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Hydrogen Storagestorage ENIC Tutorial HydrogenHydrogen StorageStorage Gang Chen Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Collaborators : Sources : Thomas Audrey, PNNL James Wang, SNL Mildred S. Dresselhaus, MIT Andreas Zuttel, IfRES Vincent Berube, MIT Gregg Radtke, MIT Costas Grigoropoulos, UCB Samuel Mao, UC Berkeley Department of Energy Xiao Dong Xiang, Intematix Taofang Zeng, NCSU NanoEngineering Group 1 OutlineOutline WhyWhy hydrogenhydrogen economy?economy? HydrogenHydrogen storagestorage requirements/challengesrequirements/challenges WaysWays toto storestore hydrogenhydrogen NanoscaleNanoscale effectseffects onon hydrogenhydrogen storagestorage NanoEngineering Group 2 EnergyEnergy Challenges:Challenges: ClimateClimate ChangeChange CO 2 CH 4 (ppmv) (ppmv) 800 Relaxation times 325 ------ CO 2 + 4 50% of CO 2 pulse to disappear: ------ CH 4 300 700 ------ ∆∆∆T 50 - 200 years C) 0 ° 275 600 transport of CO 2 or heat to 250 deep ocean: 100 - 200 years 500 - 4 T relative relative to T present ( ∆ ∆ 225 ∆ ∆ 200 400 - 8 380 1.5 175 300 ------ CO Temperature (°C) 360 2 1.0 400 300 200 100 0 ------ Global Mean Temp (ppmv) 340 Thousands of years before 2 0.5 present (Ky before present) 320 0 300 280 - 0.5 260 - 1.0 Atmospheric CO 240 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 - 1.5 http://www.ipcc.ch 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Year AD NanoEngineering Group 3 HydrogenHydrogen EconomyEconomy Production Storage Use Biomass Transportation Storage is Hydro Bottleneck Wind . Solar Nuclear Oil Distributed Generation Coal HIGH EFFICIENCY & RELIABILITY Natural ZERO/NEAR ZERO Gas EMISSIONS With Carbon Sequestration Sequestration Sequestration Carbon Carbon Carbon With With With From Patrovic & Milliken (2003) and James Wang Sandia National Laboratories NanoEngineering Group 4 Hydrogen:Hydrogen: AA NationalNational InitiativeInitiative “Tonight I'm proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles… With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom, so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free.” President Bush, State-of the-Union Address, January 28, 2003 "America is addicted to oil, which is often imported from unstable parts of the world,“ “The best way to break this addiction is through technology..” “..better batteries for hybrid and electric cars, and in pollution-free cars that run on hydrogen’ President Bush, State-of the-Union Address, January 31, 2006 NanoEngineering Group 5 WaysWays toto StoreStore HydrogenHydrogen CompressedCompressed gasgas LiquidLiquid hydrogenhydrogen CondensedCondensed statestate Volumetric density Gravimetric density Key Issues Kinetics Heat transfer Efficiency Reversibility NanoEngineering Group Operation6 temperature How large of a gas tank do you want? Volume Comparisons for 4 kg Vehicular H 2 Storage Schlapbach & Züttel, Nature, 15 Nov. 2001 NanoEngineering Group 7 DOEDOE TargetsTargets NanoEngineering Group 8 CompressedCompressed HydrogenHydrogen GasGas • Type IV all-composite tanks are available at 5000 psi (350 bar) • 10,000 psi tanks being developed NanoEngineering Group 9 LiquidLiquid HydrogenHydrogen StorageStorage Linde Tank, GM From Patrovic & Milliken (2003) dormancy NanoEngineering Group 10 HydrogenHydrogen StorageStorage inin CondensedCondensed StatesStates Physisorption Chemisorption Adsorption on Surface Absorption into Matter NanoEngineering Group 11 PotentialPotential ElementsElements NanoEngineering Group 12 HydrogenHydrogen DensityDensity ofof MaterialsMaterials NanoEngineering Group 13 T. Audrey Desired binding energy range Potential energy for molecular and atomic hydrogen absorption Desirable range of binding energies: physorption Carbon 10-60 kJ/mol (0.1 - 0.6 eV) J. E.Lennard-Jones, Trans. FaradaySoc. 28 (1932),pp. 333. 2H AlH 3 MgH 2 TiH 2 LiH H-I H-SH H-CH 3 H-OH 0 100 200 300 400 500 Physisorption Chemisorption Low temperature Bond strength [kJ/mol] High temperature NanoEngineeringMolecular Group H2 14 Atomic H PhysisorptionPhysisorption 1 0.8 • Langmuir Isotherm 0.6 θ Kp θ = 0.4 1+ Kp 0.2 θ = Molecules Adsorbed Number of Adsorption Site 0 ε 0 2 10 4 4 10 4 6 10 4 8 10 4 1 10 5 −1/ 2 K∝ T exp PRESSURE kB T Assumption: Monolayer coverage NanoEngineering Group 15 PhysisorptionPhysisorption S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett and E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1938, 60 , 309 Multilayer coverage BET Area V N σ A = m A sp 22,414 3 Vm cm /g at STP NanoEngineering Group 16 ResearchResearch DirectionsDirections IncreasingIncreasing surfacesurface areaarea IncreasingIncreasing bindingbinding energyenergy NanoEngineering Group 17 IncreasingIncreasing SurfaceSurface AreaArea Johnson, Chem. & Eng. News, 2002 MOF: Rosi et al., Science, 2003 