Jaiva-Dharma

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Jaiva-Dharma 微靈天職 JAIVA-DHARMA 聖巴克提維諾德.塔庫爾 目錄 序言 介紹 第一章 微靈的永恆和短暫職務 第二章 微靈的永恆天職既純粹又永恆 第三章 摒棄短暫職務 第四章 偉大奉獻宗是永恆天職 第五章 規範奉愛是永恆的,不是短暫職務 第六章 永恆天職、種族和階級 第七章 永恆天職和物質存在 第八章 永恆天職與奉獻者的行為 第九章 永恆天職、物質科學和文明 第十章 永恆天職和歷史 第十一章 永恆天職與偶像崇拜 第十二章 永恆天職、靈修和目標 第十三章 證據和基礎真理的開始 第十四章 基礎真理:能量真理 第十五章 基礎真理:微靈真理 第十六章 基礎真理:被假象擺佈的微靈 第十七章 基礎真理:擺脫假象的微靈 第十八章 基礎真理:同一而異的真理 第十九章 基礎真理:程序真理 第二十章 基礎真理:規範奉愛修習的程序 第二十一章 基礎真理:程序 – 滿懷自發愛意的奉愛修習 第二十二章 基礎真理:開始目標真理 第二十三章 基礎真理:聖名真理 第二十四章 基礎真理:對聖名的冒犯 第二十五章 基礎真理:聖名之影 第二十六章 極樂情感真理的簡介 第二十七章 極樂情感真理: 八種極樂情感之兆、三十三種極樂情感之兆和情感之影 第二十八章 極樂情感真理:主要情感 第二十九章 極樂情感真理:懷著中性、僕人和朋友情感的十三種極樂情感之兆 第三十章 極樂情感真理:父母和愛侶情感的十三種極樂情感之兆 第三十一章 愛侶情感:奎師那的超然形象、英雄和懷著婚姻戀的愛卿 第三十二章 愛侶情感:非婚戀的愛卿 第三十三章 愛侶情感:聖妲阿妲的超然形象、五種女朋友和信差 第三十四章 愛侶情感:不同種類的女朋友 第三十五章 愛侶情感:刺激因素 第三十六章 愛侶情感:永恆情感和依戀的各個階段 第三十七章 愛侶情感:愛侶情感的本質和分離 第三十八章 愛侶情感:主要的相聚和日常八重逍遙 第三十九章 進入逍遙時光 第四十章 獲得至尊財富-純粹愛意 附錄 詞匯表 人名表 地名表 序言 (為第三個印度語版所寫的) 聖施瑞曼.巴克提維丹塔.拿茹阿央那.瑪哈茹阿傑 (Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta Narayana Maharaja) 我很高興,高迪亞.維丹塔修會(Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti)第三版的《微靈天職》印度 語版現正面世。這出版滿足了我長久以來的願望,因為我以往非常擔心,這本書沒 有以印度的國家語言-印度語-發行。 原本的《微靈天職》以孟加拉語寫成,是所有說孟加拉語的奉獻者的無價飾物。作 者-聖巴克提維諾德.塔庫爾-是主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈的機密同遊,並以第七位哥斯瓦 米著稱。他在現代的奉獻者團體之中,重新啟動至尊人格首神.主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈揭 示的,純粹奉愛神聖恆河的強大洪流。塔庫爾.巴克提維諾德以幾種語言撰寫了逾百 本奉愛書籍,而《微靈天職》在哲學和宗教的世界則開創了一個新時代。 這個印度語版是在我最崇敬的聖師,聖靈性導師的蓮花聖足,唵,主維施努足下, 108,聖施瑞曼.巴克提帕爾甘.凱薩瓦.哥斯瓦米.瑪哈茹阿傑的指導下製作而成的。他 是主布茹阿瑪-瑪鐸夫-高迪亞師徒傳系的守護者,也履行了聖巴克提維諾德.塔庫爾、 聖高茹阿-葵首爾.達薩.巴巴君.瑪哈茹阿傑,以及聖巴克提希丹塔.薩茹阿斯瓦提.塔庫 爾的心底夙願。他是承傳自主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈的師徒傳系的典範師,也是聖高迪亞. 