional Research Question societies. in democratic a is key commodity information as monitor, to and observe critical onit reporting is are and who definition ofnews in the changes (Garnham 1996,361).The public sphere criteria fora onJurgen Habermas’s drawing and democracy, media links between touch very briefly uponthe will also We online. items submit news the to Internet utilizes who non-professional journalist describe a to journalist’ ‘citizen use term we the Inthis paper, and audiences. production alsobetween but receiver, producer and only between ofa wall not a is breakdown to view.There for anyone news receive to non-professionals enabling place, importanttaken shift has an 2002,8).However, (Meyer normative guidelines for the profession, it also recognizes that citizen journalism is onthe is journalism citizen that profession, alsorecognizes forthe it guidelines normative provide that institutions importance ofprofessional the paper acknowledges this While news industry? the help citizen journalists orwill professional journalists to a threat pose it Does production. news ontraditional journalism impact ofcitizen the analyze to is however, focus, primary industry. The ofthe news state current and the and participation journalism Internet ofhow following the points the without discussing and technology media news traditional journalism, issues ofcitizen the to possible address It not is production. future ofnews for the implications the and whatare newsprocess making onthe journalism ofcitizen importance As part of that question, this paper will also discuss the questions: the whatis the will alsodiscuss this paper partquestion, ofthat As and citizen journalism between the to relationship explore paper intends This in general in and produce it. Posting news items on the Internet can be immediately available immediately can Internet be newsonthe items it. Posting produce is changing mainstream news production, how the Internet aidscitizen Internet the news how production, mainstream changing is v

CEU eTD Collection quickly, but it also allows them to display and gather news in innovative ways. in innovative news and gather to display them alsoallows but it quickly, information waysend to a are as using news that organizations technology new recent a is Internet faster. The public andto get the it information order to gather in investment a itnecessary was break first, a story to incompetition tight but fornewspapers beginning, at use the expensive to were technologies Both these the over it. story dictate reporters could and over distances news to deliver the time alsocut distances. Phones newsto from report newspaper their quickly shortitems to to get tool forreporters be a vital provedtelegraph to technologies:the ofnew development changed bythe been industry, has communications industry, a news society.history,the Throughout will shape it how exactly predict to been has difficult it advancement, new with each although, change, societal heralding many newsways. in the rise andchanging is information available. Another change is who has access and the ability to participate. With to participate. the ability and access has change who is Another information available. of and content intensity scale, cost,speed, to regards the in from previousinnovations apart It stands news industry. the impactonchanging a large having is inInternet particular, 2000,346).The (Rheingold ways different of communication gain from both loseand humans technologies, new With older methods. obsolete not does render but it communicate, we how 2001,155).Newdochange in mediums Trend (Rheingold cyberspace” in ofpersonal torelationships form webs human sufficient feeling, long enough, with discussions onthosepublic carry enough people Netwhen from the emerge that aggregations “social community as, defines a 2000,347).He virtual (Rheingold communities of virtual in book his Rheingold, The Internet has already shown that it can connect people in novel ways. in Howard novel people connect shownit that hascan already The Internet with associated often been have technologies in communication Developments The Virtual Community, Community, Virtual The vi was an early advocate of the positive aspects ofthe positive earlywas advocate an

CEU eTD Collection post their nightly newscasts online so viewers can watch it on demand. In some cases, blogs itInsomecases, on demand. can viewers watch so online newscasts nightly their post Monitor Science Christian the Some, edition. notably print to their websitein addition online have an newspapers Many ormerging. down, production, are reducing closing newspapers 2009).Traditional Edmonds, and in Journalism forExcellence (PEW Project to free fall” close perilously something 2009in 2008and entered a industryharrowing exited (2008).“The newspaper pastyear the process. making the engagednews become in can people ways ordinary andthat forthe newsprocess making forthe significant is that assumes paper This other technologies. in relationto and producing ofinformation consuming capabilities forits expanded ofthe Internet the distinction acknowledge ofthisto thesis, aim for the suffices, it Still developments. prior technological comparison to in is Internet the different theofhow engagedebate in ofthisto thesis the goal It not is ofinformation. creation the in participate to person forthe average and easier direct more is it access, Internet ubiquitous Post” are both run by few people and are considered to be must-read political news sites news political be must-read considered to and are both people run byfew are Post” 2 in seen the changes as to respond these slow to been has media Traditional ofinterest. news and find Internet log onto the can start; they to newscast orforthe o’clock six delivered be paper fortheto morning to wait donot it.need People to they access wish whenever model. changing business and also,a technology changing the to respond have to They fornews market ondemand. in the in order to changed survive have outlets (Pavlik 2008,60).Media news online consumers were Americans 2006, 164million people a few oftenbyjust operated news become sites, have Most famously in the United States, blogs like “The Drudge Report” and “The Huffington and “The “The Report” like blogs Drudge States, in the United famously Most With the Internet, news is updated online throughout the day and is available to users day andavailable is the updated is throughout online news Internet, the With in but years, especially recent changesin many experienced has news industry The , now publish exclusively on the web. Broadcast media outlets now outlets media onthe Broadcast web. publish exclusively , now vii 2 . According to John in . According to Pavlik,

CEU eTD Collection Example: ‘The ObamaGirl’ ‘The Example: impact onnews. and its ofcontent citizen producers technology, intersectionofmedia, show this explicitly follow that examples The savvy. brief two technical a little set byanyone with can be -it agenda setthe that organizations the news not is just it sphere, public in that But there, Internet. onthe together and audio comes video intersectingofprint, The competition. fiercer bring about audiences niche U.S. inIncreasingly, the faced challenges to similar had to adjust Kingdom, have also United thein the like BBC broadcasters, with,service but public to cope have had broadcasters commercial that are changes (Pavlik 2008,134).These news websites ontheir reportsavailable video news and text broadcasted their make News, all and NBC ABC CBSNews News, news networks; major three States the Inthe United 1.5 ofthis paper. in section be discussed will as common more outlets become has products through different media Cross promoting interests. commercial with more closely news tiesindustry the that place have taken Figure 1).Mergers revenue (See and ad ofprint newspapers rapid decline http://www.pollster.com/polls/us/08-us-dem-pres-primary.php from Data accessed vote. 29%to 39%ofthe support ranged between Clinton’s 30%ofthe vote. between 21% to ranged support 2007,his the ofJune beginning At Clinton. behind Hillary Obama placed Group, Rasmussen) Research Journal, American 3 the polls in mainstreamsupport more he had gained before campaign ofObama’s coverage media This campaign. increased U.S. inpresidential the angle new video a as the they alsocovered awareofits popularity, news became media mainstream the posted.Once being shortly after views many viralgetting video, an Internet became video The Crush onObama”. song“Ia Got entitled, videoa featured 2007. This music 13, posted onYouTubeJune videowas that Girl” music “Obama the is good example Data from various polls (USA Today/Gallup, AP-Ipsos, Fox, NBC News/Wall Street Fox, News/Wall AP-Ipsos, NBC variouspolls (USAToday/Gallup, Data from In the past few years, ordinary people have been able to shape the news agenda. A news to the beenshape able have ordinary years, few people In the past viii on May 20,2009. onMay

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CEU eTD Collection at a time when not many people knew much about the Illinois Senator’s presidential bid. presidential Senator’s Illinois about the much knew many people not awhen time at campaign ofObama’s coverage raising resultednews it in Inthis case, news agenda. national ofthe part a become very time, short can, Internet in postedonthe and generated content how alsoreveals and entertainment, and politics line ofthe between showsthe blurring example 2007).Additionally,this (Hefflinger undisclosedamount October of2007foran site in the bought Networks inNextNew June, released video was the industry. While ofthe news side business into the information and beyond consequences has it only Not example. that, by this 14million views. hasalmost and had onBarelyPolitical video as most popular listed still the is As11,2009,it ofMay satire. news and a popularforpolitical hasplace become website the video’spopularity, after the and running the in candidates ofyounggirls supporting other responsesvideos and copycat numerous Taryn Southern Taryn 4 individual donations soliciting campaign in the early large ofmoney amount to raise able was he significantly, Most politics. in to Internet participate turn,the use could who in supporters, of online network inan building aided These actions Internet. onthe request feedback and forums, in online participate platform, publicizepolitical his meetings, to organize it by using atool campaign as of the use Internet effective made campaign in of2002.The spring contest the primary entered Dean campaign. presidential 2004primary Howard is Dean’s events The ‘Dean Scream’ Example: Notably one supporting Obama’s main competition, Hillary Clinton, “Hott 4 Hillary” by “Hott 4 Hillary” Clinton, Hillary competition, main one supporting Obama’s Notably The second example of how the Internet has an impact on news and how it can on newsshape it and how an impact has Internet the ofhow example second The shown as agenda set the news the to has power increasingly content User-generated 4 . The ‘Obama Girl’ video was produced by the website bythe was website Girl’produced video . The ‘Obama http://www.taryn-southern.com/Viral_Videos.html ix www.BarelyPolitical.com

