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The Neolithic Lena Holm

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The Neolithic Lena Holm 29 The Neolithic Lena Holm Publications from the time period 1986-1990 concerning the Neolithic are characterized by variation. This is seen in the different approaches and regional differences based on various archaeological conditions. Studies of settlements and economic/social aspects of the societies are in majority together with an emphasis on neolithisation processes. Some studies concern theoretical approaches and methods and appli- cations. South Sweden, with Scania in focus, is the most well-documented region, with regional variations in the archaeological record interpreted as cultural and social differences. In central Sweden comparatively few contributions discuss problems of settlements and social and cultural structures. In Norrland, finally, differences in the archaeological record between and within coastal and inland regions are evident, signifying various Neolithic groups. Lena Holm, Department ofArchaeology, Uni versity of Umeå, S-901 87 Umeå, Stveden. The time period 1986-1990 can be charac- part in these studies. Altogether this was terized as an expansive period regarding expressed in the concept of resource utiliza- problems of the Neolithic in Sweden. This tion, which was well used. Also in recent is reflected in the large amount of publica- years more socio-cultural aspects have been tions. Well over a hundred contributions are included. Furthermore, problems focussing recorded in NAA (Nordic Archaeological on cultural identity and the question of Abstracts), both major and minor works whether differences in the archaeological re- such as monographs with doctoral theses, cord are affiliated with different contempo- academic and popular papers, thematic raneous Neolithic groups, are discussed. editorial publications, and reviews and re- Exchange as a socio-cultural phenome- ports, some of which are multi-chronologi- non during the Neolithic has been discussed cal. The greater majority of these concern in connection with the Battle Axe culture the southern regions. ("Corded Ware" culture) and also with the Problems concerning the Neolithic have process of neolithisation (Strömberg 1988b; principally been, and during the 1980s still Malmer 1989; Jennbert 1988). Studies of are, characterized by variation. Various exchange and trade during the Neolithic archaeological conditions, such as different traditionally have their place in south and source materials and traditions, lead archaeo- central Swedish archaeology, as represented logists in various directions. Anyhow, one by Welinder (1988), Larsson, M. (1988a), general concept that is apparent is settle- Hårdh (1988) and Wyszomirska (1988b). ment studies; here I also include economic A certain interest focussing on problems and social aspects of the societies. Tradi- of religion and rituality can be observed. tionally, palaeoenvironmental conditions are Ethnographical data constitute the base for emphasized, and they often have a definite discussions concerning primitive beliefs Cunent Sweåish Arehoeology, Vot. 3, 1995 30 Lena Holm about death and the spiritual world, and are study of Man and his environment in south- transferred to archaeological conditions ernmost Sweden, " colloquially known as (Gräslund 1989). Based on archaeological "The Ystad Project" was completed. As the empirical materials, discussions of religious name indicates it was an interdisciplinary changes, votive actions, and funeral cere- research project with long-range perspective monies in the Neolithic society are empha- studies. The general aim of the project was, sized (Karsten 1989; Malmer 1986b; Larsson among other things, to describe changes in & Larsson 1986; Larsson, L. 1988, 1989c). the landscape and society within the Ystad In 1988 a survey of Swedish prehistory area in Scania and to analyse the causes be- and archaeology was published with Buren- hind the changes (Berglund 1991). Several hult as the main editor. The Neolithic in individual works on the Neolithic have been south and central Sweden is presented in ge- published during the time period (e.g. Lars- neral together with a number of problem- son, L. 1987, 1989b;Larsson &Larsson 1986). oriented themes describing contemporary An archaeological survey was published in archaeological issues, and in Norrland in a 1991 (Callmer el al 1991). survey of the prehistory of the region The research project on the Alvastra pile- (Burenhult 1988). dwelling, which started in 1976, can be seen Swedish material in particular has also as a continuation of earlier years excava- been discussed by archaeologists active out- tions with the ambition to use the unique side Sweden; and Swedish archaeologists material together with modern data for have been concerned with