DOCSLIB.ORG

Cost, Well-To-Wheels Energy Use, and Emissions for the Current Technology Status of Seven Hydrogen Production

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cost, Well-To-Wheels Energy Use, and Emissions for the Current Technology Status of Seven Hydrogen Production Technical Report Hydrogen Pathways: Cost, NREL/TP-6A1-46612 Well-to-Wheels Energy Use, September 2009 and Emissions for the Current Technology Status of Seven Hydrogen Production, Delivery, and Distribution Scenarios Mark Ruth National Renewable Energy Laboratory Melissa Laffen and Thomas A. Timbario Alliance Technical Services, Inc. Technical Report Hydrogen Pathways: Cost, NREL/TP-6A1-46612 Well-to-Wheels Energy Use, September 2009 and Emissions for the Current Technology Status of Seven Hydrogen Production, Delivery, and Distribution Scenarios Mark Ruth National Renewable Energy Laboratory Melissa Laffen and Thomas A. Timbario Alliance Technical Services, Inc. Prepared under Task No. HS07.1002 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the following people for their assistance and support during this analysis. The FreedomCar and Fuel Partnership’s Fuel Pathway Integration Technical Team (FPITT) identified the need to examine concurrently the cost and well-to-wheels energy use and emissions of various hydrogen production and delivery pathways and to carefully document the key parameters of the analysis. They reviewed the results of the study both for content and for presentation and provided many helpful pointers. In addition, they performed the gap analysis that identified issues reported in Section 11. Current and past members of the team include Don Gardner and Matt Watkins (Exxon Mobil Corporation); Graham Moore, Bhaskar Balasubramanian, and Jonathan Weinert (Chevron Corporation); Jim Uihlein and Maria Curry-Nkansah (BP America Inc.); Ed Casey (Conoco-Phillips Company); Henk Mooiweer, Karel Kapoun and CJ Guo (Shell Hydrogen, LLC); Johanna Levene, Todd Ramsden, and Darlene Steward [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)]; and Fred Joseck [Department of Energy (DOE)]. Model developers assisted in the use of their models and understanding of underlying assumptions. Macro-System Model (MSM) developers include Victor Diakov (NREL) and Tim Sa, Mike Goldsby, Andy Lutz, and Keith Vanderveen [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)]. H2A developers who assisted include Maggie Mann, Johanna Levene, Todd Ramsden, and Darlene Steward (NREL) and Brian James (Directed Technologies, Inc.). The Hydrogen Delivery Scenario Analysis Model (HDSAM) developers who assisted include Amgad Elgowainy [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)] and Matt Ringer (NREL). The Greenhouse Gas, Regulated Emission, and Energy for Transportation (GREET) model developers who assisted include Amgad Elgowainy, Ye Wu, and Michael Wang (ANL). James Beetham (University of Colorado) assisted with MSM runs and data collection. Tien Nguyen (DOE) and Genevieve Saur (NREL) provided assistance in finding sources. Fred Joseck (DOE) provided leadership, guidance, and funding for which we are grateful, and this analysis would not have been possible without him. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii 1.0 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Document’s Intent ..................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Market State and Technology Development Assumptions ....................................... 3 2.3 Analysis Boundaries ................................................................................................. 4 2.4 Pathways ................................................................................................................... 4 2.5 Models Used in the Pathway Analyses ................................................................... 13 3.0 Resource Assumptions ................................................................................................ 15 3.1 Natural Gas ............................................................................................................. 15 3.2 Electricity ................................................................................................................ 16 3.3 Biomass (Wood) ..................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Coal ......................................................................................................................... 24 3.5 Carbon Sequestration .............................................................................................. 26 4.0 Status of Supporting Infrastructure ............................................................................. 29 4.1 Natural Gas Supply Infrastructure .......................................................................... 29 4.2 Electricity Transmission Grid ................................................................................. 34 4.3 Biomass Truck Transportation and Delivery .......................................................... 38 4.4 Coal Moved by Railway ......................................................................................... 40 5.0 Production Technology Description and Assumptions............................................... 44 5.1 Distributed Natural Gas Reforming ........................................................................ 44 5.2 Distributed Electrolysis ........................................................................................... 45 5.3 Central Biomass Gasification ................................................................................. 