The First Steps Toward a Global Pandemic: Reconstructing The

Posted on Authorea 25 Aug 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162990851.12719028/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. switches-in-its-native-range steps-toward-a-global-pandemic-reconstructing-the-demographic-history-of-parasite-host- Figure1_HQ.pdf file Hosted switches-in-its-native-range steps-toward-a-global-pandemic-reconstructing-the-demographic-history-of-parasite-host- mec-228320.pdf file Hosted parasite-host-switches-in-its-native-range the-first-steps-toward-a-global-pandemic-reconstructing-the-demographic-history-of- of Draft_MolEcol_July2021.docx amelioration genetic allow may file exchange Hosted genetic ongoing host, some new reduced, the facilitate greatly may of being isolation exploitation reproductive Despite while for switch. that effects. beneficial suggest host inbreeding findings traits initial Our of the hosts. temporal in with fixation different known involved along to the the were host, adapted novel reconstruct mites that between the to individuals remains on able flow of lineages were gene mitochondrial tens 63 we undiscovered of on hosts, respectively. previously equivalent novel multiple sequencing ago, genetic and found years whole-genome further ancestral the ˜12 We Using the and switch. both bee the ˜70 populations. from of honey independent cerana), ranges bee dynamics western of native (Apis honey the their host history of to in ancestral the collapses switched collected their explored worldwide mites Both with we caused contact jacobsoni). the subsequently process, into V. from brought destructor switching and immigration Varroa was host destructor of it (Varroa the extent after mites the on mellifera) bee or light factors (Apis Fundamental honey population shed ectoparasitic switching real-time. To two in the by parameters unknown. of switches demographic size largely their the remain study as host, to such speciation. difficult original evolution, driving is switches, parasite host it many subsequent rapid, accompany also control flow be and gene that adaptations in to reductions of tend result, suites switches a require As host may Because switching host. old successful the However, on niches. performance decrease their may expand to parasites allows switching Host Abstract 2021 25, August 3 2 1 range native its in Ma´eva Techer switches host the parasite Reconstructing of pandemic: history global demographic a toward steps first The rzn tt University Organisation State Research Arizona University Industrial Graduate and Technology Scientific and Commonwealth Science of Institute Okinawa 1 onRoberts John , vial at available at available vial at available 2 https://authorea.com/users/351631/articles/535233-the-first- https://authorea.com/users/351631/articles/535233-the-first- edCartwright Reed , https://authorea.com/users/351631/articles/535233- 1 3 n lxne Mikheyev Alexander and , 1 Posted on Authorea 25 Aug 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162990851.12719028/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Bottleneck C V. jacobsoni V. destructor A Founding Founding −0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 Bengalaru 1 Past Past Sampling date Sampling Laos 1 Korean K1 −0.3 event 1000 500 end (generations) (generations) −0.1 North Thailand 4 Japan J1 710 887 −0.2 [693 [866 Malaysia 2

0.0 PC2 - - 726] 906] [16,598 Original host haploid mites haploid A −0.1 . cerana 17,166 A - 17,731] 0.1 Viet NamV1 Migration 0.0003 0.0001 rate PC2 0.0 China C1 156 haploid mites New Guinea1 Lombok 2 [28,722 0.2 Papua haploid mites haploid [146 A Novel host Novel . 29,659 mellifera - China C3 China C4 0.1 165] Java 1 - 30,666] 0.3 PC1 Nepal 2 −0.75 −0.50 −0.25 0.00 2 PC1

B D * * * [16,589 Original host haploid mites haploid [XXX XXX 0% 0% A ancestry Genomic . cerana 17,376 B - - XXX] 50% 50% 18,144] Migration 0.0161 0.0295 rate 100% 100% 95% confidence interval confidence 95% value estimate Mean 138 haploid mites lineage mtDNA China C4 China C3 North Thailand 4 PNG 1 Lombok 2 Malaysia 2 Bengaluru 1 Laos 1 Korean K1 Korean K1 Japan J1 Viet NamV1 China C1 Nepal 2 Java 1 PNG 1 Java 1 [126 haploid mites haploid [4,787 A Novel host Novel . - 5,220 mellifera 151] 183 170 - 5,683] [179 [165 - - 183] 175] A. nigrocincta A. mellifera A. mellifera A. cerana A. cerana Past Past Sampling date Sampling species Host (generations) (generations) 100 event Founding 200