Leptomedusae. Plumulariidae. a to Q

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FIG. 93. – Leptomedusae. Plumulariidae. A to Q: Nemertesia: A to E: Nemertesia falcicula: A: general aspect of a colony, B: detail of a colony, C: part of hydrocladium, D: female gonotheca , E: male gonotheca; F to K: Nemertesia norvegica: F: general aspect of a colony, G: detail of colony, frontal view, H: hydrocladium, I: arrangement of hydrocladia (note just four rows), J and K gonothecae; L to Q: Nemerte- sia perrieri: L: general view of a colony, M: detail of a colony, frontal view, N: thecate internode with one supracalycine nematothecae, O: athecate and thecate internodes from hydrocladium, P and Q: gonothecae, frontal and lateral views (A to E, G, J, K, M, N, P and Q after Ansín Agis et al, 2001; F, H and I after Cornelius, 1995; L and O after Medel and Vervoort, 1995).

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FIG. 94. – Leptomedusae. Plumulariidae. A to P: Nemertesia: A to F: Nemertesia ramosa: A: general view of a colony, B: part of stem with three hydrocladia per whorl and female gonothecae, C: arrangement of hydrocladia on hydrocaulus, D: detail of hydrocladium, E: hydotheca and associated nematothecae, F: gonotheca; G to K: Nemertesia tetrasticha: G: part of a colony, H: fragment of hydrocladium, I: hydrotheca and associated nematothecae, J: part of stem with gonothecae, K: detail of gonotheca; L to P: Nemertesia ventriculiformis: L: distal fragment of a colony, M: hydrocladial internodes, N: apophysis, O: young gonotheca, P: left: female gonotheca, right: male gonotheca (A after Medel and Vervoort, 1995; B after Millard, 1975; C after Cornelius, 1995; D, E and F after Leloup, 1952; G, H and J after Garcia Carrascosa et al, 1987; I after Meneghini, 1845, K after Stechow, 1919; L and p. after Ansín Agís et al, 2001; M to O after Ramil and Vervoort, 1992a).

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FIG. 95. – Leptomedusae. Plumulariidae. A to F : Plumularia. A to E: Plumularia setacea: A: general view of a colony, B and C: parts of stem showing origins of hydrocladia and gonothecae, D: detail of hydrocladium, E: hydrotheca and associated nematothecae, F: Plumularia syriaca: part of hydrocaulus and hydroclade. Sertulariidae. G to I: Amphisbetia operculata: G: part of colony, H: detail of a hydrocladium, I: gonotheca, J to N: Diphasia attenuata: J: part of a colony, K: portion of stem with hydrocladium, L: detail of hydrocladium, M: male gonotheca, N: female gonotheca (A and E after Cornelius, 1995; C and D after Millard, 1975; B, G to I, L to N after Leloup, 1952; F after Billard, 1931, J and K after Cornelius et al., 1990).

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FIG. 96. – Leptomedusae. Sertulariidae. A to L: Diphasia: A to C: Diphasia delagei: A: general aspect of a colony, B: detail from stems of two different colonies, C: gonotheca, D to G: Diphasia margareta: D: view of a colony, E: part of stem with hydrocladia, F: hydrocladium with gonothecae, G: female gonotheca; H to L: Diphasia pinastrum: H: stem, I: detail of hydrocladium, J: hydrotheca, K: hydrocladium with gonotheca, L: detail of gonotheca (A to C, H and J after Cornelius, 1995; D to F after Gili et al, 1989; G after Ramil and Vervoort, 1992a; I, K and L after Cornelius et al., 1990).

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FIG. 97. – Leptomedusae. Sertulariidae. A to D: Diphasia rosacea: A: part of colony, B: hydrocladium, C: male gonotheca, D: female gonotheca; E to H: Dynamena disticha: E: colony, F: part of stem showing the hydrothecae, G: detail of operculum, H: stem with hydrothecae and gonothecae; I to L: Hydrallmania falcata: I: general view of a colony, J: lateral view of a hydrocladium, K: frontal view of a hydrocladium; L: gonotheca (A to D and I to L after Leloup, 1952; E to H after Medel et al., 1991).

