Animal Pollinated Monocots Review
Animal pollinated monocots
Review: monocots vs. dicots
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week8/dicotmonocot.gif Review: monocots vs. dicots
Angiosperms
Basal angiosperms
1 cotyledon tricolpate pollen
Monocot phylogeny
(Graham et al. 2006) Monocot phylogeny
Animal pollinated Wind pollinated
Orchidaceae Cyperaceae Araceae Juncaceae Liliaceae Poaceae Iridaceae
Araceae
109 genera; 2,830 species Mainly tropical
Habit: Herbaceous
Leaves: Often with reticulate veination
Araceae
spadix
spathe
Lysichiton americanus Monstera deliciosa
Araceae
Inflorescence: Fleshy spike (spadix), subtended by showy bract (spathe)
Flowers: Unisexual (plants monoecious) Fruit type:
Araceae
Amorphophallus sp. Amorphophallus titanum
Iridaceae
78 genera, 1,750 species
Habit: Herbaceous, often with stem modifications Leaves: 2-ranked, equitant
Iridaceae
petaloid style
3 stamens
Iris pseudacorus Olsynium douglasii
Iridaceae
Symmetry:
bilateral or radial
Perianth parts: 6 tepals
Stamens:
3
Pistils: 1, compound (3 carpels)
Ovary position: inferior
Fruit type: capsule Orchidaceae
788 genera; 19,500 species
Habit:
Herbaceous, often epiphytic
h"p://media+2.web.britannica.com/eb+media/50/5650+004+479D6282.jpg?
Orchidaceae
Modifications for drought resistance:
-Pseudobulbs, store water and nutrients.
-Thickened aerial roots strongly mycorrhizal (mutualism with fungi).
-Aerial roots often covered with a velamen (specialized, spongy epidermis) that absorbs water from air.
-Sunken stomata on leaves, allow CO2 in and O2 out, and little H2O out.
-Thick waxy cuticle (waxy surface covering plant to prevent water loss).
Adaptations to epiphytic lifestyle Orchidaceae
column
pollinia
labellum
Calypso bulbosa Corallorhiza maculata
Orchidaceae
Symmetry:
bilateral
Perianth parts: 3 sepals, 3 petals
Stamens:
1 or 2, fused into column
Pistils: h"p://weesc.com/LS_hybridisation.html 1, compound (3 carpels), style and stigma fused into column Ovary position:
inferior
Fruit type: capsule, with many tiny seeds “Liliaceae”
Liliaceae sensu Cronquist are polyphyletic
APG classifications split the traditional Liliaceae into over 15 different families
“Liliaceae”
288 genera, 4,950 species
Habit:
Herbaceous, often with stem modifications
“Liliaceae”
http://www.wolffsapplehouse.com/spring_onionR.jpg Allium cepa
Note: bulbs, adventitious roots, & http://wakawikiwiki.wikispaces.com/ sheathing leaves with parallel Allium sativum veins.
“Liliaceae”
6 tepals
6 stamens
Tulipa gesneriana “Liliaceae”
Symmetry: radial
Perianth parts: 6 tepals
Stamens: 6
Pistils: 1, compound (3 carpels)
Ovary position: superior
Fruit type: capsule or berry