維丹塔修會,及旗下遍及全印度的分會之創辦典範師。雖然我在各方面都不適合, 又不能勝任,但透過他無緣的無盡恩慈、啟發和直接命令,我可以翻譯這本書,當 中滿是精深的哲學,以及與崇拜至尊主有關的,深奧而機密的真理。 在這個譯本裡,我已盡量保留崇高的哲學,以及與極樂情感(rasa)分析有關的,非常 細膩精微的情感。我竭盡所能地以顯淺易懂的語言表達這些要點。我這次嘗試有多 成功,則有待讀者斷定。不論這次努力有什麼價值,全都是聖靈性導師蓮花足的功 勞。 《微靈天職》的印度語譯本,最初是在《至尊聖主通訊(Sri Bhagavat-patrika)》月刊, 以為時六年的一系列連載文章發表的。忠實讀者非常欣賞本書,一再懇求我以單行 本出版。為了說印度語的忠實民眾的福祉,也為了令純粹奉獻者高興,我們的《微 靈天職》第二版以書籍形式發行。這個版本迅速售罄,因此便呈獻了第三版,滿足 讀者深摯的興趣和需求。 我最崇敬的聖師,典範聖師尊,在他的編序撰寫了詳盡的介紹,詳述了本書的獨特 的特性、書的作者和其他重要題目。不過,我滿腔熱忱,不得不給這個主題加上我 自己的幾句話。我懇求讀者在閱讀本書之前,認真注意地研讀介紹部分,我堅信, 他們這樣做會獲得清楚指引,知道關於怎樣領悟至尊真象的真理。 jaiva-dharma(微靈天職)一詞是指微靈的天職,即生物體的固有職務。從外表看來, 按照國家、階級、種族比賽等等分類,人類似乎有不同宗教。人類、鳥獸、蟲子、 昆蟲和其他生物體的固有天性,似乎也有不同的多樣性。但實際上,宇宙眾生都只 有一種個永恆不變的天職。《微靈天職》對這個天職的描述令人欽佩而詳盡,這天 職是永恆的,眾生隨時隨地通用。本書滿載《韋陀經》、《終極韋陀》、《奧義書》、 《聖典博伽瓦譚》、《宇宙古史》、《布瑪阿瑪經》、《摩羅婆羅多》、《Itihasas》、 《五訓》、《永恆形寶》、《永恆的主采坦亞經》、《奉愛的甘露》、《Ujjvala-nilama》 和其他典範經典非常深奧機密的主題,極簡明扼要的精華。而且,它是以令人回味 而有趣易懂的小說形式寫成的。 《微靈天職》對很多重要題目作出空前而精闢的分析,例如︰至尊主真理 (Bhagavata-tattva)、微靈真理(jiva-tattva)、至尊主能量的真理(sakti-tattva)、微靈受 條件限制的和解脫的狀態、業報、非人格知識和奉愛本質的比較研究、對規範和自 發奉愛服務截然不同的特性,所作的結論性而別具意義的討論,以及對聖名之靈性 專注的至尊超卓性。這所有命題都是依據關係、程序和目標而討論的。 高迪亞.維丹塔修會在出版孟加拉語版的《微靈天職》之前,聖巴克提維諾德.塔庫爾、 聖巴克提希丹塔.薩茹阿斯瓦提.帕佈帕及他們傳系內,隨後的高迪亞.偉大奉獻者典範 師所出版的《微靈天職》,所有版本都包括了鑽研極樂情感的這個部分。不過,由 於某些獨特的原因,我們最崇敬的聖師,聖靈性導師蓮花聖足出版了一個只包含本 書的前兩個部分,分別涉及永恆和短暫的天職,以及關係、程序和目標的版本。他 沒有發表本書涉及鑽研極樂情感(詳細思考機密超然的奉愛情感)的第三部分。 不過,後來當聖凱薩瓦.高迪亞廟在瑪圖茹阿發行印度語版的過程中,聖靈性導師蓮 花聖足親自重看全書。在他為這個版本所寫的序言裡,他非常清楚地指導讀者先檢 視他們的資格或匱乏,然後謹慎地繼續他們對第三部分的研習,它涉及鑽研極樂情 感(rasa-vicara)。因此,當本書三個部分全都一併在再版出版時,我不覺得有必要進 一步清楚說明。 在撰寫《永恆的主采坦亞經》時,聖奎師那.達薩.卡威茹阿傑.哥斯瓦米心有疑竇,他 應否提出鑽研極樂情感的討論。他質疑該書是否要包括這個題目,沒資格的人也許 會閱讀而對他們自己造成損害。最後他決定把極樂情感的鑽研包括在書裡,在《永 恆的采坦亞經》初篇逍遙(4.231-235)用他自己的話表達這點: e saba siddhanta gudha, kahite na yuyaya na kahile, keha ihara anta nahi paya 牧牛姑娘是至高靈性情感的化身,極樂情感之王-主奎師那-和她們深奧機密的情 愛逍遙的結論,不適宜向普羅大眾透露。 