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FIG. 98. – Leptomedusae. Sertulariidae. A to E: Salacia desmoides: A: general view of colony, B: detail of stem with a lateral branch; C: hydrotheca with hydranth and opercula; D: stem with male gonothecae, E: part of stem with female gonotheca and acrocyst; F to I: Sertu- larella crassicaulis: F: general aspect of a colony, G: detail of a stem with female gonotheca, H: male gonotheca; I: female gonotheca (A and B, F after Medel et al, 1991; C to E after Millard, 1975; G after Gili, 1986; H and I after Stechow, 1919).

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FIG. 99. – Leptomedusae. Sertulariidae. A to I: Sertularella: A to E: Sertularella ellisii: A: general view of a part of colony, B: detail of stem ramification, C: detail of stem and hydrothecae, D and E: detail of gonothecae; F to I: Sertularella gayi: F: general view of a colony; G: detail of hydrotheca; H: gonotheca and hydrotheca; I: detail of end of gonotheca (A, G and I after Cornelius, 1995; B to D after Ramil et al, 1992a; E, F and H after Medel et al., 1991).

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FIG. 100. – Leptomedusae. Sertulariidae. A to K: Sertularella: A: Sertularella gayi: detail of hydrocladia; B to D: Sertularella mediterranea: B: general view of a colony; C: parts of stem, left with ramification; D: gonotheca; E to I: Sertularella polyzonias: E: view of a colony, F: fra- ments of colony; G: hydrotheca; H: gonotheca; I: detail of end of gonotheca; J and K: Sertularella tenella: J: hydrotheca; K: gonotheca (A, B, D to F, and H after Medel et al., 1991; C after Ramil et al., 1992a; G and I after Cornelius,1995; J and K after Cornelius et al., 1990).

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FIG. 101. – Leptomedusae. Sertulariidae. A to K: Sertularella: A: Sertularella tenella: stem; B: Sertularella cubica: branch; C to K: Ser- tularia: C to G: Sertularia distans: C: view of a part of colony, D: portion of stem, E: left: hydrothecae from middle part of stem, right: hydrotheca from lower part of stem with hinge-joint; F: gonotheca; G: part of branch with gonotheca and acrocyst; H to K: Sertularia mar- ginata: H: fragment of a colony; I: pinnate stem showing origins of hydrocladia and one rebranching hydrocladium; J: hydrothecae; K: gonotheca (A, C, D and G after Cornelius et al., 1990; B after García-Corrales et al., 1980; E, I and J after Millard, 1975; F and H after Medel et al., 1991; K after Patriti, 1970).

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FIG. 102. – Leptomedusae. Sertulariidae. A to F: Sertularia: A and B: Sertularia perpusilla: A: part of stem; B: a gonotheca and two hydrothecae; C to E: Sertularia turbinata: C and D: different aspect of stems; E: detail of gonotheca; F to J: Thuiaria thuja: F: view of part of a colony, G: portion of young pinnate colony; H: detail of a hydrocladium; I: detail of hydrothecae; J: gonothecae. Syntheciidae. K and L: Synthecium evansi: K: part of colony showing hydrocladium with secondary ramication; L: gonotheca (A and B after Gili, 1986; C to E after Millard 1975; F and J after Leloup, 1952; G to I after Cornelius, 1995; K after Ramil and Vervoort, 1992a; L after Izquierdo et al., 1986).

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FIG. 103. – Leptomedusae. Teclaiidae. A and B: Parateclaia euromarge: A: fully-grown medusa, B: portion of umbrella margin; C to F: Teclaia rencicolae: C: adult medusa, D: portion of umbrella margin; E and F: details of manubrium, Thyroscyphidae. G to I: Sertullaroides cylindritheca: G: general view of a colony; H: fragment of axis; I: hydrotheca with hydranth showing the ectodermal annular fold (A and B after Bouillon et al., 2000; C to F after Gili et al., 1999; G after Medel and Vervoort, 1995; H after Ramil and Vervoort, 1992a; I after Vervoort, 1959).

