DOCSLIB.ORG

Significant Improvement in the Hydrogen Storage Capacity of A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Significant Improvement in the Hydrogen Storage Capacity of A Significant improvement in the hydrogen storage capacity of a reduced graphene oxide/TiO 2 nanocomposite by chemical bonding of Ti–O–C Zahra Gohari Bajestani, Alp Yürüm, Yuda Yürüm To cite this version: Zahra Gohari Bajestani, Alp Yürüm, Yuda Yürüm. Significant improvement in the hydrogen storage capacity of a reduced graphene oxide/TiO 2 nanocomposite by chemical bonding of Ti–O–C. RSC Advances, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016, 6 (39), pp.32831-32838. 10.1039/c6ra00944a. hal- 02273555 HAL Id: hal-02273555 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02273555 Submitted on 29 Aug 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Significant improvement in the hydrogen storage capacity of a reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 Cite this: RSC Adv.,2016,6,32831 nanocomposite by chemical bonding of Ti–O–C† a b a Zahra Gohari Bajestani, Alp Yur¨ um¨ and Yuda Yur¨ um¨ * A series of graphene-based nanocomposites with different TiO2 contents have been prepared via afacile chemical method. All nanocomposites were employed as hydrogen gas adsorption materials at room temperature and pressures up to 10 bar. The effect of dispersion state and size of the particles on the Received 12th January 2016 hydrogen storage capacity of nanocomposites was studied. The highest hydrogen uptake of 0.39 wt% was Accepted 25th March 2016 obtained among prepared nanocomposites and it is 125% higher than the hydrogen adsorption of the DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00944a parent graphene material. This improvement can account for the presence of a high number of active www.rsc.org/advances sites needed for hydrogen molecules and the strong interaction between nanoparticles and graphene sheets. 1. Introduction have been proposed to enhance gas adsorption property of graphene based materials.8,13 So far many theoretical and In recent years, production, storage, and consumption of energy experimental studies have been devoted to functionalization of 2,10,14,15 16–18 have become a serious global problem. Hydrogen attracts graphene by metals and metal oxides in which metal considerable attention in the energy area since it can be a clean oxides offer a great scope for tailor-made carbonaceous adsor- energy resource for the next-generation energy carriers in bents. Due to various advantages e.g., suppressing the re- mobile and stationary power systems.1 However, nding mate- stacking of graphene layers, good bonding and interfacial rials for efficient hydrogen storage is one of the most important interactions with oxygen-containing groups on graphene issues in future of renewable energies.2,3 Several candidates sheets, fabrication of graphene/metal oxide is expected to be an were studied during the last decades as safe and effective effective and practical method toward increasing the hydrogen 13,17 hydrogen adsorbents but none of them met the storage targets storage capacity of graphene. 4–6 set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Among these TiO2 has been widely studied due to its photochemical, options, graphene a single atomic layer sheet of sp2 bonded catalytic and dielectric characteristics. Theoretical studies Published on 29 March 2016. Downloaded by UNIVERSITE DU MAINE-SCD 8/29/2019 9:12:04 AM. carbon atoms, has been cited as a promising candidate for showed the potential of Ti/TiO2-anchored carbonaceous mate- 17,19,20 energy conversion and storage applications due to its high rials as a hydrogen storage material for room-temperature theoretically surface area, large microporosity, and good applications. Recent experimental results on TiO2-decorated 7–10 21 chemical stability. Nevertheless, the range of reported expanded graphite and TiO2-carbon nanotubes (CNT) 22,23 hydrogen uptakes of graphene at ambient conditions is low.11 composites revealed the enhanced electrochemical 12 4 Srinivas et al. and Huang et al. reached hydrogen uptake of hydrogen uptake of graphene and higher H2 gas adsorption of 0.1 wt% at 10 bar and 0.067 wt% at 57 bar, respectively. Ther- CNT a er impregnation with TiO2 nanoparticles. modynamically, hydrogen molecules are incapable of pene- In this work, TiO2-integrated graphene nanocomposites with ff trating between the graphene layers in graphitic structure di erent amounts of TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared via whereby H2 adsorption generally restricts to the outermost a facile chemical method. We focused on the hydrogen sheets. Weak binding energy between carbon nanostructure adsorption behavior of these nanocomposites at room temper- and H2 at ambient conditions is also another key factor that ature and low pressures that are relevant for practical on-board 8 ff leads to low H2 adsorption capacity of this material. Thus, storage systems. E ects of the loading, dispersion state and size surface modications, such as doping and functionalization of nanoparticles on hydrogen storage capacity of nano- composites were studied. Homogenous dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles with diameter of <20 nm was found to enhance aFaculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, the hydrogen storage capacity of parent graphene by 125%. 34956, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected] Higher hydrogen uptake of nanocomposites compared to that bSabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla, Istanbul, of graphene sample was related to strong attachment of highly 34956, Turkey † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: distributed nanoparticles to the underlying graphene sheets. 