ataeva kahi kichu karina nigudha bujhibe rasika bhakta, na bujhibe mudha 但如果不揭示這些結論,就沒有人能夠領悟這個命題。因此我會隱晦地描述這些命 題,於是只有品嘗極樂情感的奉獻者才可以理解,沒資格的傻瓜則不會明白。 hrdaye dharaye ye caitanya-nityananda e saba siddhante sei paibe ananda 聽到這些結論,把主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈和主尼提安南達.帕佈確立於心的人,會獲得超 然喜樂。 e saba siddhanta haya amrera pallava bhakta-gana kokilera sarvada vallabha 這全部教義就像初抽的芒果嫩芽一樣甜美,只有好比杜鵑的奉獻者能夠品嘗。 abhakta-ustrera ithe na haya pravesa tabe citte haya more ananda visesa 駱駝一樣的非奉獻者不可能獲准涉獵這些題目。因此,我心裡欣喜若狂,特別歡 喜。 總是不適合在普羅大眾面前揭示機密的巴佳極樂情感命題。不過,如果沒有透徹地 解釋,這個神聖奧祕很有可能會消失。雖然棯樹和芒果樹也許一同存在於同一個花 園,但烏鴉只會坐在棯樹上品嘗它苦澀的果實,有辨別力的杜鵑則會坐在芒果樹上 品嘗紅色的嫩芽和花蕾。因此呈獻鑽研極樂情感,相當適當。 印度語的文學世界迄今一直缺乏了,這種不同凡響而包羅萬有的優秀書籍,它透過 比較分析使人認識最高的哲學結論及崇拜偉大奉獻宗的超卓方法。《微靈天職》滿 足了這個需要。它會在哲學和宗教世界,特別是在奉獻宗的世界開創新紀元。 聖凱薩瓦君.高迪亞廟 瑪圖茹阿,U.P.,一九八九年 渴求聖靈性導師和偉大奉獻者恩慈的人 以身體、心意、言語、智慧皈依的棄絕僧 聖巴克提維丹塔.拿茹阿央那 介紹 (為印度語版再版而寫的) 聖施瑞曼.巴克提.帕爾甘.凱薩瓦.哥斯瓦米.瑪哈茹阿傑所寫的 世界上的多個宗教幾乎全都採納各式各樣的方法,傳揚它們各自的理想。有鑑於此, 它們便以不同的語言出版典籍。普通的教育範疇有初級、中級和高級,以及較高較 低的學術支流,這點不言而喻。同樣,那些博覽群書,並在宗教的比較研究方面極 博學的人普遍都承認,截然不同的宗教傳統之哲學教導存在著知識的分級,這點不 喻自明。在這一切宗教意識形態中,主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈在純愛(prema)宗教方面所 傳授的訓示,從所有觀點的角度來看都是最高的揭示。一旦接觸到這種崇高的理 解,世界上不偏不倚的思想家肯定會一致同意這個事實。 每個人都想得到最高的理想和教導的激勵,但這個吉祥願望怎能得成正果?偉大的 解脫人物和知識份子精英的翹楚-聖塔庫爾.巴克提維諾德,正是懷著這個想法以身 作則,立下了靈性生命的頂尖典範,又以不同語言著述了多部偉大奉獻宗的書籍。 這些書籍以顯淺的語言,詳盡地描述了主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈的訓示。在作者的所有著 作之中,世界的宗教思想家認為這本《微靈天職》是精華。 《韋陀經》是這個世界最古老的作品。它們所引伸的一系列典籍,包括《奧義書》 和聖韋達維亞薩編輯的其他典籍(例如《終極韋陀》、《摩訶婆羅多》和《聖典博伽 瓦譚》),全都是完美的文學作品。隨著時間的推移,受到那些典籍的正文闡釋的理 念激勵,其他人相繼著述了各式各樣的著作。它們流傳廣泛,從而一紙風行。在這 些書籍之中,我們不僅看到思想的分級,截然不同的特性和相反意見,我們也看到 互相排外,教義分化和思辯哲學。因此在宗教領域上一直都有騷亂和災害,為禍至 今。 