material from studies and systematic analyses (Browall outside Sweden (e.g. Bergh 1987; Knutsson 1986). After several years of excavation the et al 1990;Larsson, M. 1990;Lindqvist 1987; project is now completed, and the ensuing Persson 1987; Tilley 1989; Wyszomirska work with documentation and interpreta- 1989). tions has resulted in several publications, After reading the publications it is ob- including monographs (e.g. Browall 1986; vious that a text of this character can be During 1986; Göransson 1987a). structured into some major headings: neo- The Battle Axe culture has been resear- lithisation processes, applied studies con- ched and discussed for a long time. New data centrated on issues of settlements and socio/ and problems should contribute to enlarged economic aspects, and studies which expli- and changed views. Earlier discussed prob- citly discuss various methods. Neolithisation lems and the debate on settlement topics processes is a subject which was introduced concerning the Nordic Battle Axe culture in the last volume of Swedish Archaeology and other contemporaneous cultures were (Jennbert 1987), and is continued here with renewed in two symposia in Denmark and a survey. The majority of the contributions Scania (Larsson, L. 1989a). The first, held in can be characterized as applied studies, more Denmark in 1985, constituted a forum for or less theoretically approached, where recurrent discussions on the topic; The empirical data constitute the base. Under the Settlements of Battle Axe Culture in South heading of methods and applications, a mix- Scandinavia, under the heading Slridspkse- ture of comparatively few publications is tid i Sydskandinavien (Adamsen & Ebbe- presented. sen1986). The second, held in Lund, concer- Some major events of the time period ned settlements and other socio-cultural as- 1986-1990 can be mentioned, such as sym- pects (Larsson, L. 1989a). posia and larger projects, now completed. In this context it is worth mentioning an- In 1988 the project "The cultural lands- other Nordic archaeological forum, namely cape during 6000 years, a multidisciplinary the second Flint Alternatives Workshop held Currenr Swedish Archaeology, VoL 3, l 995 The Neoliihic 31 in Norway in 1988 (Coulson 4 Skar 1990). riod of gradual change from Ertebglle to Archaeologists working with stone materials Funnel Beaker culture. The other points to other than flint, among them several Swe- the obvious differences in archaeological des, have found it necessary with meetings data and settlement structures and regards where lectures, workshops and discussions them as indications of two cultures with take place. Problems concerning lithic ana- some or no contact as well as an expansion lyses of non-flint materials, such as refitting of Funnel Beaker groups. (See e.g. Larsson, and technical approaches to manufacture M. 1986; Jennbert 1987; Larsson L. 1987; and microwear studies, are discussed and ge- Wyszomirska 1988a). neral knapping workshops are held. A summary of an earlier published dis- Apparently the large number of pub- sertation by Jennbert (1984) emphasizes the lications necessitates a selection. In the slow, gradual transformation (Jennbert following I will present a selection of the 1988). The approach of anthropological and major publications on the Swedish Neolithic palaeoecological studies improves the inter- recorded in NAA 1986-1990. They are pretation of the processes involved. The con- discussed under the headings suggested tact networks and exchange between Erte- above. b~lle groups in Scania and fully Neolithic groups on the Continent are interpreted as NEOLITHISATION PROCESSES the cause of the introduction of farming and The last volume of Swedish Ai.chaeology, husbandry. The exchange relations brought describing the time period 1981-1985, gave cereals and domestic animals to the socie- an account of the neolithisation processes in ties in south Scandinavia. Internal and ex- the Nordic region as a subject of their own ternal conditions made this process possible, (Jennbert 1987). Most of the recent pub- and the fertile gift played a significant role lications concerning the Neolithic in south (Jennbert 1988). and central Sweden in one way or another Another point of departure, seen from touch upon this subject, although it is not the Funnel Beaker perspective, is the basis their major aim. Here a selection of works, of a model presented by M. Larsson (1986, that exclusively treat the Neolithic and 1987). Chronological differences and settle- either focus on or include southern Sweden, ment patterns, with radical changes from is presented. Late Ertebglle on the coast to Early Neo- Neolithisation processes and the diffu- lithic in the interior, together with changes sion over the European continent is a sub- in settlement size, changes in
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