10.1039/c6ra00944a This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 RSC Adv.,2016,6, 32831–32838 | 32831 View Article Online RSC Advances Paper 2. Experimental section electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken by Jeol 2000FX with the accelerating voltage of 200 kV and Leo Supra 35VP eld 2.1 Materials emission scanning electron microscope with an acceleration – – Natural graphite ake (99%), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98%), voltage of 2 kV, respectively. The Brunauer Emmett Teller sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium permanganate (KMnO4) (BET) speci c surface area and porosity of samples were deter- and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) were purchased from Sigma- mined by analyzing the standard nitrogen adsorption isotherms Aldrich. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%) and titanium chloride at 77 K using nova 2200e, Quantachrome instruments. (TiCl3) were obtained from Merck. All reagents were analytical Hydrogen storage capacity of samples was measured by using grade and used without further purication. Intelligent Gravimetric Analyzer (IGA 001, Hiden Isochema). All nanocomposites (20–25 mg) were degassed at 100 C for 12 h À 2.2 Preparation under high vacuum (10 7 mbar) prior to measurements and then, hydrogen adsorption isotherms were measured at 298 K Graphite oxide was prepared from natural graphite akes using 24 up to 10 bar. Hummers' method. In order to prepare TiO2-integrated gra- phene sheets, hereaer referred to as RGO–T nanocomposites, graphite oxide was rst sonicated (Vibra Cell 75041, Bioblock 3. Results and discussion Scienti c) in water for 2 h to obtain a homogenous dispersion of 3.1 Materials characterization graphene oxide (GO) in aqueous medium. Different amounts of X-ray diffraction was rst carried out to determine the crystal- TiCl3 were then added to the mixture to reach Ti loading of 3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt%. Aer stirring for 24 h, suspensions were lographic structure of the samples. As shown in Fig. 1a, natural ltered, vacuum-dried at 60 C and reduced at 1000 C for 12 min under argon atmosphere to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with different amounts of TiO2, named as RGO–T3, RGO– T5, and RGO–T7 in accordance with increasing amount of TiCl3 in the mixing step. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated the – presence of 10 wt%, 12 wt% and 15 wt% TiO2 in RGO T3, RGO–T5, and RGO–T7, respectively (Fig. S1, ESI†). As a refer- ence, GO (without addition of TiCl3) was thermally reduced at 1000 C to attain fully exfoliated reduced graphene oxide. 2.3 Characterization X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were performed using Bruker AXS diffractometer tted with a Siemens X-ray gun using 0.15406 nm Cu Ka radiation. Raman spectroscopic analysis was carried out using Renishaw inVia reex Raman spectrometer – À1 Published on 29 March 2016. Downloaded by UNIVERSITE DU MAINE-SCD 8/29/2019 9:12:04 AM. with a 532 nm laser beam in the range of 100 3500 cm while samples were loaded on silicon wafer and focused with a 50Â objectives. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were conducted on a Thermo K-alpha X-ray photoelectron – a Fig. 2 Raman spectra of graphite oxide, RGO and RGO T nano- spectrometer with a monochromated Al K supported by a low composites, from bottom to top: graphite oxide, RGO, RGO–T3, energy electron/ion ood gun for charge neutralization. Trans- RGO–T5 and RGO–T7. Inset magnifies the wavenumber of 100–900 mission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs and scanning cmÀ1 in RGO–T7. Fig. 1 XRD patterns of (a) GO and (b) RGO samples with increasing amount of Ti addition.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: a Review
    materials Review Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review Etienne Rivard * , Michel Trudeau and Karim Zaghib * Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Hydro-Quebec, 1806, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X 1S1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.R.); [email protected] (K.Z.) Received: 18 April 2019; Accepted: 11 June 2019; Published: 19 June 2019 Abstract: Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these reviews deal either exclusively with storage materials or the global hydrogen economy. This paper presents a review of hydrogen storage systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal storage medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, quick uptake and release of fuel, operation at room temperatures and atmospheric pressure, safe use, and balanced cost-effectiveness. All current hydrogen storage technologies have significant drawbacks, including complex thermal management systems, boil-off, poor efficiency, expensive catalysts, stability issues, slow response rates, high operating pressures, low energy densities, and risks of violent and uncontrolled spontaneous reactions. While not perfect, the current leading industry standard of compressed hydrogen offers a functional solution and demonstrates a storage option for mobility compared to other technologies. Keywords: hydrogen mobility; hydrogen storage; storage systems assessment; Kubas-type hydrogen storage; hydrogen economy 1. Introduction According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is almost certain that the unusually fast global warming is a direct result of human activity [1]. The resulting climate change is linked to significant environmental impacts that are connected to the disappearance of animal species [2,3], decreased agricultural yield [4–6], increasingly frequent extreme weather events [7,8], human migration [9–11], and conflicts [12–14].