原始的至尊主,即至尊人格首神,祂是絕對真理,在這種不穩定的情況下,祂在五 百年前左右顯現在七個聖地之中最重要的地方-納瓦島聖地的聖地瑪亞普爾,解救 受條件限制的生物體。那時候,主特定地給祂的一些摯愛同遊賦予力量,編輯蘊含 所有經典真正要旨和精萃的巨著。透過這種文獻,主渴望把超然知識的根-奉愛, 注入所有人心裡。除了其中三、四本之外,這些書籍全都是以梵語寫成的。 聖茹帕和薩拿坦.哥斯瓦米都是主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈最崇高而機密的同遊之一,聖基瓦. 哥斯瓦米深得聖茹帕和薩拿坦鍾愛,他實際上是他們一模一樣的展現。抽取所有經 典的精華,聖基瓦.哥斯瓦米著述了《永恆珍寶》和其他梵語書籍。透過這種努力, 至尊人格首神展現了祂的機密願望,上演解救微靈的這段逍遙時光。 一些人無法確定經典的真正含意,迫於無奈根據他們相關的理解去解釋。在一些情 況,這樣的人只接受經典的部分含意;在其他情況,他們的解釋則使真正含意模糊 不清;此外,在其他情況,他們所採納的見解是完全違反原始意向的。聖基瓦.哥斯 瓦米不屬於這任何一類,他筆下湧現的訓示是施瑞曼.瑪哈帕佈絕對而結論性的訓 示,那是《韋陀經》、《奧義書》、《摩訶婆羅多》和《聖典博伽瓦譚》的訓示。 在這些訓示無瑕完整的要旨支持下,令人嘆為觀止地編纂了《微靈天職》。於是讀 者便能夠易於理解本書的效用和要義,我們現在會分析書名的意義。 作者把本書命名為《微靈天職》。由於我們所有人對天職(必要的職務或宗教)都抱持 一些特別的概念,也由於篇幅所限,因此不必詳細說明這點。在梵語,當 jiva (生物 體)一字加上次要的後綴詞 an 時,便加強了中間的元音,然後略去後綴詞 an 之中的 n,這樣我們便得到 jaiva (微靈)一字。jaiva 一字意指「與微靈有關的」。因此,《微 靈天職》意指微靈的天職,即與微靈有關的特有職務。但文中的 java 一字,所指的 是什麼?作者在本書詳盡地解答這個問題,但我仍然覺得必須簡略提出一、兩點。 jivana(生命)一字源自 jiva 一字,意指「有生命的」。換句話說,眾生都稱為生靈。 因此,作者用「微靈天職」一詞,表示微靈的固有職務。主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈透過祂 專一地全情奉獻的追隨者,即以聖茹帕、薩拿坦和基瓦.哥斯瓦米為首的六哥斯瓦 米,教導微靈應該接受和遵循哪種天職。大約四百年後,本書的作者-以第七位哥 斯瓦米著稱的聖塔庫爾.巴克提維諾德,顯現在主高認格的出生地-聖地瑪亞普爾- 的不遠處。極心軟又體會到微靈的困境,他以孟加拉語寫了《微靈天職》。 憑藉至尊主的願望,主高認格最心愛的一個同遊-聖奎師那.達薩.卡威茹阿傑.哥斯瓦 米,在《永恆的主采坦亞經》掌握了至尊主高茹阿粲卓訓示的精華。以下詩節表達 了這點: jivera svarupa haya krsnera nitya dasa krsnera tatastha-sakti bhedabheda prakasa 微靈的自然狀態是成為奎師那的僕人。微靈是奎師那的邊際能量,也是奎師那同一 而異的展現。(《永恆的主采坦亞經》中篇 20.108) 作者把《微靈天職》建基於這個詩節,對高迪亞奉獻者來說,那是所有訓示的基礎 格言(bija-mantra)。因此,本書對所有人類來說都是有利而合意的,超越於種族、階 級、生命階段、時間、地方或人物的差別。不僅如此,它甚至惠及其他物種的微靈, 不論是石頭、動物、鳥兒、昆蟲、水族,或是其他動與不動的實體。 除了接受微靈天職的人之外,有眾多值得一提的生物例子。阿哈爾亞(Ahalya)是在石 頭身體的例子;雙胞胎銀杏樹(Yamalarjunas)和七棵羅望子(tala)是在樹身體的例 子;國王拿爾嘎(Nrga)是在蜥蜴身體的例子;巴茹阿塔大君是在鹿身體的例子;蘇 茹阿比是在母牛身體的例子;嘎珍卓是在象身體的例子;佳瑪文塔(Jamavanta)是在 熊身體的例子;阿嘎達(Angada)和蘇給爾瓦(Sugriva)則是在猴子身體的例子。