CEU eTD Collection candidates popularity, but also the media’s power in influencing people or events with whatit orevents with influencingpeople media’s in power alsothe but popularity, candidates ona an effect having technology ofnew power not only the show, thisdoes example clip, onthe replaying video with ofDean its portrayal media’s theof effect precisely measure to not is possible it While presidentialcandidate. the as party’s Kerry John nominee, eventual and supportedthe the race ceded eventually campaign ofVermont. The state in home his securea win able he to lost, only contests next primary following. few The weeks inlight the a negative in pressDean speech.portrayed The Scream” “Ia Have orthe “Dean Scream” dubbed the, (Bauder, 2004)and was 633times, Press, Associated to the according media, soundingscream orshout awkward onan ended comments his contests,he primary to wasgoin the going thehow campaign far saying optimistically night, that while later supporters his given to Ina speech finished third. frontrunner. online 6 contest 2008 primary 5 how. predict even ifcannot we and democracy, politics to power impact the has relationship this changing Inaddition, sphere. the back information into upon and then feeds draws media thethat news forconsuming information providesa space The Internet changing. is citizens and ordinary toon. focus chooses Video available on YouTube: onYouTube: Videoavailable the Obama in campaign bythe perfected refined and strategy later campaign An effective 5 . Dean’s campaign gained momentum and by fall of 2003, he was emerging as a as of2003,he was byfall emerging momentum and gained campaign . Dean’s What these two examples briefly show is how the relationship between news media news between relationship the show how is briefly theseexamples two What Howard Dean caucus, primary Democratic 19,2004,the onJanuary In Iowa first http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5FzCeV0ZFc 6 . This sound bite was replayed in the nationalnews in the replayed sound was bite . This x

CEU eTD Collection comprehend how different models deal with the technological changes. By the end, Ihope to the changes.By technological with the deal models different how comprehend can we better ofthe sites, and differences the comparing similarities By organizations. news traditional transforming is journalism whatways citizen in will illustrate paper newand organizations. journalism ofcitizen relationship andthe analyze theselected compare cases will it Finally, studies, three using case situation current the will describe it Then and democracy. journalism citizen media, participation, on literature discuss the will it First, approach. a qualitative information from the approaches This paper together. come media news and traditional journalism ofcitizen issues these ofhow implications to studies the see organization case news online onthree focus Iwill Scream’), ‘Dean Girl’ and the of‘Obama the examples saw in we (as briefly effects paper the of Structure organizations are moving due to evolutions in technology and the communications industry. communications and the technology in due to areevolutions moving organizations directionnews the see are and tentatively the consequences what organizations, news used is it by takes, how it forms the is, journalism ofwhatcitizen an understanding develop By looking at the history, structure, organization and use of citizen journalism, this journalism, ofcitizen and use organization the history,structure, at looking By their news in industryand the place taking ongoing changes understand the better To CNN iReport, BBC Have Your Say Your Have Say BBC iReport, CNN xi and Global Voices. Global

CEU eTD Collection links between news and democracy and how important the media is in a democratic society. a democratic the in is media important and how democracy news and links between It the alsoshows journalism. ofparticipatory providessomecharacteristics This definition journalism: expression. and participation individuals, ofopportunity, elements include would media ofparticipatory a definition Together, 1997,721). (Merriam-Webster orexpression” conveyance, ofcultivation, “a medium as 1997,847).Mediadefined is (Merriam-Webster forindividual participation” opportunity media? participatory is 1.1 What these categories provide a useful way to understand the many types and how many types and how different many to way understand the provide a useful these categories Even so, toit. choose use people fluid onhow depending are also The categories category. than one more into can fall websites As develops, technology site’. media contributory and or‘collaborative sites’ news a ‘full-fledged participatory be considered could Voices Global The third, outlets’. mainstreamnews at participation of‘audience first category the into CNNfall and inBBC this paper, examined studies ofthe 2003).Two case (Lasica, sites broadcasting and,personal finally, media’ of‘thin kinds other sites, media contributory and news collaborative sites, participatory full-fledged sites, information Web news and independent outlets, news at mainstream participation audience are: categories guideline. The J.D. Lasica provides six categories of participatory journalism that serves as a useful as serves that journalism ofparticipatory categories providessix J.D. Lasica a that information relevant and Willis2003,10) (Bowman and requires. democracy wide-ranging accurate, reliable, independent, provide to is participation this of intent The information. and collecting, news of disseminating process and analyzing the reporting, in role active an playing citizens, of group or citizen, a of act The report, In their the “providing as, dictionary the defined is Merriam-Webster in Participatory We Media We Chapter 1: Literature Review 1: Chapter Literature , the authors came up with a definition ofparticipatory upwith authorscame , the xii

CEU eTD Collection respond. othersto but alsoenables journalists, bycitizen created to have stories modern technology the harnesses that is not only it consider essential we that journalism ofcitizen dimension final A organization. with a news self them to affiliate byandable alsois orpaid employed is who one is forthis paper journalist definition working ofprofessional A journalist. professional donenot is byanyone a who citizen journalism that is Anothercharacteristic commentary. ormiscellaneous stories personal life excludes characteristic personal. is This if it even story, in sharingthe value some public There be should ornews related. news is content the that is One characteristics. the following includes that journalism ofcitizen definition working news of orproduction creation in the participating people as journalists citizen defining are. there forms 8 orbyaphone mobile online either program 7 a core been always has (Anderson 2006).Participation aidentity shared to leading thereby information, the same consuming bysimultaneously aexperience shared experience people book his Anderson, in Benedict cohesiveness. social of a measure alsoprovides media workings. on government The watchdog a public being works, democracy while publichow to the about gives information functions. It important fourth estate the called Itbeen has democracies. media? participatory of is significance What the 1.2 The other three including the clergy, the nobles and the commoners. noblesand the the the clergy, including other three The ona fora television contestant voting is participation media ofentertainment example One . This is opposed to participation in entertainment media entertainment in to opposed participation is . This Traditionally the media has filled the role of information provider in modern ofinformation provider the hasrole thefilled media Traditionally limited is to the scope ofthis paper, the For growing. purposes is journalism Citizen xiii 8 in democratic societies, fulfilling many societies, democratic in Imagined Communities 7 . For this paper, we use a use we this paper, . For , theorizes that , theorizes online

CEU eTD Collection helps develop online communities (Flew 2005, 62). One, they build social networks and networks social they 2005,62).One, build (Flew communities online helps develop editorial control. sans writingsonline their publish anyone issue can nolonger is and an the space With Internet, and assurance. quality and content newspaper ofa print ofspace limitations due to the was editor practiced to the over letters control highlighted. Editorial wants person the an event to commentary, a story, a response anything, be about can An piece happened. online that orevent story a newspaper to reaction was editor a to the a letter typically, that, is writing piece an online and the editor to writing a letter between The difference discussion. forsocietal provide space newspapers and the opinion their to forcitizens give is idea print The newspaper. ofa the editor participate. how to about byproviding that information have aided and the media ofdemocracies component links between democracy and media are discussed: and media democracy links between In and democracy. both the media in participation 2005, 64). (Flew participation democratic more to a is way encourage communities online promoting that alsoclaims Flew orsites. communities online in these participate journalists to for citizen the groundwork set 2005,62).These characteristics (Flew in democracy participate ways to new enable three, they and finally; and information, they two, knowledge share capital; social Society has moved into uncharted territory with the Internet enabling more direct more the enabling Internet with territory uncharted moved has into Society he says which, communication, to computer-mediated attributes three Terry has Flew ato letter bywriting is media in the participate ofhow can people example A classic ehoois psie osmr o iftimn. ces t ei a cnrle b big by controlled was media to Access infotainment. broadcast of by rendered consumers were and passive discussion technologies democratic of out kept were people most Age, Media Big the In voting. as well as debate and participation democratic involved Democracy xiv New Media: A Critical Introduction Media: A Critical New

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CEU eTD Collection Second, accord is reached as a result of rational debate. Finally, the public sphere should be should thesphere Finally, public debate. ofrational a result as accord reached is Second, be open to iteveryone. must First, characteristics. consisting ofthree sphereas public of the definition Habermas’ interprets Polat Habermas. byJurgen most perhaps famously authors, democracy Media and 1.3 society. democratic in media’sa role to consider important is news, it of the nature the changing to discover paper tries (Garnham 1996,360).As this politics democratic of and practices the institutions and communication public ofmass and practices institutions the link between of‘indissoluble importance theory, forthe argues ofnormative field the scholar in a prominent Habermas’s, Jurgen fordemocracy. ofthe consequences aware to be critical is and newsit making, in the media onparticipation paper focuses this While 147). He describes the importance of public media for “carrying on and informing public onand informing for“carrying media ofpublic the importance describes 147). He (Schudson 1996, sphere” ofa public ideal comes to the closer one in the politics, citizens a normativeideal. as be held can sphere public ofthe idea original Habermas’ Still, either. not sphere were met public ofthe conditions the these Internet, 2005,450).Priorto (Polat participation forpolitical a place as hold do still communities online out that point does she Internet, caseofthe in notthe met are conditions these believes she Polat While indicates the sphereas Internet. public the define precisely ofthese conditions 2005). None (Polat and power interests from commercial independent Michael Schudson states a way to achieve that ideal; “The more people participate as participate more people “The ideal; tothat a way achieve states Schudson Michael bymany been has discussed democracy in ofthesphere public significance The etal2003,179) 1998,6in Lister (Kellner the in Media of Age. dialogueduringtheBig democratic out participate kept groups can and individuals services of numbers Internet large and empowering debate, modem, and discussion computer, a to access with everyone age, Internet the In circulate. to allowed were views and voices of range limited a and corporations xv