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Carbohydrates Are a Potential High-Density Hydrogen Carrier
    international journal of hydrogen energy 35 (2010) 10334e10342 Available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he Review Renewable carbohydrates are a potential high-density hydrogen carrier Y.-H. Percival Zhang a,b,c,* a Biological Systems Engineering Department, 210-A Seitz Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA b Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences (ICTAS), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA c DOE BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA article info abstract Article history: The possibility of using renewable biomass carbohydrates as a potential high-density Received 14 February 2010 hydrogen carrier is discussed here. Gravimetric density of polysaccharides is 14.8 H2 mass% Received in revised form where water can be recycled from PEM fuel cells or 8.33% H2 mass% without water recycling; 21 July 2010 volumetric densities of polysaccharides are >100 kg of H2/m3. Renewable carbohydrates Accepted 23 July 2010 (e.g., cellulosic materials and starch) are less expensive based on GJ than are other hydrogen Available online 21 August 2010 carriers, such as hydrocarbons, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, and ammonia. Biotransfor- mation of carbohydrates to hydrogen by cell-free synthetic (enzymatic) pathway biotrans- Keywords: formation (SyPaB) has numerous advantages, such as high product yield (12 H2/glucose Biomass unit), 100% selectivity, high energy conversion efficiency (122%, based on combustion Cell-free synthetic pathway energy), high-purity hydrogen generated, mild reaction conditions, low-cost of bioreactor, biotransformation few safety concerns, and nearly no toxicity hazards. Although SyPaB may suffer from Carbohydrate current low reaction rates, numerous approaches for accelerating hydrogen production Hydrogen carrier rates are proposed and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Adsorption by Perforated Graphene
    http://www.diva-portal.org Postprint This is the accepted version of a paper published in International journal of hydrogen energy. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Baburin, I A., Klechikov, A., Mercier, G., Talyzin, A., Seifert, G. (2015) Hydrogen adsorption by perforated graphene. International journal of hydrogen energy, 40(20): 6594-6599 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.139 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-104374 Hydrogen adsorption by perforated graphene Igor A. Baburin1, Alexey Klechikov2, Guillaume Mercier2, Alexandr Talyzin2*, Gotthard Seifert1* 1 Technische Universität Dresden, Theoretische Chemie, Bergstraße 66b, 01062 Dresden Tel.: (+49) (351) 463 37637. Fax: (+49) (351) 463 35953. *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Tel.: +46 90 786 63 20. Fax: *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. 1 Abstract We performed a combined theoretical and experimental study of hydrogen adsorption in graphene systems with defect-induced additional porosity. It is demonstrated that perforation of graphene sheets results in increase of theoretically possible surface areas beyond the limits of ideal defect-free graphene (~2700 m2/g) with the values approaching ~5000 m2/g. This in turn implies promising hydrogen storage capacities up to 6.5 wt% at 77 K, estimated from classical Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Storage a Brief Overview of Hydrogen Storage Options Rich Dennis Technology Manager – Advanced Turbines and SCO2 Power Cycles
    Hydrogen Storage A brief overview of hydrogen storage options Rich Dennis Technology Manager – Advanced Turbines and SCO2 Power Cycles Ref:(https://www.greencarcongre ss.com/2016/09/20160911- doe.html) 2nd workshop on Thermal, Mechanical and Chemical Energy Storage OmniPresentation William to Penn; Pittsburgh PA; February 4, 2020 Sponsored by Elliot Group; Co-organized with SwRI and NETL 2/6/2020 1 Presentation Outline Small-scale to large-scale hydrogen storage provides attractive options • H2 physical properties Months Hydrogen • Overview H2 production, transportation & utilization Weeks Texas, US • H2 storage technologies • Compressed storage Days • Liquid storage CAES • Materials based storage • Chemical hydrogen storage Hours • Vehicle & portable applications Pumped Hydro • Storage in NG pipelines Minutes 0.1 1 10 100 1000 • Summary GWh Ref: 1. Crotogino F, Donadei S, Bu¨ nger U, Landinger H. Large-scale hydrogen underground storage for securing future energy supplies. Proceedingsof 18thWorld Hydrogen Energy Conference (WH2C2010), Essen, Germany;May 16e21, 2010. p. 37e45. 