全宇 宙的導師-布茹阿瑪-向至尊人格首神主奎師那祈求,得以服務祂的蓮花足,那怕 必須投生於草木鳥獸等等物種。《聖典博伽瓦譚》(10.14.30)陳述了這點: tad astu me natha sa bhuri-bhago bhave ‘tra vanyatra tu va tirascam yenaham eko ‘pi bhavaj jananam bhutva niseve tava pada-pallavam 我親愛的主,我祈禱你會賜我這樣的好運,讓我可以算是你的其中一個奉獻者,完 全投入於服務你的蓮花足,不論是在今生作為布茹阿瑪,或是那怕來生我要投生於 動物的物種。 奉獻者之王-帕爾拉達大君,更清楚地表達了渴望得到以服務至尊主為形式的微靈 天職,即使那意味著要投生為動物,或數以千計的物種之中的任何形體︰ natha yoni-sahasresu yesu yesu vrajamy aham tesu tesv acala bhaktir acyutastu sada tvayi 不敗之主(Acyuta,阿 促 達 )啊,在我或會被迫徘徊的數以千計的物種之中,請讓我對 你恆常都有果敢無懼的奉愛。 作者-聖巴克提維諾德.塔庫爾-在他名為《皈依(Saranagati)》的書也這樣祈求: kita janma hau yatha tuya dasa bahir-mukha brahma-janme nahi asa 讓我投生在你奉獻者所在的任何地方,那怕是生為昆蟲。我不希罕生為對你漠不關 心的布茹阿瑪。(《皈依,Atma-nivedana 之歌》3) 因此對眾生來說,《微靈天職》的訓示都是值得表揚而值得接受的。把那些訓示藏 於心底,眾生便可以輕易地從無法征服的假象束縛所造成的可怕折磨,以及瑣碎而 虛假之樂的幻象得到永久的解脫。而且,這樣的靈魂會沉醉於服務至尊主之樂,從 而適合於體驗至尊平安和終極的超然快樂。 之前表明了,世俗知識領域的訓示有較高和較低的等級。同樣,宗教真理領域的訓 示也公認了有較高和較低的等級。只有資格出眾的人,才可以接受崇高教導所包含 的典範。要旨就是人類比其他生命物種更高。除了人類之外,還有很多不同類型的 生物體。prani(有生命的)一字,即微靈,是指有知覺的實體。我們在這裡所指的不 是沒知覺的物體或無生氣的物質。有知覺實體天生的職務稱為天職,意指知覺的職 務,或源於真實身份的本質。天職的概念與知覺密不可分。 本書的第十六章以符合現代科學的方法,詳細分析了知覺的系統化發展。受困於假 象的有知覺生物體以五種狀態存在︰(1) 被覆蓋的知覺(acchadita-cetana)、(2) 發展 受障的知覺(sankucita-cetan)、(3) 剛發展的知覺(mukulita-cetana)、(4) 發展中的知 覺(vikasita-cetana)和(5) 完全發展的知覺(purna-vikasita-cetana)。這些有知覺的生 物稱為微靈或生命體。這五個階段的生物體分成兩類︰不動的實體(sthavara);以及 活動的實體(jangama)。 據說樹木、蔓藤、灌木、石頭和其他不動生物的知覺都被覆蓋。其他四種有知覺生 物體是活動的,這些實體卻不是,因為它們的知覺完全被覆蓋。鳥獸蟲魚的知覺有 發展障礙。除了人類之外,生於其他物種的微靈都處於被覆蓋和有障礙的知覺狀態。 人類物種的微靈處於剛發展的、發展中和完全發展的知覺狀態。雖然在實際外觀上, 處於最後這三種意識狀態的有感知生物體全都是人類,但他們是根據他們的知覺發 展而分等級的。由於這種等級,因此人類知覺是被視為處於初級、中級或高級的發 展階段。不過,樹木、蔓藤、灌木、鳥獸和人類全都是微靈,他們唯一的天職是崇 拜至尊主。雖然如此,在他們全體之中,人類憑他們已發展的知覺高人一等,他們 特別的天職稱為微靈天職,那是對至尊主的崇拜所組成的。 