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FIG. 104. – Leptomedusae. Thyroscyphidae. A to C: Sertullaroides cylindritheca: A: stem with hydrothecae and gonotheca, B: some internodes from the higher parts of a colony; C: gonotheca; D to G: Thyroscyphus fruticosus: D: general view of a colony; E: detail of a hydrocladium, F: hydrothecae; G: hydrotheca with expanded hydranth showing the ectodermal annular fold; H: internode with hydrotheca and gonotheca. Tiarannidae. I and J: Krampella dubia: fully-grown medusa, I: lateral view, J: oral view (A after Migotto, 1996; B after Ver- voort, 1959; C after Medel et al., 1991; D to F after Millard, 1975; G after Vervoort, 1967; H after Watson, 2000; I and J after Russell, 1970a).

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FIG. 105. – Leptomedusae. Tiarannidae. A to C: Krampella tardenti: A: lateral view of a fully-grown medusa, B: oral view of a fully-grown medusa, C: detail of exumbrellar margin and gonads; D to K: Modeeria rotunda: D: view of a part of colony, E: detail of hydrothecae: from left to right, with long peduncle, not stalked and shortly stalked thecae, F: fully grown hydranth, G: diagramatic representation of opeculum, H: two gonothecae bearing medusa buds, I: fully-grown medusa, J: portion of umbrella with marginal tentacles and cordyli, K: detail of a cordyli (A to C after Gili et al., 1999; D, E, G after Cornelius, 1995; F and H after Edwards, 1973b; I and J after Kramp, 1920; K after Kramp, 1919).

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FIG. 106. – Leptomedusae. Tiarannidae. A to C: Stegopoma bathyale: A: distal portion of a colony, B: portion of colony with hydrothecae and gonotheca, C: detail of hydrotheca. Tiaropsidae. D to F: Octogonade mediterranea: D: adult medusa, E: portion of umbrella margin, F: open compound statocyst; G to I: Tiaropsidium mediterraneum: G: part of colony with expanded hydranth, H: detail of tentacular base showing the merotrichous isorhizae, I: half umbrella of mature medusa (A to C after Ramil and Vervoort, 1992a; D after Mayer, 1910; E after Pell, 1918; F after Trègouboff, 1957; G and H after Huvè, 1952a; I after Metschnikoff, 1886b).

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FIG. 107. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to M: Campanularia: A to F: Campanularia hincksii: A: part of a colony on alga, B: sin- gle hydrotheca and pedicel, C: detail of hydrothecal rim, D: sub-hydrothecal spherule and basal chamber of hydrotheca, E: male gonotheca, F: female gonotheca; G: Campanularia raridentata: hydranth and gonotheca; H to M: Campanularia volubilis: H: detail of part of a colony, I: detail of hydrothecae and pedicels, J: hydrothecae, K: detail of hydrothecal rim, L: sub-hydrothecal spherule and basal chamber of hydrotheca; M: two gonothecae from same colony the one right sexed female on contents (A to F, H, J to M after Cornelius,1995; G after Gili, 1986; I after Cornelius et al., 1990).

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FIG. 108. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to K: Clytia: A: Clytia discoidum adult medusa; B to G: Clytia gracilis: B: branch of fixed colony, C and F: branches of pelagic colonies, D: detail of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber, E: gonothecae with medusa buds; G: mature medusa; H to K: Clytia hemispherica: H: part of hydroid colony with hydranths and gonothecae, I: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber, J: fully-grown medusa, K: statocyst (A after Kramp, 1959a; B, C, F after Leloup, 1952; D, G and I after Cornelius,1995; E after Hirohito, 1995; H and K after Russell, 1953; J after Pagès et al., 1992).

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FIG. 109. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to K: Clytia: A to E: Clytia hummelincki: A: detail of hydrothecae, B: hydrotheca and pedicel, C: hydrotheca, pedicel and gonotheca, D and E: gonothecae; F to I: Clytia linearis: F: part of stem with gonothecae, G: detail of part of hydrocaulus with hydrothecae, H: detail of hydrotheca, I: detail of gonotheca; J: Clytia maccradyi: fully-grown medusa with blastostyles; K: Clytia macrogonia mature medusa (A and B after Leloup, 1935; C to E after Millard, 1975; F after Hirohito, 1995; G to I after Calder,1991; J original after Bouillon; K after Bouillon, 1984a).

