1993. Ciencia Sin Barba

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1993. Ciencia Sin Barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba 1989-09-24 SUSPENSO PARA CASI TODOS Es bien conocida la afirmación de que más del 90% de todos los científicos que han existido en la humanidad aún permanecen vivos. Esta cifra es un buen índice del tremendo desarrollo de la Ciencia moderna, cuyos logros y consecuciones afectan tanto a nuestra vida diaria como a las perspectivas inmediatas y futuras de nuestro planeta e incluso a su entorno espacial. Por ello la Ciencia ocupa un lugar de privilegio en la cultura del hombre actual y el interés público por la misma está incrementándose rápidamente. De amplios estudios realizados recientemente en Estados Unidos y en algunos países europeos se deduce que el ciudadano medio muestra el interés más alto, por este orden, en los nuevos descubrimientos médicos y tecnológico-científicos en porcentajes que, sorprendentemente, duplican a los correspondientes a las noticias deportivas y triplican a las de tipo político: la gente quiere saber más sobre la Ciencia, que es posiblemente el fenómeno más importante de nuestra civilización. Sin embargo, hablando en términos académicos, a la mayoría de los ciudadanos habría que suspenderlos en sus conocimientos científicos reales, ya que más de un 50% no conocen hechos tan elementales como que la Tierra gira alrededor del Sol una vez al año, que los antibióticos son ineficaces para combatir los virus o que loselectronesson menoresquelosátomos. Incluso una amplia mayoría decasi un 70% están convencidos de que las vitaminas naturales son mejores que las obtenidas en el laboratorio. Y en temas tan actuales como los de informática, tan solo 3 de cada 10 encuestados son capaces de explicar mínimamente la diferencia entre software y hardware. Por el contrario, la mayoría cree erróneamente que las centrales nucleares son las responsables de la lluvia ácida. Es indudable que la divergencia entre conocimiento e interés por la Ciencia necesita medidas de muy diversa índole para ser reducida. Nosotros, modestamente, comenzamos hoy en La verdad esta nueva sección que pretende divulgar la situación de la Ciencia actual, en términos comprensibles para el lector común, insistiendo sobre todo en la información sobre aspectos recientes que puedan representar avances significativos o posibilidades futuras dentro de los amplios campos de la medicina, la tecnología, la investigación biológica, etc. JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba Noticias Neanderthal Un equipo internacional de investigadores ha conseguido avanzar una respuesta a la pregunta sobre si el hombre de Neanderthal era capaz de expresarse oralmente. El estudio de restos hallados en la cueva Kebara del Monte Carmelo de Israel, con antigüedad de 60.000 artos, sugiere que en esa época del Paleolítico Medio ya estaban totalmente desarrolladas las bases morfológicas necesarias para que el hombre de Neanderthal pudiera hablar. Materiales Las fibras ópticas de sílice y los vidrios basados en sílice podrán ser sustituidos por otra generación de nuevos materiales, capaces de transmitir con una longitud de onda mayor que la de la luz visible, en la zona de luz infrarroja, permitiendo muchas aplicaciones nuevas en la industria de telecomunicaciones, en la Medicina, etc. Los nuevos materiales son decenas de veces más transparentes que los existentes y podrían transmitir informaciones a miles de kilómetros de distancia. Efemérides. Hace… (1989-09-24) 1 AÑO falleció el inventor americano Samuel Ruben a los 88 años de edad. Durante más de 60 años de actividad registró más de 300 patentes, entre ellas, en 1920, un rectificador de estado sólido para convertir la electricidad doméstica en la adecuada para las radios entonces existentes. A él se deben las pilas alcalinas y las de botón u óxido de mercurio, que fueron imprescindibles para el desarrollo de los programas espaciales, marcapasos, artilugios electrónicos miniaturizados, etc. 4 AÑOS tuvo lugar en Mexico City el mayor y desastroso terremoto de su historia. Con una intensidad de 8,1 en la escala de Richter y un epicentro situado a 360 kilómetros del centro de la ciudad, produjo la muerte de más de 20.000 personas, 250.000 quedaron sin hogar y más de 300 grandes edificios se colapsaron o dañaron gravemente. 