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Beş Milyar Yıllık Yalnızlık, Canlılığın Dünya Üzerindeki Uzun Ömrüne Atıfta Bulunmaktadır

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Beş Milyar Yıllık Yalnızlık, Canlılığın Dünya Üzerindeki Uzun Ömrüne Atıfta Bulunmaktadır 2615 1 ALFA 1 BİLİM 1 78 BEŞ MİLYAR YILLIK YALNIZLIK LEE BILLINGS 1981 yılında NewYork'da doğan Lee Billings bilim yazarıdır. 2006-2011 yılları arasında Seed dergisinin editörlüğünü yü­ rüten Billings, aynı zamanda The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post ve Slate.com gibi dergilere de çeşit­ li yazılar yayımlamıştır. Lee Billings halen Nature, Nautilus, New Scientist, the New York Times, Popular Mechanics, Scientific American gibi dergilere bilim, teknoloji ve kültür yazıları yaz­ maktadır. OZAN KARAKAŞ 1991 yılında İzmir, Bornova'da doğdu. İlk ve orta öğreni­ mini Manisa'da tamamladı. Uludağ Üniversitesi İngiliz Dili Eğitimi bölümünde okuyan Ozan Karakaş, lisans eğitimi süresince, içlerinde Cosmos ve Dawkins'in Kraliyet Noel Dersleri' nin de yer aldığı çeşitli belgesellere ve derslere Türkçe altyazılar hazırlayan, makalelerin ve İnternet sitesi içeriklerinin çevirilerini yapan ekiplerde yer aldı. Ayrıca Alfa Bilim Dizisinden yayımlanan Stanislas Dehaene'in Beyin Na­ sıl Okur? isimli kitabını da çevirdi. Be� Milyar Yıllık Yalnızlık © 2013, ALFA Basım Yayım Dağıtım San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Five Billion Years of Solitude © 2013, Lee Billings Kitabın Türkçe yayın hakları Anatolialit Ajans aracılığıyla Alfa Basıın Yayım Dağıtım San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.' ne aittir. Tanıtım amacıyla, kaynak göstermek şartıyla yapılacak kısa ' alıntılar dışında hiçbir yöntemle çoğaltılamaz. Yayıncı ve Genel Yayın Yönetmeni M. Faruk Bayrak Genel Müdür Vedat Bayrak Yayın Yönetmeni Mustafa Küpüşoğlu Dizi Editörü Kerem Cankoçak Redaksiyon Mehmet Ata Arslan, Çağrı Mutaf Kapak Tasarımı Aslı Sezer Sayfa Tasarımı Mürüvet Durna ISBN 978-605-106-923-4 1. Basım: Ekim 2014 Baskı ve Cilt Melisa Matbaacılık ÇiftehavuzlarYolu Acar Sanayi Sitesi No: 8 Bayrampaşa-İstanbul Tel: 0(212) 674 97 23 Faks: 0(212) 674 97 29 Sertifika no: 12088 Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Alemdar Mahallesi Ticarethane Sokak No: 15 34110 Fatih-İstanbul Tel: 0(212) 511 53 03 Faks: 0(212) 519 33 00 www.alfakitap.com - [email protected] Sertifika no: 10905 "' -., z - .... � mlLYAR �YILLIK YALnlZLIK Yıldızlar Arasında Ya5am Arayııı Çeviri Ozan Karakaş ALF�ıeiLiM Mike ve Pam'e, Bruce ve Jo'ya, Melissa'ya ve gökyüzüne bakmayısür dünne cesaretine sahip herkese. İÇİNDEKİLER Teşekkür, 7 Giriş, 9 Bölüm 1 Yaşam Süresi Arayışı, 19 Bölüm 2 Drake'in Orkideleri, 38 Bölüm 3 Parça Parça Bir İmparatorluk, 59 Bölüm 4 Bir Dünyanın Değeri, 86 Bölüm 5 Altına Hücumun Ardından, 110 Bölüm 6 Büyük Resim, 141 Bölüm 7 Denge Bozulduğunda, 171 Bölüm 81 Işığın Sapmaları, 211 Bölüm 9 Hiçlik Noktası, 240 Bölüm 10 Çorak Topraklara Doğru, 268 Seçilmiş İleri Okuma ve Notlar, 301 Dizin, 313 TEŞEKKÜR Bu kitap üzerinde uzun süredir çalışıyorum ve bu zaman zarfında çok sayıda insanın yardımı dokundu. Bana duydu­ ğu inanç için Courtney Young'a ve sıkıcı düz yazımı gözden geçirip düzenleyerek keskinleştirdikleri için Emily Angell ve Annie Gottlieb'e minnettarım. Temsilcim Peter Tallack eleş­ tirel