CEU eTD Collection qualifies as a modern public sphere and a place for people to communicate. For this For communicate. to forpeople sphereand a place public a modern as qualifies the Internet these 2006,136).By definitions, (McNair action” political forcollective basis the upas ofknowledge built is stock ofwhicha common and bymeans opinions circulate and through whichfacts ofa society, institutions communicative “the sphereis, public definition ofthe (2005, 148). Another and elites citizens between communication facilitate these spaces bysaying that this definition continues (2005,148).Dahlgren ideas, debates” ofinformation, circulation the permit that in spaces society ofcommunicative constellation onmeans ofparticipation. information providing more sphereby public the to enhance has potential the The online. Internet public to the accessible easily process political in the part and taking organizing meetings, about details are more There trend that reversing? is Internet, the 1996,152-153).With events (Schudson political in ability to participate the limited has claims, Schudon ofthe press, model “information” to a “conversation” move from 1996,152).A ofthe (Schudson discussion discussion” or newspapers (Dahlgren 2005,150). or newspapers radio, as television such media ofmass a is feature form, one-to-many which than the rather and interpretations, interactions different with ofcommunication forms the many-to-many how is enables it ofthe Internet features ofthe One unique structure. hierarchical had a more methods Prior public sphere. ideal approaches Habermas’s which,perhaps, communicating people between the relationship an open and equal presumes consumed media, citizen journalists. as especially within it, are communicating people onhow focus sphere, but a will public as Internet the recognizes thesis definition, this The conversational style of participatory media as opposed to previous methods of to opposed previous methods as media ofparticipatory style The conversational a understoodas sphereis public functioning “a that, ofthe is opinion Peter Dahlgren xvi

CEU eTD Collection and act autonomously” (Meyer 2002, 1). However the media, or even participation in media, in participation the oreven media, 2002,1).However (Meyer act autonomously” and to indecide a position the puts individual spherethat public apolitical functioning without possible not is are “Democracy key as, and democracy media links between The process. decision making the opinion political forpublic in role authority) given constitutional (or noformal is there that realizes it consequences, have political whichmay process, more dotheypower? have directlyparticipating, are now 2001,260).Ifcitizens (Street audiences” towards and producers journalists, from ofpower television balance the shifts participation… shift. a“Direct power changesimplicate andThese creation. interpretation participation, active ofinformation to consumption passive move from Thisa signals video. can blog a Writing comments. going dialogue byrespondingto keep the a commentand by posting way they are represented in newmedia they represented are way dependent that heavily is –one politics in democratic anrole informal have thereby decisions. political can influence opinion idea public hold that the that the paper, in later discussed be whichwill effect’, the like ‘CNN popular ideas, are some there over is politicians, opinion public not influential is proven how it While weightvoting. as same donot have the polls opinion public and candidate.Yet fora preferred through voting made decisionsare how over ofcontrol Voting one is method decisions. political to authority make have the not does While, “public opinion plays no formal role in policy decision making…Citizens decision noformalin policy opinion role plays “public While, making the news changing is journalism citizen that paper assumes this While immediately item a news about a conversation to possible is start it Internet, the With make a story. The Internet also allows more styles of response through text, audio text, or ofresponse through more allows styles The story. also Internet a ” (Lewis, Inthorn and Wahl-Jorgenson 2005,31). This Inthorn (Lewis, and Wahl-Jorgenson ” xvii on the

CEU eTD Collection insights. Many journalists write blogs as part of their professional duties. A quote in quote A in professionalduties. as blogs oftheir write part journalists insights. Many with personal story onthat alsoa running commentary the but story, facts and provide the only Not must they risentremendously. must dohas ofthejournalists work expectation crisis mortgage with the personal his experience describing online a powerful article reporters published one ofits economic Times, York the New newsIn outlets. in professional event sideofa news sharing their toand even use what video between the deciding story, to choose cover they telling story, how behind the journalists personalofthe stories are also there increasingly, reporting, the is factual there While ofevents. coverage professional journalists’ alsoshifted has Edmonds, 2009).This move and in Journalism forExcellence (Project institutions journalistic fromaway traditional themselves. they empower politics, in voices, particularly own with their participate citizens When and politics. media with power, citizen journalism links crossroads that one key.is ofthe is Here role informal Personal Credit Crisis” by Edmund L. Andrews. Published May 14,2009. May L. Andrews.Published byEdmund Crisis” Credit Personal 9 profiles on produced fewer found thatoutlets it news media, onAmerica Ina report coverage. in passive’ its campaign ‘reactiveand to be more press thefor is tendency function, journalists. with compete citizen as effort to alsobe construed an which, can story, interpreting the to emphasizing the onreporting facts toless focus news industry ( the pickday” viewers upduring that information ofdisconnected mass to the meaning and give to is complement aim plus”. The Economist See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/magazine/17foreclosure-t.html?_r=1&em Along those lines, another trend, more alarming in relation to the media’s democratic media’s to the alarmingin relation more another trend, thoselines, Along and individual journalist to the shifting is power industrythat is the trendnews One in , illustrates this point, “Phil Griffin, the chief executive of MSNBC, calls it “news- calls of MSNBC, executive the chief “Phil thisGriffin, point, , illustrates The Economist The xviii 2009 76-79). There is a move bythe a is move 200976-79).There 9 . This particular article shows the shows particulararticle . This The “My

CEU eTD Collection organization is in flux; “It sort of requires a rethinking of the entire traditional news process, ofthe traditional entire sortofrequires a rethinking “It in is flux; organization news the out that Press from 2005,points the Associated article from in an Elsewhere, 2003,7). and (Bowman Willis serves” it audience bythe but, potentially, competitors and technology just new threatenedbynot is ofthe news gatekeeper as hegemony Media is industry news news the when made and is news Howthe 1.4 information gap? the fill citizen journalists Can notavailable. readily up information to time dig the who ones areinvest the journalists Professional about themselves. information veryleast, or,at the conversations thesphere’s to control public forpoliticians space leaves a media, ofthe voice and investigative critical Losing backgrounds. the candidate’s research to carefully forpeople time less leaving thereby have shrunk, resources Newsroom public. to theythe release information about savvy the become have campaigns Political 2009). in Journalism, forExcellence forpresident (Project running were that candidates the journalists. Its motto is “every citizen is a is reporter”. citizen “every is motto Its journalists. 10 from is 1996was when An example early information first. forfinding out organizations published. is whatinformation powercontrol the holds to in who and a change ofnews nature in the onboth light a shift sheds same article news. The scoopingthe even sometimes online, news stories posting journalists’were who of‘citizen league growing the to handle how struggled 2005).News organizations do,” (Jesdanun to organizations that’s hard fornews and OhmyNews is a news site where the majority of the information is generated bycitizen generated is of the information the majority site where a OhmyNewsis news , the authors state, “…journalism finds itself at a rare moment in history where…its rare in moment at a itself finds state, “…journalism , the authors With technological tools available, individuals are often able to beat the news the to often beat able are individuals tools available, technological With 2005). (Jesdanun, better informed” is voice our and authoritative is voice our that premise the with begins media legitimate…Traditional “OhMyNews In news in transition. profession ofthe situation current find scholars the Media 10 s bsd o h hoy ta vr iie s a junls, eey vie is voice every journalist, a is citizen every that theory the on based is xix

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CEU eTD Collection changes in technology. With the economic situation of 2008, the impact was especially was of2008,the situation impact the With economic technology. changes in industry newspaper the of 1.5 Economy ago. just atime short than different imagined are changesthat enables technology moveson, time as also that it, but andabout talking ofthe changes industry aware the news is not only that shows news forit.article andThis demand technology changing of rapidly challenge upwith the endeavorsto keep news industry 2009).The news (Respers, breaking of sources are sites often hownetworking about social CNN website,talks posted onthe news” sharebreaking sites “Social-networking titled, an article example, For unpredictable. reported. is andinformation where reporting election campaign presidential 1996 in mate the running beDole’s Kempwould Bob Jack that the news Matt broke Drudge their own, without necessarily having to organize into a group. into to organize having own, necessarily their without on power gaining are individuals in interested how are we more resolve, here question to difficult out.a While information ongetting a andgroupfocuses when out information 11 lately. been industry has concerned news topics the where common ( of2008” beginning since the down shut papers local “70 InBritain, conditions. economic bad hit hard bygenerally been environmenthas business to a changing adapt struggling to was that already news industry ofthe industries –a section newspaper onprint felt heavily The Economist The A question that may be raised here is what is the difference between an individual bringing an individual the is between difference here what is thatbe raised may question A News organizations have primarily relied on advertising revenue to runtheir revenue onadvertising relied primarily have News organizations with business the model rethink traditional hadtheir to have News organizations stepis next but areeach changing, news organizations the awarethat People are 2009, 15). Bankruptcy, shut downs and struggling budgets have been struggling budgets downs shut and 2009,15).Bankruptcy, 11 . This demonstrates a dramatic shift in news reporting, who is who reporting, shift in news a dramatic demonstrates . This xx

CEU eTD Collection Figure 1: Newspaper vs. Online Ad Revenue, 2005-2008 Revenue, Ad Online vs. 1: Newspaper Figure increasing. been has steadily revenue advertising online years, while past three in the quarter dropped sharply has each revenue 1,newspaper in Figure illustrated As online. dollars moving advertising shift in cope with the models to business their adapt to They unable were the hardest. model business print newspapers impacted has revenue advertising shift in (Samuelson 1999,425).The nationalidentities ofcommunity and expense the thisat is that believes (Samuelson 1999,425).He and individuality diversity celebrate to mantra constant and the emerging marketsare that niche media and fragmentation populations specific targets that advertising to online audiences to mass reach that publications media print in from away advertising been has moving trendsin advertising latest The operations. 12 revenue-slide-below-online-ad-revenue-2009-4 From: Google has been a major leader in this technology. leader major been Googlehas a http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-how-soon-will-newsprint-ad- 12 . Robert Samuelson, while not specifically discussing advertising, criticizes the criticizes advertising, discussing not specifically while . Robert Samuelson, xxi Accessed May 13,2009 AccessedMay