Roswell et al., JACS, 2004 NanoEngineering Group 18 IncreasingIncreasing BindingBinding EnergyEnergy http://www.wag.caltech.edu/f uelcells/index.html Boron Doping of CNT, Z. Zhou et al., Carbon, 44, 939, 2006 NanoEngineering Group 19 ChemisorptionChemisorption NanoEngineeringA. Zuttel Group 20 ClassificationClassification MetalMetal hydrides:hydrides: MgHMgH 2 ComplexComplex hydrides:hydrides: NaAlHNaAlH 4 ChemicalChemical hydrides:hydrides: LiBH4,LiBH4, NHNH 3BHBH 3 MgH NH BH 2 NaAlH 4 3 3 NanoEngineering Group 21 TheThe HydrogenHydrogen BottleneckBottleneck DOE goal Metal Chemical (2015) hydride hydride Storage wt. % 9% 3 Storage vol. % 81 kg/m Reversibility 1500 cycles Limited (cycle) System storage $2/kWh $50/kWh $18/kWh cost Fueling time 30 s/kg -H2 (reaction kinetics) (too slow) Operating -40 - 60 °°°C temperature (too high) Operating <100 atm . pressure pressure From JoAnn Milliken (2002) JoAnn Milliken (2002) NanoEngineering Group 22 PcTPcT RelationRelation From A. Zuttel NanoEngineering Group 23 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics NanoEngineering Group 24 A. Zuttel StabilityStability ofof HydridesHydrides Thermodynamic Equilibrium NanoEngineering Group 25 A. Zuttel EnergyEnergy BarrierBarrier Energy Energy Barrier M+H 2/2 ∆E MH x Separation Thermodynamically Favorable Does Not Mean Kinetically Favorable NanoEngineering Group 26 ReversibleReversible MetalMetal HydrideHydride SystemSystem NaAlH 4 Sodium alanate doped with Ti is a reversible material hydrogen storage approach. 3NaAlH 4 Na 3AlH 6 + 2Al + 3H 2 3NaH + Al + 3/2H 2 3.7 wt% 1.8 wt% Low hydrogen capacity and slow kinetics are issues NanoEngineering Group 27 SystemSystem destabilizationdestabilization Forming new alloys •Reduce energy (temperature) needed to liberate H2 by forming dehydrogenated alloy •System cycles between the hydrogen-containing state and the metal alloy instead of the pure metal •Reduced energy demand means lower temperature for hydrogen release. Mechanically Doped NaAlH 4 Gregory L. Olson DOE 2005 Hydrogen Program Annual Review Doping with a catalyst •Reduces the activation energy. •Allows both exothermic and endothermic reactions to happen at lower temperature. 28 NanoEngineering Group R.A. Zidan et al, J. Alloys and Compounds28 285 (1999), pp. 119. A. Zuttel NanoEngineering Group 29 ImideImide (NH)(NH) andand AmideAmide (NH(NH 2)) First step: LiNH 2 + LiH Li 2NH + H 2 (6.55% @ 300C,1atm.) H Li Li H N Li N H H H H Li Second: Li 2NH + LiH Li 3N + H 2 (5% @ 300c 0.05atm) Release temperature too high and low release pressure. Li Li Li H N H N Li H H Li Li Partial Mg substitution reduces release temperature Li 1-xMg xNH 2 NanoEngineering Group 30 S. Orimo et al., Appl. Phys. A:Materials Science & Processing, Vol 79, No 7, p. 1765 - 1767. ChemicalChemical HydridesHydrides NanoEngineering Group 31 IrreversibleIrreversible ChemicalChemical HydridesHydrides →→→ NaBH 4 + 2H 2O NaBO 2 + 4H 2 20 - 35% sol. Stabilized with Catalyst Borax in NaOH 1-3% NaOH →→→ 2LiH + 2H 2O 2LiOH + 2H 2 Light mineral oil slurry, Paste proprietary stabilizers byproduct • Hydrogen capacity is high at around 10 wt% hydrogen. • Dehydrogenation kinetics are fast. • Reactions are irreversible on-board vehicle. →→→ 2Na + 2H 2O 2NaOH + H 2 Polyethylene-coated pellets, Regeneration costs are mechanically cut to expose Na a major issue 32 NanoEngineering Group 32 From Patrovic & Milliken (2003) FuelingFueling CycleCycle From DOE BES Hydrogen Report NanoEngineering Group 33 NanoEngineering Group 34 NN--EthylcarbazoleEthylcarbazole (Air(Air Products,Products, Inc.)Inc.) NanoEngineering Group 35 T. Audrey MetalMetal ammineammine complexescomplexes (kg m -3) 110 120 Mg(NH 3)6Cl 2 = MgCl 2 + 6NH 3 (9.1%) @ T <620K Ammonia is toxic Can be used in high T solid oxide fuel cells. High temperature of hydrogen release 2NH 3 3H 2+ N 2 @ ~600K Christensen et al., J. Mater. Chem., 2005, 15, 4106–4108 NanoEngineering Group 36 ThermalThermal ManagementManagement •Hyriding reaction: Foams: Al, C, etcetc.. ~1 MW for 5 min. •Nanostructured materials impair heat Wire mesh transfer •Temperature rise suppresses hydriding reaction •Typical hydride Klein et. al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 29 (2003) 1503-1511 conductivity: k~0.1 W/m -K Conductive foams, Expanded Graphite fins and meshes Compacts SOLUTIONS See: Zhang et. al., J. Heat Transfer, 127 (2005) 1391-1399 NanoEngineering Group 37 Benefits of Nanostructures Increase kinetics: diffusion time ~ radius square/diffusivity Possibility of co -existence of chemi - and physi -sorption Possibility of changing thermodynamic properties • Yang’s Equation: po σ − = 2 Surface Tension pi p o r Radius • Kelvin Theory: MH MH x For multiphase system, transition p i temperature, equilibrium
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