desteğini en baştan sonuna dek esirgemedi ve çokça öv­ güyü hak ediyor. Maddi ve manevi destekleri için kimi aile üyelerine de te­ şekkür borçluyum. Annem ve babam Mike ve Pam Billings ile büyükannemle büyükbabam Bruce ve Jo Hannaford'un cömertliği olmasaydı bu kitap da olmazdı. Kız kardeşim Carolyn ve eşi Matt Tapie, yaptığım araştırma gezileri sıra­ sında hoşgörülü bir sohbet ortamı ve başımı sokabileceğim bir ev sundular. Hepsinden de öte eşim Melissa Lherisson'a, bana bağışladığı sarsılmaz destek, sabır ve sevgi için teşek­ kür etmek istiyorum. İlk zamanlarda birkaç kilit kaynakla yollarımın kesişme­ sini sağladıkları için Adam Bly ve Seed Media Group editor­ yal ekibine müteşekkirim. Aynı şekilde California Üniversi­ tesi-Berkeley'deki Miller Temel Bilim Araştırma Enstitüsü, yıllık sempozyumlarından bazılarının davetiyelerini gön­ derdikleri için bu kitabın büyük bir kısmının ortaya çıkma­ sında paha biçilmez değere sahiptir. Ziyaretlerim sırasında­ ki nezaketlerinden dolayı özellikle Kathryn Day'e, Raymond Jeanloz'a ve Michael Manga'ya minnettarım. Boingboing. net'in bilim editörü Maggie Koerth-Baker, bu projenin olu­ şum aşamalarında ayağa kalkmasında sunduğu yardımlarla hayli faydalı olduğunu gösterdi. Babasıyla yaptığım buluş­ mayı ayarladığı içinse Nadia Drake özel bir teşekkürü hak ediyor. Dostlukları, tavsiyeleri ve cesaretlendirmeleri için şu in­ sanların isimlerini anmalıyım: Evan Lerner, T. J. Kelleher, 7 Paul Gilster, Joshua Roebke, Erle Weinstein, Jon Bardin, Ken Chang, Andrew Fullerton, Christopher Xu, Josh Chambers, George Musser, Carl Zimmer ve Nevada Eyaletinden E. J. Yıllar boyunca çok sayıda insan, bu kitaba doğrudan veya dolaylı katkılarda bulunacak biçimde, sorularımı cömertçe yanıtladı. Bununla birlikte, bu kitaptaki yanlışlıklar tümüy­ le bana aittir. Bana ayırdıkları vakit ve uzmanlıkları için şu insanlara sonsuz teşekkür borçluyum: Roger Angel, Guillem Anglada-Escude, Mike Arthur, Wil­ liam Bains, Natalie Batalha, Charles Beichman, David Ben­ nett, Michael Bolte, Xavier Bonfils, Alan Boss, John Casani, Webster Cash, Phil Chang, John Chambers, David Charbon­ neau, Nick Cowan, Paul Davies, Drake Deming, Frank Drake, Alan Dressler, Michael Endl, Debra Fischer, Kathryn Flana­ gan, Erle Ford, Calin Goldblatt, Mark Goughan, JeffGr eason, John Grunsfeld, Javiera Guedes, Olivier Guyon, Robin Han­ son, Torl Hoehler, Andrew Howard, Jeremy Kasdin, Jim and Sharon Kasting, Heather Knutson, Antoine Labeyrie, David Latham, Greg Laughlin, Doug Lin, Jonathan Lunine, Claudio Maccone, Bruce Macintosh, GeoffMarcy, John Mather, Greg Matloff, Michel Mayor, Kevin McCartney, Vikki Meadows, Jon Morse, Matt Mountain, Phil Nutzman, Ben Oppenhei­ mer, Bob Owen, Ron Polidan, Marc Postman, Sean Raymond, Dimitar Sasselov, Jean Schneider, Sara Seager, Michael Shao, Seth Shostak, Rudy Slingerland, Chrls Smith, Remi Soummer, David Spergel, Alan Stern, Peter Stockman, Jill Tarter, Phi­ lippe Thebault, Wes Traub, Michael Turner, Stephane Udry, Steve Vogt, Jim Walker, Bernie Walp, Andrew Youdin, Kevin Zahnle. 