8 ANOS quedó inaugurado en Socorro, Nuevo Mexico, el VLA (Very Large Array) o antena de gran tamaño, un radiotelescopio gigante formado por 27 radiotelescopios conectados entre sí, con antenas parabólicas de 25 metros, situados sobre el terreno de modo que se logra la misma resolución que la que obtendría teóricamente con una antena parabólica de la misma extensión, es decir unos 35 kilómetros de diámetro. JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba 1989-10-1989 INGENIERÍA DE LAS TRUFAS Las trufas, desde tiempos inmemoriales, se han considerado como verdaderas joyas culinarias. Son hongos, pertenecientes al género Tuber y, de su amplia variedad, las más apreciadas son las negras, procedentes del Perigord francés, las Tuber melanosporum, encontrándose a veces hasta a 30 centímetros de profundidad, asociadas a las raíces de los robles, en terrenos y climas muy específicos. Su cultivo comercial no ha obtenido éxito, entre otras cosas por su complejidad y porque el máximo rendimiento no se obtiene hasta los 15-35 años de su comienzo. Debido a lo buscadas que están, a que necesitan unos 7 años para alcanzar su tamaño adecuado y a que la deforestación ha eliminado una gran cantidad de robles, se registra una gran escasez de estas trufas y, por consiguiente, un incremento enorme en sus precios. En 60 años las cifras de recolección en Francia han pasado a ser menos del 5% de las iniciales y actualmente son de solo de unas 20 toneladas anuales, dedicadas sobre todo a la exportación. Elaroma característico dela trufa constituyehasta másdeun 80%desu gusto o sabor y perros adiestrados y cerdas (a las que el olor les recuerda el de sus posibles parejas) se dedican a la búsqueda de tan preciado producto. Los avances científicos pueden cambiar esta situación y permitir que el sabor de las trufas pueda convertirse en un artículo de consumo masivo, a través de algunas iniciativas como las dos que vamos a citar. La primera se debe a Thierre Talon, ingeniero químico de la Escuela Normal Superior de Toulouse. En una investigación financiada por la sociedad agroalimentaria Pebeyre, ha conseguido detectar y analizar, por técnicas de cromatografía gaseosa, más de 30 de los compuestos aromáticos más importantes presentes en la trufa, entre ellos algunos como el sulfuro de dimetilo, que posee un papel esencial. Ello ha permitido la posterior síntesis química de estos componentes, su mezcla en proporciones adecuadas y su consiguiente comercialización desde hace unos meses, a través de una sociedad, Trufarone, en forma de aroma artificial de trufa. Otra aproximación, completamente diferente, la están realizando en California, con esporas de trufa, dos científicos, Shifrine y Dorian, antiguos inmunólogo y biotecnólogo, respectivamente. En lugar de los lentos procedimientos de cultivo tradicionales han conseguido desarrollar alternativas de tan sólo un año, con tamaños pequeños que no permiten todavía su comercialización como trufas genuinas, pero si la elaboración de derivados tales como jugo, aceite, polvo y pasta de trufas bajo la JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba denominación comercial La Truffe, con producciones que han llegado a ser ya del orden de cientos de kilos mensuales. Aunque los gastrónomos puristas tendrán motivos para exponer sus reservas al respecto, sin embargo, los perros y cerdas especializados sí parecen estar satisfechos, pues cuando se escondieron muestras de estos tipos de productos fueron encontradas per los animales adiestrados de un modo idéntico al de las verdaderas trufas. JOSÉ ANTONIO LOZANO TERUEL – Ciencia sin barba Noticias Impotencia La impotencia es un problema frecuente en los varones de edad avanzada, alcanzando cifras superiores al 50% a los 75 años. Aunque las causas principales puedan ser muy variadas y multifactoriales, la mayoría son de tipo orgánico y se deben considerar con especial cuidado muchos tipos de fármacos que se prescriben frecuentemente. En pacientes con hipogonadismo se obtienen efectos positivos con tratamientos de testosterona y en muchos casos las prótesis de pene constituyen un tratamiento eficaz, con tasas globales de satisfacción del orden del 80%. Genes Los fragmentos de restricción de longitud polimórfica son porciones de ADN (ácido desoxirribonucleico) que sirven para estudiar los genes mediante técnicas de Biología Molecular. Investigadores de universidades americanas, usando tales técnicas para el conocimiento de los cromosomas de los tomates, han conseguido localizar en los mismos a 9 genes que controlan aspectos relativos al sabor dulce (cuatro) y la acidez (cinco). Indudablemente ello abre perspectivas muy interesantes para poder modificar, mejorándolas, las características de los tomates y otros vegetales. Efemérides. Hace… (1989-10-01) 13 Años tuvo lugar la mayor aproximación del perihelio del planeta Plutón respecto a la Tierra desde su descubrimiento. Ello permitió su mejor observación y con ella la comprobación de que su superficie estaba recubierta de una capa congelada de metano. 26 AÑOS, tras algún fracaso previo, se consiguió poner en órbita a los satélites americanos Syncon 2 y Syncon 3, con lo que quedaron posibilitadas las comunicaciones telefónicas de calidad vía satélite. 39 AÑOS la compañía alemana BASF comercializó la espuma de poliuretano, de excelentes propiedades aislantes térmicas, por lo que se utilizó inmediatamente en la industria de la construcción y del empaquetado.
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