CEU eTD Collection independent. previously thatbeen had branchesofmedia smaller runmany that left companies major eight were of2006,there As companies. into production larger ofmedia branches merged different have increasingly companies the past25years, in Figure 2,over shown mergers. As been has response general shiftingOne pacedemand. with to keep models News organizations are finding that they need to rapidly restructure their business their need restructure to rapidly they that are organizations finding News xxii

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CEU eTD Collection Accessed May 13,2009. Accessed 23 CEU eTD Collection systems. He offers two possible strategies for consumers to express their opinions about a opinions about their to forconsumers express strategies possible two offers He systems. and political in both economic these concepts Hirschmandevelops them. to have available are not satisfied, they when consumers discusses what‘responses’ He journalism. citizen theof concept models and tobusiness media be thatrelated can options ofparticipation options participation people’s and theory Economic 1.5.1 level.new to stakes a whole the commercial mergers bring these income, their affecting of the ratings with the pressure dealt always has media commercial While interests. bybusiness influenced being ofthe news ethical questions raise does efficient, it be more may business model this commercial publication. While a Postprint York orthein NewsonTV Fox New by20 made a movie For company. example, within a products media cross-promotion ofdifferent allowed mergers have past 25years.These possible is on the Internet through either stopping visit a website or by posting feedback onit. websiteorbyposting feedback visit a stopping through Internet either onthe is possible are and voice exit spherewhere One with policies. dissatisfaction express can citizens where sphere, the political in further has application it in shifts ofa quality product, responses to as it contextualizes he the While consumers. from feedback background onallowing theoretical concepts provide (Hirschman1970,30).These ofaffairs” state objectionable from, an than escape rather to change all at “…any is, attempt (Hirschman 1970).‘Voice’ quality ain decline to a thisresponse as posits producing. is the Hirschman firm whatever into stops other buying firm words, orin the consumerleaves the when product. is ‘Exit’ Albert Hirschman’s book, Albert Hirschman’s over the market onthe outlets media ofnew mergers and entries Figure the 2shows A crucial point that Hirschman makes is that the relationship between producer and producer between relationship the makesthat is that point Hirschman A crucial Exit, Voice andLoyalty Voice Exit, 24 th Century Fox can be promoted through be promoted Centurycan Fox raises important issues forpeople’s issues important raises

CEU eTD Collection consuming and participating in the news. and participating consuming in having citizens and whatoptions model business newschanging at industry’s the look to way provide a relevant theories Hirschman’s demand. to respond that to equipped better industry is the news other industry; hand, onthe news wantfrom the whatthey articulate to information. their to get news sites particular oruse journalists certain only read who with people true especially is site. orweb This outlet media journalist, a can be a product product.interms, media Or ofa inconsumers with loyal come can ofloyalty concept additional firms canThe quickly respond. and how feedback, get the firms the whether ofdemand, onthe elasticity depending process a is delicate showsthat this also He firms’part. onthe and adjustments offeedback through means place take can interaction an voice, and especially tools ofexit Through tothe be fixed. not does have consumer production. By examining how citizen journalism is a part of the change, it is important to it important is change, part ofthe a is journalism how citizen examining By production. news changes in raised bythe concernsare this paper, economic in directlyanswered not are questions these While journalists. with working citizen organizations news is studies, case the bein examined whichwill A option, third news organizations. fortraditional competition alsobe They can available. theofinformation amount wayincrease to be acost low can journalists Citizen independence? their retain orcan they interests bycommercial influenced or to theysusceptible become Will ofcitizen journalists. commodification ofthe possibility the is Anotherfactor mainstream media? into incorporated orbecome individuals separate as remain journalists the citizen rise,will to be onthe seems journalism citizen While tool? a as orused business tomodels the a challenge participation citizen is is: How much industry The question that remains to be seen in the changing business model of the news ofthe business model changing bein seen the to remains question that The are able onone hand, andthey how ofconsumers behavior to relate the theories These 25

CEU eTD Collection this topic on ofliterature an is abundance There Internet. orthe computers to access either don’t have They to the participate. option even have simply world donot in the most people However, not tech-savvy orthey are not interested, they time, are don’t be:have might they reasons Some online. actively to participate havenot access who forpeople many reasons may be Internet. to the evenaccess has not everyone people of6.7billion population world with an estimated But access. with Internet people of amount an increasing The online. numbersshow are 220million Americans World Stats, to Internet 2008,according ofJune news 2006,118).As to (McNair get it of thoseused participating? is 1.6 Who too. consequences financial mindbear the in divide E. Rice; and Ronald E.James Katz by Pippa Norris; 14 13 or race class, economic, along based the division countries, The within is second Netherlands. or82.9%in Austria the to 68.3%in compared Internet use ofBotswana the population 5.1%of reportsthat World Internet Stats Internet. to the access and their and poorer countries are not. alsowho but and participating, online are only mindthosewho kept not in sphere,it public be should and the issues ofparticipation See See Bureau U.S. Census Fromthe by Mark Warschauer; and Warschauer; byMark Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide andthe Information Poverty, Engagement, Civic Divide: Digital There are two dimensions to this issue. First, there is the global divide between rich divide global the is there to First, this issue. are dimensions two There is who is, participation with online issues oftheOne major and half daily Internet report the using Americans thanAs 70million of2005,more 14 , but this paper will cover a few basic points. To complete a discussion about a discussion points. To complete cover basic a few will but this paper Social consequences of Internet use: access, involvement, andinteraction involvement, access, use: of Internet consequences Social http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html The Internet Galaxy Internet The Technology and social inclusion: rethinking the rethinking digital inclusion: and social Technology 26 byManuel Castells not participating. There participating.

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CEU eTD Collection CNN is considered an American, commercial, profit orientated news organization. The BBC organization. orientated news profit commercial, American, considered is an CNN outlets media Typesof 1.7 151). (Dahlgren 2005, disappear” it that will to assume be evenwould unrealistic if it diminishing, been has Western democracies in divide” the “digital the arethat and use such access for that, criteria “the lost. is Dahlgren claims population the greater to access for bringing hope all Not in elections. participate right have to the did time not minoritiesfora long and participate. orcannot who can and to goonline able is who limit it, does therefore, to with access associated costs and the Internet ofthe structure (Dahlgren 2005,149).The areorexcluded included who and people ofaccess in issues deals ofthesphere public dimension structural pointsthe out that Dahlgren categories. gender FirstPerson, but due to time and space constraints we cannot cover all the examples here. the all examples cannot we cover constraints to and time space but due FirstPerson, 15 are impartial, they 2008).Ideally, foreveryone (Irion available issues and be minority cover education, promote cohesion, provide social values, democratic support diversity, outlets. ofmedia these types between differences discuss briefly the will I section, Inthis ofcommunity media. a type considered is ofthis paper, purpose it the For from grew a bloggersmeeting. that organization It a is non-profit outlook. with a global room news- media participatory a calls itself Global Voices broadcaster. service British public a is There are many other cases such as ABC’s i-Caught, Fox’s uReport, i-Caught, MSNBC’s Fox’s ABC’s as othersuch are cases many There Public service news organizations have the following characteristics: promote cultural promote following havecharacteristics: the news organizations service Public chosen cases three The women public from the sphere; excluded being forpeople been precedents have There 15 for their research are three different types ofnews outlets. types different are three research fortheir 27

CEU eTD Collection be to use new communication technologies at the center of its services (ibid, 250). (ibid, services ofits the center at technologies communication be tonew use would broadcasting vision for public new a opinesthat McChesney citizens. information to providing service public in 2004,241).It providesa (McChesney demands and advertising democracy. for essential to scholars be media bymany issues, considered government is business and from independent are. democracy Media, and media showshowlinked This quote closely advocates: particular in McChesney media. public forexpanded service argue Some scholars government. from the ofits funding a portion that is receives it service broadcasting public of common One characteristic to content its consumers. high quality andindependent provide not-for-profit, there is often direct governmental support. Non-profit media organizations are organizations Non-profit support. media often is governmental direct there not-for-profit, is media service public While funded through grantsordonations. are typically organizations 2004,214). (McChesney orhumane a society” self-governing to be damaging could that has “flaws market commercial the the media, in relationto that, Someneeds. find information and public an advertiser aabout story airing between ofinterest bring a conflict can often This reliance operations. to revenue fundits sources and other revenue advertising on relies it programming, high news quality ofproducing independent, while capable Community media, in this paper, is a non-profit seeking media. Non-profit media media. non-profit seeking this paper, a is in media, Community that, this means Typically, seeking company. bya profit owned is media Commercial from protected is market it ideally, that is service ofabroadcaster public The benefit policy2004,251). (McChesney making. media of democratic component a central become must subsidies means effective of generating none,effective but might receive and support, state some direct couldreceive Some sector. participants media nonprofit,noncommercial and…a diverse broad 28