8 GİRİŞ Burada, Dünya'da, Güneş'in yörüngesindeki bir geze­ gende yaşıyoruz. Güneş'in kendisi de alevler içinde bir yıldız ve bir gün yanıp tükenerek güneş sistemimizi yaşanılmaz kılacak. Bu yüzden yıldızlarla aramızda birer köprü kurmalıyız, çünkü bildiğimiz kadarıyla biz, bütün evrende duygulara sahip tek canlı türüyüz... Bil­ diğimiz tek anlamlı yaşamı canlı tutma sorumluluğu­ muzda başarısız olmamalıyız. WERNHER VON BRAUN, NASA'NIN APOLLO PROGRAMININ MİMARI TOM WOLFE'UN ANILARINDAN Bu hikaye, 4,6 milyar yıl önce, güneş sistemimizin birkaç ışık yılı genişliğindeki bir soğuk hidrojen ve toz bulutundan doğ­ masıyla başlıyor. Bu bulutsa daha büyük bir ilkel gaz kütle­ sinin, kaderinde birer süpernovahalinde patlamak olan mu­ azzam yıldızlar üreten bir yıldızlar topluluğunun ufacıkbir parçasından başka bir şey değildi. Dev yıldızlar, radyoakti­ viteyle cızırdayıp karanlığın içine konfeti parçalarına ben­ zeyen şok dalgalan yayan ağır elementler püskürterek birer maytap gibi teker teker patladılar. Radyoaktivite artırıcı bu şok dalgalarından biri yolculuğu sırasında bulutu, bizim bu­ lutumuzu, sıkıştırmış olabilir. Bu bulut, kütleçekimin kont­ rolü ele geçirmesine yetecek kadar yoğunlaştı ve kendi ken­ disinin üzerine çöktü. İçerdiği maddelerin çoğunluğu, sıcak 9 BEŞ MiLYAR YILLIK YALNIZLIK ve içten içe kaynayan bir ilkel yıldız oluşturmak için merke­ ze düştü. Nihayet bu ilkel yıldız, çekirdeğinde termonükleer bir ateşi tutuşturmaya yetecek kadar kütle kazandı ve Güneş ışıldamaya başladı. Buluttan geriye kalanlar, çalkantılı ve fı­ rıl fınl dönen göz kamaştırıcı bir buhar dairesinin ortasında duran bu yıldızın etrafına yerleşti. Hızla dönen bu daire soğudukça, oradan mikroskopik metal, kaya, buz ve katran tanecikleri yağmaya başladı. Bu tanecikler zaman zaman çarpışarak, kimi zaman birleşerek, aşamalı olarak da sürekli büyüyen nesneleri ele geçirerek bu dairenin içinde girdap halinde binlerce yıl boyunca dön­ düler. İlk önce milimetre ölçeğinde kürecikler geldi, sonra santimetre ölçeğinde çakıllar oluştu, onları metre ölçeğin­ de kayalar takip etti ve son olarak da birer yörüngeye sa­ hip "planetesimaller" adı verilen kilometre ölçeğinde dağ­ lar ortaya çıktı. Planetesimaller çarpışmaya devam ederek, her darbede büyüyen kocaman buz, kaya ve metal kütleleri oluşturdu. Milyonlarca yıl içerisinde planetesimaller de bü­ yüyerek Ay boyutunda yüzlerce eınbriyoyu, tam birer dünya haline gelene dek şiddetli çarpışmalardan geçen ve gittikçe büyüyen ilkel gezegenleri meydana getirdi. Daha fazla çarpışmayla geçen belki de yüz milyon yılın ardından, iç güneş sistemindeki embriyolar, Dünya'yı ve di­ ğer kayalık gezegenleri oluşturmakiçin bir araya gelmişti. İç dünyalar kupkuruydu, bunların sulan ve diğer uçucu mad­ deleri de yeni doğmuş Güneş'in yoğun ışıklarıyla buharlaş­ mıştı. Dış güneş sisteminde, dondurucu soğuklar uçucuları buz halinde hapsetmişti. Buzlar daha katı bir yapı malzeme­ si sağlıyor, Jüpiter ve diğer dış gezegenlerin çekirdeklerinin hızlıca biçimlenmesine ve dairenin içinde dolaşan gazın yal­ nızca birkaç milyon yıl içerisinde temizlenmesine olanak ta­ nıyordu. Dev gezegenler büyüdükçe, embriyolann bir araya gelemediği, arkalarında ilkel planetesimal paketleri ve par­ çalanmış kaya ve metal şeritleri bıraktığı kararsızlık alan­ lan yaratıyordu. Bu kalıntılar, asteroitlerdir. Dev gezegen­ ler aynı zamanda birçok buzlu planetesimali, günümüzdeki Plüton'un yörüngesinin dışındaki karanlıkta sürüklenmeleri 10 GiRiŞ için uzaklara, güneş ötesi bölgelere fırlatıyordu. Bu buzlu sürgünler; bozucu gezegenler,
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