48 5.4 Central Natural Gas Reforming .............................................................................. 49 5.5 Central Electrolysis ................................................................................................. 51 5.6 Central Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration ............................................ 51 6.0 Delivery Technology Description and Assumptions .................................................. 55 6.1 Liquid Hydrogen Delivery ...................................................................................... 55 6.1.1 Liquid Hydrogen Truck ................................................................................... 55 6.1.2 Liquefier ........................................................................................................... 56 6.2 Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery ................................................................................... 58 6.2.1 Pipeline ............................................................................................................ 59 6.2.2 Compressor ...................................................................................................... 59 6.3 Compression, Storage, and Dispensing .................................................................. 61 7.0 Vehicle Assumptions .................................................................................................. 65 7.1 Vehicle Fuel Economy ............................................................................................ 65 7.2 Vehicle Criteria Pollutant Emissions ...................................................................... 67 8.0 Financial Assumptions ................................................................................................ 69 9.0 Pathway Results .......................................................................................................... 71 9.1 Distributed Natural Gas .........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A.22G Liquefied Natural Gas Management Plan
    APPENDIX A.22G: Liquid Natural Gas Management Plan Volume A.i: PREFACE VOLUME A.V: Volume A.V: Volume A.ii: Volume A.iii: Volume A.iV: ADDITIONAL Project BioPhysicAl socio-economic AdditionAl introduction VAlued VAlued YESAAyesAA & oVerView comPonents comPonents REQUIREMENTSreQuirements A.1 Introduction A.6 Terrain Features A.13 Employment and A.20 Effects of the Income Environment on Concordance Table to the the Project A.1A A.7 Water Quality A.13A Economic Impacts of the Executive Committee’s Request Casino Mine Project for Supplementary Information A.21 Accidents and A.7A Variability Water Balance Model Malfunctions Report A.14 Employability First Nations and A.2 A.7B Water Quality Predictions Report A.22 Environmental Community A.15 Economic Management Consultation A.7c Potential Effects of Climate Change on Development and the Variability Water Balance A.22A Waste and Hazardous Business Sector Materials A.2A Traditional Knowledge Management Plan Bibliography A.7d Updated Appendix B5 to Appendix 7A A.16 Community A.22B Spill Contingency A.7e 2008 Environmental Vitality Management Plan A.3 Project Location Studies Report: Final A.17 Community A.22c Sediment and Erosion A.7F The Effect of Acid Rock Drainage on Control Management A.4 Project Description Casino Creek Infrastructure and Plan Services A.7G Toxicity Testing Reports A.22d Invasive Species A.4A Tailings Management Facility Management Plan Construction Material Alternatives A.7h Appendix A2 to Casino Waste Rock A.18 Cultural and Ore Geochemical Static Test As- A.22e Road Use
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: a Review
    materials Review Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review Etienne Rivard * , Michel Trudeau and Karim Zaghib * Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Hydro-Quebec, 1806, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X 1S1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.R.); [email protected] (K.Z.) Received: 18 April 2019; Accepted: 11 June 2019; Published: 19 June 2019 Abstract: Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these reviews deal either exclusively with storage materials or the global hydrogen economy. This paper presents a review of hydrogen storage systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal storage medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, quick uptake and release of fuel, operation at room temperatures and atmospheric pressure, safe use, and balanced cost-effectiveness. All current hydrogen storage technologies have significant drawbacks, including complex thermal management systems, boil-off, poor efficiency, expensive catalysts, stability issues, slow response rates, high operating pressures, low energy densities, and risks of violent and uncontrolled spontaneous reactions. While not perfect, the current leading industry standard of compressed hydrogen offers a functional solution and demonstrates a storage option for mobility compared to other technologies. Keywords: hydrogen mobility; hydrogen storage; storage systems assessment; Kubas-type hydrogen storage; hydrogen economy 1. Introduction According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is almost certain that the unusually fast global warming is a direct result of human activity [1]. The resulting climate change is linked to significant environmental impacts that are connected to the disappearance of animal species [2,3], decreased agricultural yield [4–6], increasingly frequent extreme weather events [7,8], human migration [9–11], and conflicts [12–14].