2/6/2020 2 2. Kepplinger J, Crotogino F, Donadei S, Wohlers M. Present trends in compressed air energy and hydrogen storage in Germany. Solution Mining Research Institute SMRI Fall 2011 Conference, York, United Kingdom; October 3e4, 2011. Physical Properties of H2 vs CH4 H2 has a very low density and energy density, and a high specific volume Hydrogen 0.085 120 11.98 10,050 Density Lower Heating Value Specific Volume Energy Density Property 3 3 3 (kg/m ) (kJ/kg) m /kg kJ/m 0.65 50 1.48 32,560 Methane 1 atm,15°C 1 atm, 25°C 1 atm, 21°C 1 atm, 25°C 3 Laminar Flame Speeds Hydrogen burns ten times as fast as methane H2 CO CH4 0.4 1 2 3 meter/second 0.3 Ref: NACA Report 1300 4 Flammability Limits In Air Hydrogen has broad flammability limits compared to methane H2 4 to 75 CO 12 to 75 CH4 5 to 15 0 25 50 75 100 % in Air 5 Diffusivity in Air In air, hydrogen diffuses over three times as fast compared to methane H2 CO CH4 0.2 0.5 0.7 1 cm2/sec Ref: Vargaftik, N.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015
    02 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy EfficiencyWorkshop Structure and Renewable / 1 Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services Proceedings of an Expert Workshop Convened by the U.S. Department of Energy and Industry Canada, Hosted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the California Air Resources Board Sacramento, California, May 14 –15, 2014 M. Melaina and J. Eichman National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. HT12.2S10 Technical Report NREL/TP-5400-62518 February 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 www.nrel.gov NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Storage Analysis
    Energy Storage Analysis Chad Hunter, Evan Reznicek, Michael Penev, Josh Eichman, Sam Baldwin National Renewable Energy Laboratory Thursday, May 21, 2020 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2020 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting Project ID SA173 This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information. Overview: Hydrogen grid energy storage analysis Timeline Barriers (4.5) Start: October 2019 A. Future Market Behavior End: June 2020 • Assessing competitiveness of hydrogen for grid storage C. Inconsistent Data, Assumptions & Guidelines 50% complete • Consistent modeling methodology using established DOE cost/price and performance targets D. Insufficient Suite of Models and Tools • Develop hydrogen grid storage techno-economic tool Budget Partners Total Project Funding: $155k Project Management EERE Strategic Priorities and Impacts Analysis (SPIA) • FY20: $155k Collaborators and Peer Reviewers (alphabetical) Total DOE funds received to Ballard, Bioenergy Technology Office, Fossil Energy, NREL (Paul Denholm, Wesley Cole), Office of date: $50k Electricity, Solar Energy Technology Office, Water Power Technology Office NREL | 2 Relevance (1/3): HFTO Systems Analysis Framework Hydrogen Grid Energy Storage Analysis • H2@Scale • DOE Fuel Cell • SPIA/HFTO hydrogen Technologies Office Integrates System Analysis Framework: energy storage • DOE Strategic • ANL bulk hydrogen Priorities and • Leverages and expands existing storage analysis Impacts Analysis systems analysis models • PNNL hydrogen
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Hydrogen Production and Storage Systems
    Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The view and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. An Overview of Hydrogen Production and Storage Systems with Renewable Hydrogen Case Studies May 2011 Prepared by: Timothy Lipman, PhD 1635 Arrowhead Drive Oakland, California 94611 (510) 339-1449 [email protected] Prepared for: Clean Energy States Alliance 50 State Street, Suite 1 Montpelier, VT 05602 Conducted under US DOE Grant DE-FC3608GO18111 A000, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Program This page intentionally blank Summary Hydrogen is already widely produced and used, but it is now being considered for use as an energy carrier for stationary power and transportation markets. Approximately 10-11 million metric tonnes of hydrogen are produced in the US each year, enough to power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes.1 Major current uses of the commercially produced hydrogen include oil refining (hydro-treating crude oil as part of the refining process to improve the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the fuel), food production (e.g., hydrogenation), treating metals, and producing ammonia for fertilizer and other industrial uses.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sweet Out-Of-The-Box Solution to the Hydrogen Economy: Is the Sugar-Powered Car Science fiction?