CEU eTD Collection service and community or non-profit media organizations is important as we discuss we the as important is organizations media ornon-profit and community service public between commercial, differences basic mind the Keeping in an organization. within production news, and therefore media guide the and principles The structure outlet. media media. in the participation forcitizen opportunities provide can media Community (ibid). and messages” audiences, senders, between the “relationship in is difference The media. community and media mass between specialized alsoa is difference there that see us to leads these characteristics Establishing presented. information being (ibid) the towards reference of same frame the community (ibid).shares The background” sharethe same they because concerns same have the community they same members ofthe “As that, is media at community to 2002,23).Anotherway look Jankowski and Stappers, (Hollander, audiences and limited to small caters media community Typically, common. in characteristics certain buthave most ofthem numerousdefinitions, has support government direct receive they that donot idea bythe separated 16 studies. case specific Although they may receive grant money may receive Although they Knowing about the types of media organizations is important for any discussion ofa forany discussion important is organizations the types ofmedia about Knowing 29 and they are interested in the same topics the same in interested they are 16 . Community media. Community

CEU eTD Collection paper that public opinion has no formal role in the political decision making process, the process, making decision the rolepolitical in noformal has opinion public paper that in earlier this stated 1997,4).While (Livingston pull U.S.out troops to the streets pushed through the bodybeing dragged ofa U.S. image soldier’s broadcast the Later, Somalia. to troops send U.S. to the ofstarvinglead children duringimages 1992-1993when coined goals, and 3)an “1) a it as: of features discussesthree Livingston Steven Effect”. “CNN the, is news coverage increased of ofthe One ramifications news organizations. expansion ofother and the up with demand keep to broadcast channels additional and formanyadding coverage ofthem, their expanding organization, theofnews previousmodel did alter coverage the clock network with around global The news previously existed. had news that andcycle evening morning traditional broke the a day, it 24hours broadcasting network.By a 24-hour news-broadcasting iReport.com Backgroundand 2.1: photos of breaking news. The site as it is set up today, was launched in March 2008. March was in launched setuptoday, is siteit news.as The ofbreaking photos videosor news, who information, have citizens 2006, utilizes begun in initially The program, news. onthe orgive feedback to get comment people to ofother initiatives out website grew ( website traffic as 54 ranked 21, 2009,itthe was outlets. shown onmedia images through the policy-making influence thought to was CNN effect On the Internet, CNN launched its website launched CNN On Internet, the as Turner founded in 1980byTed was NewsNetwork, forCable CNN, whichstands policy agenda-setting agenda, agenda-setting policy http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/cnn.com accelerant to policy decision making (Livingston 1997, 2). This term was term 1997,2).This decision(Livingston policy making to th highest traffic website by Alexa, a website that tracks that by Alexa, a website website traffic highest Chapter 2: CNN 2: Chapter 2)an 30 impediment www.cnn.com ). CNN’s iReport section oftheir section iReport ). CNN’s to the achievement ofdesired the achievement to in August 1995. As ofMay August 1995.As in

CEU eTD Collection ‘iReporters’ or citizen journalists who contribute to the site. One of the toolsan is site. ofthe One to the who journalists contribute orcitizen ‘iReporters’ about the find out information reportsand also youto viewthe directs site, it the Browsing upload usersinformation. to encourages to easy and actively makes it and tools. CNN links ofother site full is the however, onCNN television; to be broadcast been selected have that of byits url be directlyaccessed can also site The oftheiReport bottom page. the towards categorized news orunder the hand corner right top from the either site are to the consistent links the only However, story. a is relevant there site when iReport to the directlylink page to main setuponCNN’s alsoother links are There itself. ofiReport homepage than the rather a story, directlylinks to but it headlines, News Latest in their to iReport.com a link they have Frequently, thehand corner. upper right from of webpage main FromCNN’s homepage. iReport of Description 2.1.1 What do they mean by a new kind? Here, it is apparent that CNN is trying to merge CNNtrying is that apparent is kind? bya new it Here, mean dothey What forwhatCNN doing. is implications interesting This has site.” kind a new of news build as we alongstaffers with iReport to, “Follow the reader invites the theblog On site, topics. oncurrent alsorequest reports blog can but the requesting, is the Desk Assignment what it complements Occasionally, tostories. featuring events from upcoming subjects covers content. user-generated through thecreating news in to participate citizens tools enable All these a good iReport. to tipscreate onhow offers Anothersection iReports. or discussion forgenerating topics and guidelines are Desk’ there where ‘Assignment There is an ‘iReport blog’ specifically for blogging about the iReport website. It website. the forblogging iReport about specifically blog’ an is ‘iReport There at iReport website, the On from their website iReporter tothe access ways different providesa couple CNN www.cnn.com/ireport www.cnn.com http://www.cnn.com/ireport 31 , prominence is given to thosestories given is , prominence , the iReport site link is accessible is link site , the iReport /.

CEU eTD Collection registered iReporters. Clicking on an iReporter pulls up their profile, whichcanbut include, profile, uptheir pulls onan iReporter Clicking iReporters. registered the ofall a directory has The site registered. had 23,197iReporters 21, 2009,iReport iReporters called websiteare iReport to the contributors journalists. The citizen ‘iReporters’ or journalists Citizen 2.1.2 space forusers. provide a to ofthe site and setgoals nature due to expected the to whichis be dominate, participation and feedback website,user iReport Throughout the iReporters. foriReports is and the website of theframe main sections,but news site hasto other and links CNN homepage footer the as header and the same It content. maintains generated user orencouraging content generated reports. journalistic traditional runalongside reportsto journalism be citizen encouraging actively they are very least, at Or the journalism. with citizen coverage news traditional content. 18 website. iReport CNN’s contributedto has that journalist a citizen about speakingwhen specifically 17 orthe total. currentday, week the by,the broken down current can be onCNN. were This information manyand how reports following. their posted,and comments iReports uploaded, the when joined, they by the iReporter), (written bibliography hometown, homepage, occupation, username, name, to; notis limited The number of people who ‘follow’ an iReporter or who are notified when they upload new they when notified orwho iReporter are ‘follow’ an who number ofpeople The ‘iReporter’ the use term We citizen journalists. to be consider iReporters we this paper, For The site also ranks some iReporters as ‘superstars’. They are the top members on top members are the They ‘superstars’. as someiReporters alsoranks The site the given to the is prominence website iReport ofCNN’s important feature The most onuser exclusively almost and navigate focuses to easy generally is The website 18 It also gives data on the number of page views, comments on iReports, followers oniReports, comments ofpage views, number data onthe It alsogives 32 17 . As ofMay

CEU eTD Collection the news on their main page main news ontheir the from different news how is, oniReport the is news’ of‘whatis the question from follows that question Another news. to redefine have had news organizations it, enables that technology definition ofnews expand the ‘to websiteis the goalsof one ofthe that is stated dimension An ofit. interesting and discussion space allocate but unusualto question, thisa is valid Of news?” is course “What question, the answering Why iReporter? 2.1.3 world. regionsofthe from all youdoseeother reports States, but United from the come ofiReporters The majority shared’,‘onCNN’ and ‘newsiest’. commented’, ‘most ‘most ‘most viewed’, ‘latest’, iReports by; viewthe You come can from. iReports the where shows map that interactive features an site also iReporter The category. superstar the into week each 20percent the top are in who the theyiReporters put Then and site activity. popularity ratings, contributions, members’ following factors; the CNN calculates iReport.com. the moment it is uploaded and what is broadcast on CNN has been vetted. been onCNN has andbroadcast whatis uploaded is it moment the 20 http://www.ireport.com/faq.jspa#news 19 follows: as it they describe website, important. as perceive themselves onissues canthey report too. Citizens coverage news traditional in stands still the question ontheir website, news iReport whatis the question asking only be CNN explicitly While may reporting. ofnews and methods and traditional news According to the site, the difference is iReport has user generated content that is available is that content user has iReport generated is the the difference site, According to here? “news” countsas What section, Asked Questions Frequently Under The “newsiest” iReports are sorted in lists at the top of each section on the homepage and in and homepage the on section each of top the at lists in sorted are iReports “newsiest” The the According to iReports, ‘Newsiest’. fortheir category new evena has created CNN to devote much they how time is oftheir website features most striking ofthe One 20 ? This is where the line starts to blur between user generated user to starts blur line between the Thiswhere is ?