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance on Estimating Condensate and Crude Oil Loading Losses from Tank Trucks Section I
    Guidance on Estimating Condensate and Crude Oil Loading Losses from Tank Trucks Section I. Introduction The purpose of this guidance document is to provide general guidance on estimating condensate and crude oil evaporative emissions from tank trucks during loading operations. • OAC 165:10-1-2 defines condensate as “a liquid hydrocarbon which: (A) [w]as produced as a liquid at the surface, (B) [e]xisted as a gas in the reservoir, and (C) [h]as an API gravity greater than or equal to fifty degrees, unless otherwise proven.” • OAC 165:10-1-2 defines crude oil as “any petroleum hydrocarbon, except condensate, produced from a well in liquid form by ordinary production methods.” The Air Quality Division (AQD) has received permit applications requesting the use of a reduced Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) loading emission factor for estimating tank truck loading loss emissions. This is to account for methane and ethane entrained in the petroleum liquid that, along with VOC, are released in the vapors as the petroleum liquid is loaded. In some cases, the proposed non-VOC reduction represents a combined methane and ethane vapor concentration of greater than 30 percent by weight. Permit applications are submitted with loading loss emissions calculated using the methodology outlined in AP-42 (6/08), Section 5.2, using process simulation software, or both. Process simulation software estimates emissions based on all streams reaching equilibrium. The majority of permitted loading losses are calculated assuming negligible concentrations of methane and/or ethane. Due to the high concentrations of methane and ethane proposed in some permit applications, a review of the calculation methodology was conducted and resulted in this guidance document.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Carbohydrates Are a Potential High-Density Hydrogen Carrier
    international journal of hydrogen energy 35 (2010) 10334e10342 Available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he Review Renewable carbohydrates are a potential high-density hydrogen carrier Y.-H. Percival Zhang a,b,c,* a Biological Systems Engineering Department, 210-A Seitz Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA b Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences (ICTAS), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA c DOE BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA article info abstract Article history: The possibility of using renewable biomass carbohydrates as a potential high-density Received 14 February 2010 hydrogen carrier is discussed here. Gravimetric density of polysaccharides is 14.8 H2 mass% Received in revised form where water can be recycled from PEM fuel cells or 8.33% H2 mass% without water recycling; 21 July 2010 volumetric densities of polysaccharides are >100 kg of H2/m3. Renewable carbohydrates Accepted 23 July 2010 (e.g., cellulosic materials and starch) are less expensive based on GJ than are other hydrogen Available online 21 August 2010 carriers, such as hydrocarbons, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, and ammonia. Biotransfor- mation of carbohydrates to hydrogen by cell-free synthetic (enzymatic) pathway biotrans- Keywords: formation (SyPaB) has numerous advantages, such as high product yield (12 H2/glucose Biomass unit), 100% selectivity, high energy conversion efficiency (122%, based on combustion Cell-free synthetic pathway energy), high-purity hydrogen generated, mild reaction conditions, low-cost of bioreactor, biotransformation few safety concerns, and nearly no toxicity hazards. Although SyPaB may suffer from Carbohydrate current low reaction rates, numerous approaches for accelerating hydrogen production Hydrogen carrier rates are proposed and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Flexible Production of Hydrogen from Sun and Wind: Challenges and Experiences
    Flexible Production of Hydrogen from Sun and Wind: Chal- lenges and Experiences H. J. Fell, P. Chladek, O. Wallevik, S. T. Briskeby This document appeared in Detlef Stolten, Thomas Grube (Eds.): 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010 - WHEC 2010 Parallel Sessions Book 3: Hydrogen Production Technologies - Part 2 Proceedings of the WHEC, May 16.-21. 