知覺的功能是按照知識或意識被覆蓋的程度分成等級。人類無疑高於塵世間其他所 有的生命形式,但必須理解這種優越性從何而來。從形象和外觀、力量和威力、美 麗和魅力等等觀點來說,不能斷定人類是高於樹木、蔓藤、鳥獸蟲魚的。不過,人 類在智力、智力發展和知覺擴展等等每一方面,都比其他物種全都更勝一籌。《微 靈天職》所分析的正是這種特別的天職。雖然一般來說,微靈天職是眾生的天職, 但應該明白它是人類的獨特天職,因為最高天職的特別資格只存在於那些意識知覺 已高度發展的微靈。 那麼可能會提出問題,這本書為什麼名為《微靈天職》,而不是《人類宗教 (Manava-Dharma 或 Manusya-Dharma)》。當我們鑽研時,我們便得知人類的真正 職務只存在於宗教天職之中;其他物種都沒有宗教。這是常規。樹木、蔓藤、石頭、 蟲子、昆蟲、魚類、烏龜、動物、鳥兒、蛇和其他生物體都算是微靈,但牠們卻沒 有顯示出,以渴求解脫(moksa)或崇拜至尊主為特點的宗教傾向。 一些哲學家認為,只展示愚蠢和殘忍等等獸性的生物體,其實是動物。可以看到一 些具有這種獸性種類的微靈,與生俱來具有天生的直覺。在有限的程度上,這種天 生的直覺是人性的表象。雖然它其實不是人性,因為只有在獸性與知識或理性混合 時,才看到人性。那些具有這種人性的人,稱為人類。 我們的雅利安聖人描述過,獸性態度有四種不可抗拒的傾向:飲食(ahara)、睡眠 (nidra) 、恐懼(bhaya) 和交配(maithuna) 。只有克服這些獸性傾向,發展理性 (dharma-vrtti),人性才會展現。西方哲學家也表明人是理性動物。不過,必須注意 的是,理性在西方哲學的含意是相當狹隘的。 dharma 一字在雅利安哲學的含意極為廣泛。只是其中一方面的含意便涵蓋了西方哲 學對理性的概念,而遠超於此的是,更包括了崇拜神的傾向。天職是鑑別人性的真 正特質,缺乏天職的生物體稱為動物。《Hitopade》(25)有云: ahara-nidra-bhaya-maithunan ca samanyam etat pasubhir naranam dharmo hi tesam adhiko viseso dharmena hinah pasubhih samanah 在飲食、睡眠、恐懼和交配等等事情方面,人類與動物一樣。但宗教品質是人類獨 有的。如果沒有宗教,他們幾乎等於動物。 這個詩節的意思是,生物體天生的傾向是以飲食、睡眠、恐懼和交配活動滿足感官。 在人類和其他所有的物種同樣都看到這些傾向;這點絕無異議。不過,當人類存有 宗教傾向時,才可以真正地實踐人類的身份地位。dharmo hi tesam adhiko visesah 等 等字句的意思是,宗教是區別人類與動物和其他物種的特別品質。嚴格來說,那些 毫無宗教的,便無法稱之為人類。dharmena hinah pasubhih samanah 等等字句意味 著,那些缺乏宗教的人就像動物。因此在我們的國家,缺乏宗教的人類,稱為獸性 之人(nara-pasu)。 特別值得注意的是,今天人們已經摒棄了宗教,一直沉迷於飲食和各式各樣的感官 享樂。這種感官放縱是動物或人類以外的其他物種的傾向。由於卡利年代的影響, 目前人類正逐漸墮落和復歸獸性。因此根據經典,目前甚至只得少數人能夠歸類為 人類。作者把這本書命名為《微靈天職》,那麼從經典對人類的定義來說,大部分 人將會沒有資格履行這種修習。聖巴克提維諾德.塔庫爾渴求福澤眾生,因而給他的 著作冠以廣義的書名《微靈天職》,從而徹底保存了經典的常規。對至尊聖主的崇 拜是人類獨有的,鳥獸和其他物種都沒有。作為最高等的物種,人類特別有資格接 受最高的教導,即天職。他們尤其必須研習《微靈天職》。 主采坦亞.瑪哈帕佈獨特的品質是,祂甚至憐憫最墮落的人,使他們有資格接受祂的 最高教導。任何別的化身都沒有賜予這樣的恩慈。因此,聖茹帕.哥斯瓦米在他的話
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