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CEU eTD Collection professionals before making it public. The site does contain a disclaimer about the accuracy about a disclaimer sitecontain does The public. it beforeprofessionals making the bynumerous story and screening editing, checking, fact carefully whichis method, news traditional from the change a is major News.” This Unfiltered. “Unedited. tagline: offactors? bya influenced variety becoming ofthetop day news the ofwhatis implications are the However, control. what editorial traditional for news with and ranking demand popular ofcombining way more democratic be a This may generated. to discussion attached and a value but alsopopularity editorial influence, some professional includes offactors that a number combines ‘newsiest’ On story. the lead iReport, tostory the push a can offactors that ona based number formula calculated should knowto a about, and whatpeople fresh whatis deciding groupofjournalists shift from a thisa essence, is In important. whatis ofeditors power choosing the editorial shift from This a is significant categories of ‘newsiest’, or ‘superstars’, that are calculated on formulas that include direct include onformulas that calculated are that or‘superstars’, of‘newsiest’, categories creating By news?’. is question of‘what the concepts,as such shift core in defining a subtle reporting. inoftraditional the model underlying a shift signifies material space forunedited providing a is a news theorganization, CNN, fact producedthe content, forcitizen is this disclaimer clearly While coverage.” foruseCNN news in been vetted CNN” “On have marked stories they Only post. orscreened before fact-checked edited, are not byusers submitted stories means the That site. a is user-generated “iReport.com postedstating, of the information What is interesting about what is happening with the iReport website is that one finds that websiteis iReport with the happening whatis about interesting is What page the is CNN news main from the ofiReport feature distinguishing Another think newsworthy. is people what about new something us tell to up add could stories own their for pick producers iReport.com the contributions the CNN what and – all pageviews ratings, comments, stories, – site the to that make users of community is newsiest behind popularity, idea freshness, The combines ratings. that and calculation activity a is Newsiest site. the around places other 34

CEU eTD Collection example was found in the category of ‘newsiest’ stories of the day. In his biography, Inhis Willis ofthe day. stories of‘newsiest’ the was category foundin example page. This profile onhis Egberto as Willies listed is name 1961,whose EWillies iReporter, by was Act Now”. Not submitted It Does IfHe byInsuranceIndustry Manslaugher Virtual day. onthat available other topics various excluded and therefore nature political fortheir alsochosen were examples website.The the on was prominently that featured one for,Ichoose example account paper can than this more were available the Maytypes Sunday, ofexamples is 24,2009.While from come examples the day that The examples. the to day atselect random one done byfirst picking was CNNSample 2.2 ofnews site.” “akind building, new is says, really the it blog day. As top ofthe stories the whatdefines site changing is community, this iReporter ofthe other members from feedback 23 22 21 on biography postedonhis forcontributions the By statistics To Change”. Incentive No Companies Have Card cars”,and “Credit forefficient to pay willing more must be “We NFL”, in the allowed NOTback VickSHOULD be “Michael ofsubjects: ona variety pieces he submissionscontributes that shows perusalother ofhis issues, a care health in interest ‘Twitter his to directs people he profile, iReporter Fromhis in healthcare. interest his motivates that rewarded andis innovation work where society capitalist regulated in [sic] a well believe liberalthat a true “I aboutam himself, writes A social networking website that allows people to ‘tweet’ messages upto 140 characters messages ‘tweet’ people to allows websitethat Anetworking social From ofexample for screenshot Seeappendix The first example from CNN iReport is titled, “Obama Would Sanctioned Have “Obama titled, is from CNN iReport first example The Voices and Global BBC from CNN, the examples the to all used choose method The http://www.ireport.com/people/EWillies1961 23 ’ account, his website and his homepage. While his biography clearly states his states clearly biography his While andhomepage. his website his ’ account, 21 35 22 .” He goes on to describe a personal issue describe Hea onto goes .”

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CEU eTD Collection mainly through an annual color TV license that currently costs £142.50 (black and white TV £142.50(black costs and currently that license TV color through an annual mainly its funding receives BBC money. The raise the service to ontelevision tax a special levies the government the InBritain, Internet. print,and broadcasting radio, as such of mediums a variety around the all in world employs correspondents It corporation. broadcasting largest news organization. ofany other audience global largest the thehas BBC Today, programs. and online radio, television providesincluding, it services ofdifferent number BBC The ortheforshort. BBC Corporation, Broadcasting British today, the called whatit is it became the After charter, interests. private fromand government independence BBC grantsthe The Charter Sovereign entity. granted bya toa corporation create instrument a whichis legal Royal Charter, wasa programs.In1927,it granted radio broadcasting Your Say Have Backgroundand 3.1 26 a wholeentity as to refers it rather it of the company, branches 25 projects online and number ofwebsites a 2000,140),and Cornford created (Naylor, server Driverand Web grant. government bya separate funded Service is World BBC (Irion, the 2008).Interestingly, through advertisements not although enterprises, 26% from commercial and the remaining fee license from annual the budget its 74%of getsabout BBC and the government bythe regulated prices are £48).These is license One commercially orientated and funded web project was project web and funded orientated commercially One different the separate not does explicitly it BBC, the using when term Inthis paper, The BBC’s online presence was first begun in 1994 when they established a public they 1994when established first begun in was online presence BBC’s The the is world’s website, to their according broadcaster, service a public BBC, The originally 1922.It was formed Companyin was Broadcasting British The 26 . With initial complications due to the renewal of the Royal Charter in 1996 Charter ofthe Royal renewal due to the complications initial . With Chapter 3: Chapter BBC 37 www.beeb.com that was that

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CEU eTD Collection prominence to direct links to BBC reporters’ blogs. At the bottom of the page, directly below page, directly ofthe bottom the reporters’At toblogs. BBC tolinks direct prominence journalists professional and citizen between Overlap 3.1.3 website.the to onuserscontribute public who to the available orprofile information nocontact is There location. orusername and givesite) to they the (that name oftheir site consists onthe user a information about the onaIngeneral, story. to comment member to be a donot have You story. shouldbe a news of what the question ideas, story asks even, bysoliciting It be whatshould debated. people to as from forideas It asks the site. to to stories be uploaded opinions, and comments, photos, request journalistsCitizen 3.1.2 persists. The BBC retains editorial control over the citizen journalists submissions, even submissions, journalists the citizen over editorial control retains BBC The persists. this sitelegacy Say that Your Have from the clear is (ibid). It reputationforquality BBC’s the maintain would and2000,145).This Cornford control (Naylor, Driver control editorial work. journalists’ citizen alongside featured is blogging,work their rather news filing articles, are not they if Even citizen journalists. with professionaljournalists link the to starts because it significant This blogs. is linksreporter’s to BBC are section andsubmitted stories pictures the Part of the impetus for starting the original BBC website was the desire fortighter the websitewas BBC original the forstarting ofthe impetus Part gives still it designed content, is foruser site while is the feature interesting One site. users forthe registered it where its shows area a public not does have BBC The that are places There participate. to opportunities sitemany offers the Exploring 39

CEU eTD Collection question, “Will the expenses clamp down work?” Citizen journalists are expected to ‘have are expected journalists Citizen down clamp work?” the expenses question, “Will a and posed ofthewebpage main center onthe feature was This story CNN iReport. 3.2BBC Sample news. ofthe presentation news organizations traditional changing is journalism in whichcitizen arena in submission another citizen video features that produced news ofa professionally this example focus, paper’s submissions. ofthis Inlight citizen’s overlaps with professional work the where section yet is another This citizens. from onsubmissions anda is compilation byBBC actually is done Say Your Have BBC of feature News’. This video World ‘Your called right menu hand onthe column is combined produced areport. BBC into content the butcontributor, edit the credit they video.course, Of into produced BBC material submitted incorporating user 31 30 29 says: by373people been recommended has Kingdom, that United in Norwich, this commentby‘saccol’ list, ‘readers’ recommended’ here. Fromthe viewoptions are ofthe from limitations; each due to space onlychose one, I a sample, For or‘readers’recommended’. recent’, by‘most viewed either can be comments been published 4,139.Of were story 3,532have that, onthe comments total the Time, Standard of 14:51 Central question. As onthat sospeakanda post comment say’ their to 445 comment had been rejected by the moderator rejected bythe had been 445comment 2.2 under example section method ofchoosing See ofexample appendix for screenshot See trust a word anyone of them says anymore. Sack them all and start again.” and all start Sack them says anymore. them anyone a word trust of don’t one for I fact Simple place. first the in through allowed were expenses somehow these how forget will public the that hope the in possible screens smoke many liars as greedy behind hiding These are overnight. all honest and repentant are now gains personal for loopholes enormous their and claims expense is that farce the made who people very the joke, a “What The example is journalism and citizen work professional journalistic the where An example 30 from BBC’s Have Your Say is differently formatted from the one on formattedfrom the differently is Say BBC’s Your Have from 29 40

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CEU eTD Collection along with the blog and no videos accompany a written story. There are videos, but they are videos,but There story. are written a and novideosaccompany the blog along with 2008). (Salzberg content” ofuser-generated and that media ofmainstream world between the saidto be situated may be a project as Voices it, puts “Global Salzberg Chris and theAs BBC. to CNN in comparison especially site, media oralternative a grassroots as it However, appears grassroots initiative. professionals by media was created need. It toa perceived fill something setupas It was website. donations ontheir alsosolicit They the Foundation. MacArthur Foundation and The Knight University, Reuters, Harvard Center at Berkman supportfrom the receives expanded. It site, but began a blog as Description and 4.1Background 32 Global to other two Globallinks donate Voices, link to to find we a little further, page a main downsite’s Scrolling world. the regionsof the different from stories to main map, links and belowthe have a map they stories featured to fresh. the are Next that stories’ ‘featured has website section ofthe main and ‘authors.The ‘topics’ by‘regionsand countries’, divided are The sections information. to searchthe are links ofthe day.thepage At top ofthe stories bloggers. vloggers,orvideo rather than writers, are bloggers,oronline contributors fact the to that the mostdue is likely This elements. more visual word, than rather written to the given is preference to find. The difficult slightly is that section in a separated Co-founders Ethan Zuckerman and Rebecca MacKinnon and Rebecca Zuckerman Ethan Co-founders The website is set up in sections. The main page clearly highlights important news important highlights clearly main The page setupin is sections. The website go just a photo to usually is There dominatedbyblogs. is website Voices The Global 2005.Itat located wasis founded in Global Voices 32 and nurtured in an academic environment, nota citizen’s as environment, in an academic and nurtured Chapter 4: Global Voices 4: Chapter Global 42 www.globalvoicesonline.org