2010, Essen Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich / Energy & Environment, Vol. 78-3 Institute of Energy Research - Fuel Cells (IEF-3) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralbibliothek, Verlag, 2010 ISBN: 978-3-89336-653-8 Proceedings WHEC2010 113 Flexible Production of Hydrogen from Sun and Wind: Challenges and Experiences Hans Jörg Fell, Petr Chladek, Hydrogen Technologies, N-3908 Porsgrunn, Norway Oddmund Wallevik, Stein Trygve Briskeby, Statoil, Research Centre Porsgrunn, N-3908 Porsgrunn, Norway 1 Introduction With the looming threat of global climate change and progressing depletion of fossil fuels, renewable power sources, especially wind and solar, experienced an economic boom in the past decade [1, 2]. Both wind and sun supply significant amount of electrical power without generating any pollution during the operation. Unfortunately, both sources generate power of intermittent nature, regardless of the demand, which consequently stresses the existing electrical grid. To mitigate this drawback, renewable energy needs to be converted into a storable intermediate, which could be used in the times of electricity peaks or alternatively used as a fuel for vehicles. The energy carrier of choice is hydrogen produced by water electrolysis [3, 4]. Water electrolysis is a well-established method of producing hydrogen and an ideal candidate due to the general availability of water, scalability of the electrolysis plant and zero-emission production of hydrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Adsorption by Perforated Graphene
    http://www.diva-portal.org Postprint This is the accepted version of a paper published in International journal of hydrogen energy. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Baburin, I A., Klechikov, A., Mercier, G., Talyzin, A., Seifert, G. (2015) Hydrogen adsorption by perforated graphene. International journal of hydrogen energy, 40(20): 6594-6599 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.139 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-104374 Hydrogen adsorption by perforated graphene Igor A. Baburin1, Alexey Klechikov2, Guillaume Mercier2, Alexandr Talyzin2*, Gotthard Seifert1* 1 Technische Universität Dresden, Theoretische Chemie, Bergstraße 66b, 01062 Dresden Tel.: (+49) (351) 463 37637. Fax: (+49) (351) 463 35953. *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Tel.: +46 90 786 63 20. Fax: *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. 1 Abstract We performed a combined theoretical and experimental study of hydrogen adsorption in graphene systems with defect-induced additional porosity. It is demonstrated that perforation of graphene sheets results in increase of theoretically possible surface areas beyond the limits of ideal defect-free graphene (~2700 m2/g) with the values approaching ~5000 m2/g. This in turn implies promising hydrogen storage capacities up to 6.5 wt% at 77 K, estimated from classical Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Storage a Brief Overview of Hydrogen Storage Options Rich Dennis Technology Manager – Advanced Turbines and SCO2 Power Cycles
    Hydrogen Storage A brief overview of hydrogen storage options Rich Dennis Technology Manager – Advanced Turbines and SCO2 Power Cycles Ref:(https://www.greencarcongre ss.com/2016/09/20160911- doe.html) 2nd workshop on Thermal, Mechanical and Chemical Energy Storage OmniPresentation William to Penn; Pittsburgh PA; February 4, 2020 Sponsored by Elliot Group; Co-organized with SwRI and NETL 2/6/2020 1 Presentation Outline Small-scale to large-scale hydrogen storage provides attractive options • H2 physical properties Months Hydrogen • Overview H2 production, transportation & utilization Weeks Texas, US • H2 storage technologies • Compressed storage Days • Liquid storage CAES • Materials based storage • Chemical hydrogen storage Hours • Vehicle & portable applications Pumped Hydro • Storage in NG pipelines Minutes 0.1 1 10 100 1000 • Summary GWh Ref: 1. Crotogino F, Donadei S, Bu¨ nger U, Landinger H. Large-scale hydrogen underground storage for securing future energy supplies. Proceedingsof 18thWorld Hydrogen Energy Conference (WH2C2010), Essen, Germany;May 16e21, 2010. p. 37e45. 2/6/2020 2 2. Kepplinger J, Crotogino F, Donadei S, Wohlers M. Present trends in compressed air energy and hydrogen storage in Germany. Solution Mining Research Institute SMRI Fall 2011 Conference, York, United Kingdom; October 3e4, 2011. Physical Properties of H2 vs CH4 H2 has a very low density and energy density, and a high specific volume Hydrogen 0.085 120 11.98 10,050 Density Lower Heating Value Specific Volume Energy Density Property 3 3 3 (kg/m ) (kJ/kg) m /kg kJ/m 0.65 50 1.48 32,560 Methane 1 atm,15°C 1 atm, 25°C 1 atm, 21°C 1 atm, 25°C 3 Laminar Flame Speeds Hydrogen burns ten times as fast as methane H2 CO CH4 0.4 1 2 3 meter/second 0.3 Ref: NACA Report 1300 4 Flammability Limits In Air Hydrogen has broad flammability limits compared to methane H2 4 to 75 CO 12 to 75 CH4 5 to 15 0 25 50 75 100 % in Air 5 Diffusivity in Air In air, hydrogen diffuses over three times as fast compared to methane H2 CO CH4 0.2 0.5 0.7 1 cm2/sec Ref: Vargaftik, N.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Operation of Vacuum Trucks in Petroleum Service