    PERSPECTIVE www.rsc.org/ees | Energy & Environmental Science A sweet out-of-the-box solution to the hydrogen economy: is the sugar-powered car science fiction? Y.-H. Percival Zhang*abc Received 22nd October 2008, Accepted 16th December 2008 First published as an Advance Article on the web 23rd January 2009 DOI: 10.1039/b818694d The hydrogen economy presents a compelling future energy picture, especially for the transportation sector. The obstacles, such as low-cost hydrogen production, lack of high-density hydrogen storage approaches, costly infrastructure, and safety concerns are prohibiting its large-scale implementation. To address the above challenges, we propose a new solution – use of starch or cellulose (C6H10O5) from biomass as a hydrogen carrier. This new solution is based on the invention of complete conversion of glucans (starch and cellulose) and water to hydrogen and carbon dioxide as C6H10O5 (aq) + 7H2O (l) / 12H2 (g) + 6CO2 (g). The production of hydrogen from carbohydrates is a nearly carbon-neutral process based on the whole carbon cycle. The use of low-cost renewable carbohydrate as a high hydrogen density carrier (14.8 H2 mass %) may solve problems such as hydrogen production, storage and distribution, as well as address safety concerns. Increasing hydrogen generation rate (power density) and decreasing costs are two major tasks prior to this technology’s wide implementation. Analysis based on past scientific knowledge and technical achievements suggests that sugar-powered vehicles could become real in the future with intensive R&D efforts. Here we are calling for international R&D collaborations to pursue the holy grail of the carbohydrate hydrogen economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbonomics the Rise of Clean Hydrogen
    EQUITY RESEARCH | July 8, 2020 | 11:34PM BST Carbonomics The Rise of Clean Hydrogen Clean hydrogen has a major role to play in the path towards net zero carbon, providing de-carbonization solutions in the most challenging parts of the Carbonomics cost curve - including long-haul transport, steel, chemicals, heating and long-term power storage. Clean hydrogen cost competitiveness is also closely linked to cost deflation and large scale developments in renewable power and carbon capture (two key technologies to produce it), creating three symbiotic pillars of de-carbonization. Clean hydrogen is gaining strong political and business momentum, emerging as a major component in governments' net zero plans such as the European Green Deal. This is why we believe that the hydrogen value chain deserves serious focus after three false starts in the past 50 years. Hydrogen is very versatile, both in its production and consumption: it is light, storable, has high energy content per unit mass and can be readily produced at an industrial scale. The key challenge comes from the fact that hydrogen (in its ambient form as a gas) is the lightest element and so has a low energy density per unit of volume, making long-distance transportation and storage complex and costly. In this report we analyze the clean hydrogen company ecosystem, the cost competitiveness of green and blue hydrogen in key applications and its key role in Carbonomics: the green engine of economic recovery. Michele Della Vigna, CFA Zoe Stavrinou Alberto Gandolfi +44 20 7552-9383 +44 20 7051-2816 +44 20 7552-2539 [email protected] [email protected] alberto.gandolfi@gs.com Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Strategy Enabling a Low-Carbon Economy
    Fossil Hydrogen Strategy Energy Enabling A Low-Carbon Economy OFFICE OF OIL & NATURAL GAS Hydrogen Future The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy (FE) has focused on developing and advancing technologies that will enable and expand a domestic hydrogen (H2) economy over the past three decades. H2 is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe and occurs naturally on earth in compound form. Carbon-neutral or even carbon- negative H2 can be produced from fossil fuels, biomass, and waste plastics. H2 unites the Nation’s natural gas, coal, nuclear, and renewable energy resources and H2 produced from fossil fuels can play an important role in the transition to clean, low- Additions to original EERE illustration to represent FE carbon energy systems (Figure 1). role in Hydrogen Economy Transition to a Hydrogen Economy Figure 1. Integration of Fossil Energy into the Hydrogen Economy DOE is well positioned to accelerate a transition to an H2 economy, and FE is and distribution of large quantities of co-firing biomass. H2 production from committed to advancing technology low-cost H2 in a complex infrastructure fossil resources is readily scalable solutions that utilize the Nation’s vast that can provide the necessary using existing technologies. At present, fossil energy resources. quantities to end users. H2 generation from gasification and reforming are the only ways to generate FE’s research and development (R&D) Hydrogen Production the necessary quantities at reasonable programs can be divided into four costs. Figure 2 provides an overview of major focus areas: and Costs Currently, the United States produces hydrogen uses and national benefits and 1.