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CEU eTD Collection comment on the blogs. Global Voices also asks for help in what they should link to from shouldlinktheir in to what they forhelp alsoasks Voices onthe Global blogs. comment to the site. to contribute able before being to gothrough process a is there because journalism discussion ofcitizen than different is previous This editor. a regional first contacting It requires the site. can to post not everyone are volunteers, authors the all While media”. bytraditional “isignored that bloggersfrom regionsorcountries out seeks actively Voices theyGlobal and when joined. written they have howposts many photo, a aboutperson, that givesonesentences ortwo profile The name. ontheir youclick when profiles available have forthe who site Thewrite bloggers not as active. listed contributors Bloggers 4.1.1 columns. withmain two in style a narrow out laid websiteis The sitesVoices http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/ 33 http://globalvoicesonline.org/about/ website the of Goals 4.1.2 website. to post their to content lot generated ofuser request a donot specifically they However, Voices. onGlobal featured be should that story a is breaking onif there dotakefrom readers input They also website. RisingVoices RisingVoices ei rud te wrd b ikn o tx, poo, pdat, vdo ad ohr frs of forms other and video podcasts, photos, text, to linking media. citizens’ grassroots by world the around media citizens’ from emerging perspectives and conversations interesting most the to attention Call at website stated as ontheir Voices goalsofGlobal stated The can users, anyone registered screened and are are volunteers bloggers,who the While 208 are orbloggers.There contributors 133active 21,2009,there ofMay are As 33 , special coverage of current events, and recent comments that are highlighted. are that comments and recent events, ofcurrent coverage , special http://rising.globalvoicesonline.org/ are: are:

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CEU eTD Collection Abuse, Disbelief and Bitterness Persist” and was submitted by ‘Rezwan’. On Rezwan’s by‘Rezwan’. submitted and was Persist” and Bitterness Disbelief Abuse, Lanka: title“Sri is, 24,2009.The viewed onMay websitewas though the 22,2009even May Sample Voices Global 4.2 report. have to citizens’ what is value is there that demonstrate they forcitizen journalists, a space by providing information, news providesmainstream that outlet media traditional not is a Voices Global While media. in grassroots valued is journalism providesinsightcitizen onhow journalism oncitizen stance proactive and tools. Their trainings through journalism citizen encourage audience. specific a small, and having foraccess allowing professional, being as non- such media defines community features ofwhat many share does it media, community notitself call explicitly does Voices Global While and edited. centralized 35 34 story. the on 3comments were As24,200916:33 story. there ofMay CST, the to enhance clip video and photos even quotes,has a out significant It alsopulls issue. onthe websites additional youto take that articles in the embedded includes hyperlinks and also situation onthe story) their reports,(and quotesfrom news ofother makes use piece style. The a journalistic in written Theis piece in. it available is languages whichother alsoshows and it it categorized has Voices Global article how shows the directly.Above emailRezwan a link to and blogs also Rezwan websitewhere to another a link profile The provides lives in Germany. and from is 30,2005.Rezwan Bangladesh 974posts onApril and joined have says it they profile, See method of choosing example under section 2.2 under section ofchoosing example Seemethod ofexample for screenshot Seeappendix The exampleThe also the they world, from blogs around Globalshowcase does Voices only Not 35 from Global Voices is the first article featured on the page. It dated is onthe featured page. article the is Voices first from Global 34 45

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CEU eTD Collection choosing, but by providing topical questions, the news organizations direct the dialogue. the direct news organizations the topicalquestions, but byproviding choosing, topic orreport oftheir onany comment cannot citizen journalists tothat say not is That and reports. topics the toconversation guide CNNtend and BBC orcommenton.Both report to are askingcitizens onwhich they one subject ormore than have one might They topic. required. is and email a basicname as as usually contributors, the information about a comment,some leave oreven participate, ofusers. To community defined have a all loosely The other sites users. from and feedback commentary plus forthe story, space significant Theygive all voice. reporter’s individual the promote them of news. All reportsofthe importance oncitizen’s primary place three sites All common. differences and Similarities 5.1 own contributors. contributors. own to its ofthe viewers page alsodirects user having content, The while content. BBC, generated byuser- dominated alsois Voices Global content. of user-generated consists entirely almost day. ofthe stories the direct important users fromto the someinput allows that website ontheir tosystem CNN’s Thisinopposition is direct important. it that deems news highlights it topic. ona given Rather responses solicit not does directly in Voices, contrast, Global CNN iReporter gives the most space for ordinary citizens to contribute. The site contribute.The to citizens most spaceforordinary givesthe iReporter CNN forresponses call ona and BBC CNN site. fromTypically site to varies content The in have somefeatures all and Global Voices CNN Say, iReporter Your Have BBC One feature that seems to give a citizen report more reliability is the use the is of contact more reliability citizen report give a to seems that feature One Chapter 5: Comparative 5: Chapter Comparative of Studies Case Analysis 47

CEU eTD Collection only on their website, but also on their broadcast channels. Global Voices does not have a not Global does Voices channels. broadcast but alsoontheir website, only ontheir not journalists from received citizen promote cross material outlets Both media organization. speakers. to non-English moreis accessible languages, it in many available material byhaving highlights; it the news toaudience receive a global Globalseeks Voices haveaudience, a BBC global both CNN and English. While in all information their maintain BBC while CNN and languages, in many available material and location. name be,real the contributor’s appears to least what publish, at does BBC site. The ontheir orvideos articles photos, comments, post who onthe people information contact give any contrast, not does Thein profile. BBC, information ontheir to thecontact post option have CNN iReporters thewho article. wrote person emailthe youto allows directly that feature a alsohas Voices information. Global for information can lead to a seriously misinformed public. While it is valuable to be able to to valuable is be it While public. misinformed to a seriously lead for information can onthese sites solely reportsposted.Relying ofthe accuracy they the that do not check state ofCNN, they Intheclearly case be misleading. it can ofthis information, consumers For submitted. the pieces categorize sites none ofthe However, it. answering and them journalist posedthe citizen question to being a onthere definite based clear is it Sometimes response. report or oreditorial, opinion commentary, a declaring piece, nolabels are for users there the On sites pieces. ofcitizen journalistic the is non-categorization ofinformation consumers website. onthe oftheir sites sister dopromote but tothey them, available channel broadcast One thing that is common across all websites that has serious implications for implications serious has that websites all across thingcommon is One that part as oftheir them to outlets available broadcast thehave BBC Both CNN and Globalhas usage. Voices the is sites language the between difference A significant 48

CEU eTD Collection these negative aspects, there are some advantages to citizen journalism. citizen journalism. to someadvantages there are aspects, negative these with facts. Even tool for crosschecking alsobe a reference can Internet other hand, the the On hard to verify. can be the information Internet, with ofinformationthat is ofthe quality terms in environment. Anotherdisadvantage in a reinforced professional and themselves journalists the into trained and norms ethics there are where professional journalism to contrast direct Thisin is nostandards. that is are there media to participatory normativeaspect negative Analysis 5.2 sites. these on being ofcontent generated the types can we ascertain websites, onthe journalism citizen of some examples reviewing By they consume. information the examine critically do not who forthe people alsovaluable is control editorial ofviewona story, a point express freely Habermas’s consensus theory of truth. Stories are not just interpretive and evaluative at the at and evaluative interpretive not just Storiesare theory oftruth. consensus Habermas’s something resembles that to providescan lead citizen journalism that story ofa variations 1991,27).The (Braaten relations and social forsociety necessary is that understanding ofmutual the value emphasizes as Habermas 1991,26).This critical is (Braaten false” out end, may in turn the someofwhich, ofreliable beliefs, an indicator is…rather agreement rational here. relevant 1991,24)is “Mutual oftruth (Braaten consensus his theory Habermas, interprets Braaten Jane news As stories. anotherto adds dimension citizen journalism story; ofthe reporter’s interpretation just the there is No longer to be generated. and dialogues heard to sides story be formultiple ofthe a space now is ofa news there story, aspect important the most not might be stories their While story. one sideofthe provide does it standards, While citizen journalism might not adhere to objective professional journalistic to objective adhere not might journalism citizen While One industry mean? the news andin the changing the sites examples, dothese What 49

CEU eTD Collection conversation about them is unprecedented. It provides a place for a plurality ofoptions, fora plurality a place It provides unprecedented. aboutis them conversation and have a public in the sphere put ideas to capability and their number ofpeople journalists clout ofprofessional reputation and northe to politicians, regular access to attain are not general, likely in journalists Citizen 2008,116). (Pavlik oftraining to duea is inlack part (Pavlik work 2008,116).This and their them instilledin credibility, accuracy, fairness, as:balance, such values journalism traditional have they that donot is journalists citizen concern about major A they as fit. story see the pursue they oracan career, aboutaccess to worry repeat donot have are. They journalists presented. story dimensions ofthe ofnew growth the alongside place, take would public ofinformation byan informed assessments critical more towards a move Ideally, level. descriptive alsoat presented,the but ofinformation level 36 and amateur. professional the between divide bridges that but providesa journalism dailyevents, news to orreactions much commentary as not does solicit that audience targeted a more has Voices Global to journalists. its own the direct reader but often not does content, with user dominates heavily submissions. CNN journalists over citizen control most editorial the alsomaintains branches,and different with organization most complex It the is tandem. ofboth makes use in but reporters separate, orBBC citizens byeither produced the material theIt is keeps BBC. professional journalism and encourage. tolerate societies liberaldemocratic which modern For example David Brooks or Maureen Dowd, Brooks orMaureen David example For The example that seems to be the most effective at combining citizen journalism and journalism citizen combining at most effective to seems be the that The example The cansheer be heard. more that voices is media aspect ofparticipatory positive One professional than byrestrictions constrained alsoless are journalists Citizen 50 36 . New York Times New editorial journalists editorial