    Safe Operation of Vacuum Trucks in Petroleum Service API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2219 THIRD EDITION, NOVEMBER 2005 REAFFIRMED, NOVEMBER 2012 --``,,```,`,,,`,,`````,,,,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V. Main/5924979112, User=Elliott No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/30/2013 09:55:43 MST --``,,```,`,,,`,,`````,,,,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V. Main/5924979112, User=Elliott No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/30/2013 09:55:43 MST Safe Operation of Vacuum Trucks in Petroleum Service Downstream Segment API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2219 THIRD EDITION, NOVEMBER 2005 REAFFIRMED, NOVEMBER 2012 --``,,```,`,,,`,,`````,,,,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V. Main/5924979112, User=Elliott No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/30/2013 09:55:43 MST SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, con- sultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon pri- vately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Statoil 2006 Sustainability Report
    mastering challenges Statoil and sustainable development 2006 Our performance at a glance Financials1 2006 2005 2004 Total revenues 425,166 387,411 301,443 Income before financial items, other items, income taxes and minority interest 116,881 95,043 65,085 Net income 40,615 30,730 24,916 Cash flows used in investing activities 40,084 37,664 31,959 Return on average capital employed after tax 27.1% 27.6% 23.5% Operations Combined oil and gas production (thousand boe/d) 1,135 1,169 1,106 Proved oil and gas reserves (million boe) 4,185 4,295 4,289 Production cost (NOK/boe) 26.6 22.2 23.3 Reserve replacement ratio (three-year average) 0.94 1.02 1.01 Environment2 Oil spills (cubic metres) 156.7 442 186 Carbon dioxide emissions (million tonnes) 10.0 10.3 9.8 Nitrogen oxide emissions (tonnes) 31,600 34,700 31,100 Discharges of harmful chemicals (tonnes) 15 40 167 Energy consumption (TWh) 49.4 50.4 48.1 Waste recovery factor 0.73 0.76 0.76 Health and safety Total recordable injury frequency3 5.7 5.1 5.9 Serious incident frequency3 2.1 2.3 3.2 Sickness absence4 3.5 3.5 3.2 Fatalities3 0 2 3 Organisation Employee satisfaction5 4.6 4.6 4.6 Proportion of female managers6* 26% 25% 26% Union membership (per cent of workforce), Statoil ASA* 70 72 73 R&D expenditures7 1,225 1,066 1,027 1 Key figures given in NOK million 6 New reporting system implemented 2 Data cover Statoil-operated activities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Norwegian Hydrogen Highway
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Juelich Shared Electronic Resources HyNor – The Norwegian Hydrogen Highway B. Simonsen, A.M. Hansen This document appeared in Detlef Stolten, Thomas Grube (Eds.): 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010 - WHEC 2010 Parallel Sessions Book 6: Stationary Applications / Transportation Applications Proceedings of the WHEC, May 16.-21. 2010, Essen Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich / Energy & Environment, Vol. 78-6 Institute of Energy Research - Fuel Cells (IEF-3) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralbibliothek, Verlag, 2010 ISBN: 978-3-89336-656-9 Proceedings WHEC2010 241 HyNor – The Norwegian Hydrogen Highway Bjørn Simonsen, Lillestrøm Centre of Expertise, Norway Anne Marit Hansen, Statoil, Norway 1 Introduction Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers which can make the transport sector emission-free. The challenges related to hydrogen as an energy carrier are however not only technical. Due to the nature and purpose of transport, a number of refueling points or hydrogen stations are needed for it to be attractive as a fuel. The cliché “chicken and egg”- situation is often used to describe the dilemma of implementing new fuels such as hydrogen. Without hydrogen stations where people can refuel the cars, it is not profitable to produce the few cars that will be needed. Without many customers asking for hydrogen fuel and very few customers actually using the existing stations, the operators of the station will not want to build more stations due to the economical loss it presents. Hydrogen has many years been looked upon as an alternative to conventional fuels, either because of energy security and/or environmental reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • State-Of-The-Art Hydrogen Production Cost Estimate Using Water Electrolysis
    NREL/BK-6A1-46676 September 2009 Current (2009) State-of-the-Art Hydrogen Production Cost Estimate Using Water Electrolysis Independent Review Published for the U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Program National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard • Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015
    02 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy EfficiencyWorkshop Structure and Renewable / 1 Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services Proceedings of an Expert Workshop Convened by the U.S. Department of Energy and Industry Canada, Hosted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the California Air Resources Board Sacramento, California, May 14 –15, 2014 M. Melaina and J. Eichman National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. HT12.2S10 Technical Report NREL/TP-5400-62518 February 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 www.nrel.gov NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]