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FIG. 110. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to L: Clytia: A to E: Clytia noliformis: A and B: part of a colony; C: gonothecae; D: mature medusa, E: detail of gonad. F to J: Clytia paulensis: F: detail of a part of colony; G: enlarged part of colony with gonotheca; H: detail of hydrotheca; I: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber with oblique diaphragm; J: gonotheca. K to L: Clytia viridicans: K: alter- native life cycle pathways involving planula settlement either on the bottom or on air-water surface; L: detail of hydrothecal rim. M and N: Gastroblasta raffaelei: M: hydroid and gonotheca embedded in a sponge; N: mature medusa (A to C after Calder, 1991, D and E after Van- nucci and Ribeiro, 1955; F, I and J after Cornelius, 1995; G and H after Hirohito, 1995; K after Pagliara et al., 2000; L after Gravili et al., 2003; M after Boero, 1980b; N after Lang, 1886).

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FIG. 111. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to E: Gonothyraea loveni: A: part of colony with gonothecae and meconidiae, B: branch with straight internodes, C: branch with flexuose internodes, D: detail of hydrotheca, E: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber; F to J: Hartlaubella gelatinosa: F: general view of a colony, G: detail of hydrocladium, H: detail of hydrotheca, I: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber, J: gonotheca; K to P : Laomedea angulata: K: general aspect of a colony, L: detail of two branches of a colony, one ending in a tendril, M: detail of hydrotheca, N: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber,O: male gonotheca, P: female gonotheca (A and D after Leloup, 1952; B, C, E to P after Cornelius, 1995).

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FIG. 112. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to M: Laomedea: A to F: Laomedea calceolifera: A: a general aspect of a colony, B: detail of hydrocladia with female gonotheca, C: detail of hydrotheca, D: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber, E: two male gonotheca, F: female gonotheca; G to M: Laomedea flexuosa: G: general view of a colony, H and I: parts of hydrocladia, J: detail of hydrotheca, K: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber, L: female gonotheca, M: male gonotheca (a to F, J to M after Cornelius, 1995; G and H after Hincks, 1868; I after Leloup, 1952).

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FIG. 113. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to H: Laomedea: A to D: Laomedea neglecta: A: detail of a colony, B: hydrotheca, C: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber, D: gonotheca; E to H: Laomedea pseudodichotoma: E: monosiphonic part of axis, F: detail of hydrotheca, G: female gonotheca, H: male gonotheca; I to M: Obelia bidentata: I: general view of a colony, J: part of hydrocladium with hydrotheca and gonotheca, K: above: detail of hydrothecal rim with uniform cusps, below: detail of hydrotheca, L: above: detail of hydrothecal rim with bimucronate hydrothecal rim, below diagram of basal chamber, M: gonotheca (A to D, K to M after Cornelius 1995, E after Ramil and Vervoort, 1992a; F to H after Medel and Vervoort, 2000, I after Leloup, 1952; J after Hirohito, 1995).

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FIG. 114. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to I: Obelia: A and B: Obelia spp. A: mature medusa, B: portion of umbrella margin showing the position of the statocyst at the base of the tentacular bulb; C to G: Obelia dichotoma: C: general aspect of a colony, D: detail of hydrocladial ramifications, E: below: hydrotheca with crenate rim, middle: diagram of basal chamber, above: diagram of hydrothecal rim, F: below: hydrotheca with even rim, middle: diagram of basal chamber, above: diagram of hydrothecal rim, G: gonotheca; H and I: Obelia geniculata: H: part of colony with erect unbranched stems, I: part of colony with erect branched stems (A and B after Kramp, 1959a; C to I after Cornelius, 1995).

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FIG. 115. – Leptomedusae. Campanulariidae. A to E: Obelia geniculata: A: detail of a part of stem, B: portion of stem with hydranths and gonothecae, C: detail of hydrotheca, D: diagram of basal chamber, E: gonotheca; F to K: Obelia longissima: F: aspect of a large colony, G: detail of a portion of branch, H: detail of hydrotheca, I: diagrams of hydrothecal rim and of basal chamber, J: fragment of stem with a hydrotheca and a gonotheca, K: gonotheca (A, C to H after Cornelius, 1995; B after Leloup, 1952).

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