CEU eTD Collection journalism as a part of that news coverage. While only a small selection ofnews media small selection only While a coverage. aspartnews ofthat a journalism citizen incorporated they have events, oncurrent to reporting approaches different slightly provide CNN iReporter Your Have BBC and Say the Voices, news. is Global While what and happening is there onwhat viewpoints out are more there inways, different it approach they events. While current look different at provide sites a These citizens. to available kind ofinformation the is Anotherchange created. is onchanging news how an impact have it that is does shows this paper that answer One to the ofchange? power relate testimonials available. material their into incorporate helpsthem news organizations, but alsoforprofessional journalism, citizen only encourages not ofparticipation This onstories. ease quickly feedback provide or to easy comment it make BBC and the Voices Both Global content. to provide easiest be the seem to does but CNN friendly, user are all They drawn. were the examples day from story the lead not have a Globaldid Voices although updated frequently, are sites The organizations. onnews journalism impactofcitizen the demonstrating suffice in they online, outlets One question that emerges from this is how do individual stories, blogs, reportsor blogs, doindividual stories, thishow is emerges from that question One 51

CEU eTD Collection newscast”, or a “matter that is newsworthy” (Merriam-Webster 1997, 782), to whatcitizens 1997,782),to (Merriam-Webster newsworthy” is that ora “matter newscast”, periodical orona ornews a newspaper reported in “material unknown information”, “previously report events”, ofrecent from “a evolving is ofnews. It therethink definition industry the news making is to news organizations, being incorporated than doing, rather is journalism length. citizen What an itarms’ at theykeep still news organizations, their reports. professional journalists enhance but rather don’t replace, events. They and current issues to political voice and dimension a new be adding journalists will Citizen with them. tandem workrather in they journalists,will but professional replace not to likely they are However, news website. to basis ona regular are contributing who citizen journalists ofdedicated are a number there impact of citizen journalism on traditional news organizations are significant enough to enough significant are organizations news ontraditional journalism impact ofcitizen ofthe the findings but examples, only thisthree paper covered constraints, space and time further. to beDue explored can and democracy media between The relationship journalists. bycitizen ofthe produced content analysis and studies deeper online more case include could Further research media. and the oftechnology the looked relationship at sphere. It also ofthe public idea and Habermas’ ofparticipation paperon theories drew This organizations. ofa shift news. in defining beginnings paper doshow in the the discussed the examples not complete, lives. While in that individual happen orevents think important is This paper examined the impact of citizen journalism on traditional news ontraditional journalism impact ofcitizen the examined This paper into journalists citizen incorporate extent, to does, an media the large Second, while can First, be drawn. someconclusions in studies depth, three case examining After Conclusion 52

CEU eTD Collection moment, it is still maturing and developing. developing. and itmaturing still is moment, the at however, and policies, values ofdemocratic in discussion more the voices future, in provide, might journalism citizen Online democracy. deliberative to contributes Internet the how and action ofcommunicative ideas explore might the Furtherresearch on democracy. prove its impact research to not is enough there societies, to democratic more equality bring could ofcitizen journalism possibility the While forms. the between and interaction overlap more we but dosee not disappeared, have television Books, radio, ofcommunication. method only one still is it that is media participatory ofonline the value in assessing difficulty ways. One unpredictable bein incorporated will it but organizations, rather media traditional not replace will journalism here, citizen research onthe Based society. and democratic equal websites. online to their material broadcast links their organization a news how looking at ormore carefully ofcasestudies sample a analyzing larger magazines, news weekly look changing at are; areasto potential More the research. expanding justify Initially, this paper held the idea that citizen journalism will grow and lead to a more lead grow to will and journalism citizen that the paperidea held this Initially, 53

CEU eTD Collection discussed in this paper.discussed ofthe examples screenshots alsothe 23,2009.There May takenare from Global Voices Appendix The following pictures are screenshots of CNN iReport, BBC Have Your Say and Say Your Have BBC iReport, ofCNN are screenshots pictures The following 54

CEU eTD Collection taken onMay 24,2009 taken http://www.ireport.com/docs/DOC-262091 of ascreenshot is This 55

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CEU eTD Collection 58 CEU eTD Collection 59 CEU eTD Collection 60 CEU eTD Collection wikis: vlog: cites media orsocial blogs email, video: viral wideweb world on the url: networking: social bookmarking: social podcasts: new a works mashups: blog: Glossary short for ‘uniform resource locator’, it is the global address of documents and resources ofdocuments theaddress is global it locator’, shortfor‘uniform resource video blog short for weblog, is a type of website usually with commentary written by an individual written byan commentary usually with a is type ofwebsite forweblog, short web pages that can be edited communally be edited can that pages web similar to RSS feeds, this is audio or video files that are available to download are available that files thisaudio is orvideo to RSS feeds, similar information, (can be music, video, text, audio) that is combined and recreated into and recreated combined is that video,audio) text, be music, information, (can a video clip that spreads, like a virus, on the Internet, usually through sharingvia usually Internet, aonthe virus, that like clip spreads, a video uses social websites to stay in contact with friends and acquaintances with friendsand stayin contact to websites uses social publicly bookmarking a website bookmarking a publicly 61

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CEU eTD Collection Polat, Rabia Karakaya. (2005). “The Internet and Political Participation: Exploring the Exploring Participation: Political and Internet Karakaya. (2005).“The Rabia Polat, Edmonds. (2009). and Rick in Journalism forExcellence Project PEW V. John (2008). Pavlik, (2002). Meyer, Thomas. Massachusetts. (1997).Springfield, Edition. Tenth Dictionary. Collegiate Merrian-Webster’s (2006). Brian. McNair, W. (2204). Robert McChesney, ofMedia Effects An Examination CNN Effect: The (1997).“Clarifying Steven. Livingston, (2003). and Kieran Kelly. Iain Giddings, Grant John Seth Martin, Dovey, Lister, Rogers, Tony. (2009). “A Timeline of Newspaper Closings & Calamities”. Calamities”. ofNewspaper & Closings (2009).“A Tony. Timeline Rogers, (2000). Howard. Rheingold, news”. breaking share sites 22,2009). “Social-networking (January Lisa. Respers, (2006). Ellie. Rennie, Journalism. (2009). in forExcellence Project Frontier. CText?iref=werecommend < Inc. Publishers, Littlefield 13,2009. May < onAmericanJournalism. Report 435-459. Links. Explanatory 18, 2009. http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/narrative_newspapers_intro.php Publishing. Blackwell Kingdom. Incorporated. Merriam-Webster, Routledge. York. New Monthly ReviewPress. York. New ofGovernment. F. John School Kenndy University, Harvard Center. Shorenstein Joan MA. The Cambridge, Intervention”. ofMilitary to Type According Introduction. Critical A Press. participation. political us about the mediatell What 2009. < http://journalism.about.com/od/trends/tp/paperstimeline.htm http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/01/22/social.networking.news/index.html#cnnST http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/narrative_newspapers_intro.php Cambridge, Massachusetts. The MIT Press. MIT The Massachusetts. Cambridge, Community Media: A Global Introduction. Media: Community Cultural Chaos: Journalism, news and power in a globalised world. aglobalised news in Journalism, andpower Chaos: Cultural Media in the Digital Age. Digital in the Media Media Democracy: How the Media Colonize Politics. the Media How Democracy: Media European Journalof Communication,European The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic onthe Homesteading Community: Virtual The New Routledge. York. U.S. Communication Politics in the Twenty-First Century. Twenty-First Politicsin the Communication U.S. > Accessed on May 16,2009. onMay Accessed > PEW Project for Excellence in Journalism. forExcellence Project PEW The State of the News Media: An Annual Media: the News of State The 63 New York. Columbia University Press. Columbia York. New New York. Open York. University New United States. Rowman & States. Rowman United Volume 20, Number 4,pp. Volume 20,Number > Accessed on May 18, > onMay Accessed

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CEU eTD Collection Trend, David. (2001). Trend, David. 16,2009). (May bya gale”. “Tossed 16,2009). ofNews”. (May Rebirth “The John.Street, (2001). on When? IfSo, Reflections Public Sphere? Ever a (1996).“WasThere Schudson, Michael. (Ed.). RayEldon, InHiebert, ofAmerica”. (1999).“The J. Fragmenting Samuelson, Robert from Global Experiences ParticipatoryMedia: (2008).“Translationand Chris. Salzberg, 16 Ltd. ofTechnology. Institute Massachusetts (Ed.) InCalhoun, Craig Case. the American Inc. Longman, (1999). < Voices”. http://accurapid.com/journal/45global.htm Impact of Mass Media: Current Issues. Media: Current Impact of Mass Translation Journal Translation Mass Media, Politics andDemocracy. Media, Politics Mass Reading Digital Culture. Digital Reading Volume 12. Number 3. Available at 3.Available Volume 12.Number The Economist.The The Economist.The 64 Massachusetts. Wiley-Blackwell Massachusetts. > Accessed on May 19,2009. onMay Accessed > Habermas and the Public Sphere Public andthe Habermas Volume 391. Number 8631.pp.76-79. Volume 391.Number United States. Addison Wesley States. Addison United Volume 391. Number 8631.pp.15- 391.Number Volume England. Palgrave Publishers Palgrave England.

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