    [Show full text]
  • HYDROGEN from WASTE Hydrogen for Industry (H24I)
    Hydrogen for Industry (H24I) FEATURE 1: HYDROGEN FROM WASTE The author of this H24I feature is Michael Harrison Introduction Welcome to the first feature in a series entitled Hydrogen for Industry (H24I) from the Ashurst Global Towards Net-Zero Emissions team. This H24I feature is entitled Hydrogen from Waste. ASHURST SUITE: Since that time, the momentum towards the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier has increased dramatically, The H24I features are intended to complement other and appears increasingly likely to be critical as part of Ashurst initiatives, including publications Low Carbon Pulse progress towards net-zero with the use of CH₄-rich and The Shift to Hydrogen (S2H2): Elemental Change series. wastewater and the organic fraction of waste streams as a Low Carbon Pulse is published every other week (Edition 1, feedstock to derive and to produce hydrogen. Edition 2, Edition 3, Edition 4, Edition 5, Edition 6, Edition 7, Edition 8, Edition 9, Edition 10, Edition 11, Edition 12, Edition On May 18, 2021, the International Energy Agency (IEA) 13, Edition 14, Edition 15, Edition 16, Edition 17) to provide released a publication entitled “Net Zero by 2050, A an update on significant current news on progress towards Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector” (IEA Special Report) net-zero GHG emissions. S2H2 articles are published once a (link). The IEA Special Report focuses on the Energy Sector. quarter or so to provide a more detailed review of matters The Energy Sector includes bioenergy, which includes of general application to all industries (Article 1: Why H2? deriving or producing energy from waste, what the IEA Why now?, Article 2: What needs to be decarbonized? And refers to as advanced bioenergy.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Technologies Overview
    H2 Technologies Overview Dr. Ned Stetson, HFTO – Hydrogen Technologies Program Manager 2021 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting June 7, 2021 – Washington, DC Hydrogen Technologies Program INTEGRATED CLEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS From producing hydrogen molecules through dispensing to end-use applications U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 2 Developing Application-Specific Targets – Examples H2 Production H2 Energy Storage H2 Liquefaction Liquefaction efficiency target: 6 kWh/kg H Production 2025 2030 2 2X improvement over current technology Hydrogen cost ($/kg) 2 1 Average Liquefier Energy Requirement by Capacity1 Based on NREL’s StoreFAST model $1.45 14 PEM Electrolyzer Targets 12 Electrical Efficiency 10 70 tbd $1.40 (%) 8 6 kWh/kg Stack Cost ($/kW) 100 tbd 2016$/kg $1.35 4 Durability/Lifetime 2 80,000 tbd (hr) $1.30 0 0 100,000 200,000 System Cost ($/kW) 250 tbd Liquefier Capacity (kg/day) Capital Cost Contribution to the Liquefier Share of Real Levelized Delivered Hydrogen Cost ($(2016)/kg) Calculated Average Energy Requirement (kWh/kg) H Charging H Discharging 2 H Storage 2 e- PEM Electrolyzer H 2 H PEM Fuel Cell e- 2 $/kWh H ($/kg H ) 2 $250/kW; 70% efficiency 2 2 $1000/kW; 50% efficiency Note: currently not official targets U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 3 DOE Targets Guide RD&D - Focus is on Affordability and Performance Key Goals: Reduce the cost of fuel cells
    [Show full text]